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1.
The planetary boundary layer turbulence and moist convection parameterizations have been modified recently in the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies(GISS) Model E2 atmospheric general circulation model(GCM; post-CMIP5,hereafter P5). In this study, single column model(SCM P5) simulated cloud fractions(CFs), cloud liquid water paths(LWPs)and precipitation were compared with Atmospheric Radiation Measurement(ARM) Southern Great Plains(SGP) groundbased observations made during the period 2002–08. CMIP5 SCM simulations and GCM outputs over the ARM SGP region were also used in the comparison to identify whether the causes of cloud and precipitation biases resulted from either the physical parameterization or the dynamic scheme. The comparison showed that the CMIP5 SCM has difficulties in simulating the vertical structure and seasonal variation of low-level clouds. The new scheme implemented in the turbulence parameterization led to significantly improved cloud simulations in P5. It was found that the SCM is sensitive to the relaxation time scale. When the relaxation time increased from 3 to 24 h, SCM P5-simulated CFs and LWPs showed a moderate increase(10%–20%) but precipitation increased significantly(56%), which agreed better with observations despite the less accurate atmospheric state. Annual averages among the GCM and SCM simulations were almost the same, but their respective seasonal variations were out of phase. This suggests that the same physical cloud parameterization can generate similar statistical results over a long time period, but different dynamics drive the differences in seasonal variations. This study can potentially provide guidance for the further development of the GISS model. 相似文献
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文章提出了一种简单且适用于大气环流模式（GCM）的冰云辐射参数化。利用该参数化和UGAMP大气环流模式研究了混合云在GCM气候模拟中的重要性。结果表明，云的相态变化及其所产生的反馈作用对模拟的气候状态有显著的影响。在高纬地区，云的相态变化可使地气系统净辐射增加。而在热带则使净辐射减少。 相似文献
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云和辐射 （II）:环流模式中的云和云辐射参数化 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
这一部分论述了在环流模式中应用的各种云参数化和云辐射参数化方案。云参数化分为云的诊断和预报二大类，云辐射参数化则包活云光学性质的参数化和云整体辐射性质（反射率、透过率、吸收率和发射率）的参数化。 相似文献
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The improvement of the accuracy of simulated cloud-related variables, such as the cloud fraction, in global climate models (GCMs) is still a challenging problem in climate modeling. In this study, the influence of cloud microphysics schemes (one-moment versus two-moment schemes) and cloud overlap methods (observation-based versus a fixed vertical decorrelation length) on the simulated cloud fraction was assessed in the BCC_AGCM2.0_CUACE/Aero. Compared with the fixed decorrelation length method, the observation-based approach produced a significantly improved cloud fraction both globally and for four representative regions. The utilization of a two-moment cloud microphysics scheme, on the other hand, notably improved the simulated cloud fraction compared with the one-moment scheme; specifically, the relative bias in the global mean total cloud fraction decreased by 42.9%–84.8%. Furthermore, the total cloud fraction bias decreased by 6.6% in the boreal winter (DJF) and 1.64% in the boreal summer (JJA). Cloud radiative forcing globally and in the four regions improved by 0.3%?1.2% and 0.2%?2.0%, respectively. Thus, our results showed that the interaction between clouds and climate through microphysical and radiation processes is a key contributor to simulation uncertainty. 相似文献
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四川地区云和空中水资源分布与演变 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
利用1971～2000年台站云降水资料和NCEP再分析资料,分析了四川地区云和空中水资源的分布与演变。研究发现:四川地区平均总云量为7.2成,低云量4.7成,全年阴天日数193.5天,降水日数154.0天,小到中雨日147.1天;全年大气可降水量为181.7kg.m-2。云有明显的季节变化特征,总云量夏季最高,春季次之,冬季最低,低云量夏季最高,秋季次之,冬季最低。大气可降水量夏季最大,秋季次之,冬季最少。云和小到中雨日的空间分布具有明显的地域性,且夏季分布与全年分布显著不同。在高原上,总云和低云、降水日、小到中雨日呈相反的变化趋势,总云在平均状态附近波动略有减少,而低云、降水日、小到中雨日在平均状态附近波动略有增加;在盆地内,云和降水日的演变趋势相同,总云量、低云量、降水日、小到中雨日都在线性减少。30年来四川地区大气可降水量线性变化则略有增多。 相似文献
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The Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG version 1.0 (GAMIL1.0) is used to investigate the impacts of different convective schemes on the radiative energy budget.The two convective schemes are Zhang and McFarlance (1995)/Hack (1994) (ZM) and Tiedtke (1989)/Nordeng (1994) (TN).Two simulations are performed:one with the ZM scheme (EX_ZM) and the other with the TN scheme (EX_TN).The results indicate that during the convective process,more water vapor consumption and temperature increment are found in the EX_ZM,especially in the lower model layer,its environment is therefore very dry.In contrast,there is a moister atmosphere in the EX_TN,which favors low cloud formation and large-scale condensation,and hence more low cloud fraction,higher cloud water mixing ratio,and deeper cloud extinction optical depth are simulated,reflecting more solar radiative flux in the EX_TN.This explains why the TN scheme underestimates the net shortwave radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere and at surface.In addition,convection influences longwave radiation,surface sensible and latent heat fluxes through changes in cloud emissivity and precipitation. 相似文献
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L. Oreopoulos M. -D. Chou M. Khairoutdinov H. W. Barker R. F. Cahalan 《Atmospheric Research》2004,72(1-4):365
We test the performance of the shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) Column Radiation Models (CORAMs) of Chou and collaborators with heterogeneous cloud fields from a single-day global dataset produced by NCAR's Community Atmospheric Model (CAM) with a 2-D Cloud Resolving Model (CRM) installed in each column. The original SW version of the CORAM performs quite well compared to reference Independent Column Approximation (ICA) calculations for boundary fluxes (global error 4 W m−2 for reflected flux), largely due to the success of a combined overlap and cloud scaling parameterization scheme. The absolute magnitude of errors relative to ICA are even smaller (global error 2 W m−2 for outgoing flux) for the LW CORAM which applies similar overlap. The vertical distribution of heating and cooling within the atmosphere is also simulated quite well with daily averaged zonal errors always less than 0.3 K/day for SW and 0.6 K/day for LW heating (cooling) rates. The SW CORAM's performance improves by introducing a scheme that accounts for cloud inhomogeneity based on the Gamma Weighted Two Stream Approximation (GWTSA).These results suggest that previous studies demonstrating the inaccuracy of plane-parallel models may have unfairly focused on worst case scenarios, and that current radiative transfer algorithms in General Circulation Models (GCMs) may be more capable than previously thought in estimating realistic spatial and temporal averages of radiative fluxes, as long as they are provided with correct mean cloud profiles. However, even if the errors of our particular CORAMs are small, they seem to be systematic, and their impact can be fully assessed only with GCM climate simulations. 相似文献
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Yuan WANG Jonathan M.VOGEL Yun LIN Bowen PAN Jiaxi HU Yangang LIU Xiquan DONG Jonathan H.JIANG Yuk L.YUNG Renyi ZHANG 《大气科学进展》2018,35(2):234-247
Aerosol–cloud–radiation interactions represent one of the largest uncertainties in the current climate assessment. Much of the complexity arises from the non-monotonic responses of clouds, precipitation and radiative fluxes to aerosol perturbations under various meteorological conditions. In this study, an aerosol-aware WRF model is used to investigate the microphysical and radiative effects of aerosols in three weather systems during the March 2000 Cloud Intensive Observational Period campaign at the US Southern Great Plains. Three simulated cloud ensembles include a low-pressure deep convective cloud system, a collection of less-precipitating stratus and shallow cumulus, and a cold frontal passage. The WRF simulations are evaluated by several ground-based measurements. The microphysical properties of cloud hydrometeors, such as their mass and number concentrations, generally show monotonic trends as a function of cloud condensation nuclei concentrations.Aerosol radiative effects do not influence the trends of cloud microphysics, except for the stratus and shallow cumulus cases where aerosol semi-direct effects are identified. The precipitation changes by aerosols vary with the cloud types and their evolving stages, with a prominent aerosol invigoration effect and associated enhanced precipitation from the convective sources. The simulated aerosol direct effect suppresses precipitation in all three cases but does not overturn the aerosol indirect effect. Cloud fraction exhibits much smaller sensitivity(typically less than 2%) to aerosol perturbations, and the responses vary with aerosol concentrations and cloud regimes. The surface shortwave radiation shows a monotonic decrease by increasing aerosols, while the magnitude of the decrease depends on the cloud type. 相似文献
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Impacts of Two Ice Parameterization Schemes on the Cloud Microphysical Processes and Precipitation of a Severe Storm in Northern China 
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下载免费PDF全文 A severe storm that occurred over Beijing in northern China on 23 June 2011 was simulated with two different ice crystal parameterization schemes(the DeMott scheme and Meyers scheme) by using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System. Compared with the DeMott scheme, the simulation results with the Meyers scheme have the following characteristics:(1) Updrafts are stronger and more numerous;(2) The cloud is better organized and contains a greater peak of ice-phase hydrometeor mixing ratios;(3) Cloud water and hail mixing ratios increase while graupel mixing ratios decrease;(4) The surface precipitation is initially greater. However, at the end of the simulation, less precipitation is produced. In short, the differences between the two schemes are not obvious, but the De Mott scheme has a relatively more reasonable result. 相似文献
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利用中尺度WRF模式(V3.7),采用WDM6双参数微物理方案,对2014年7月26日12时—28日06时发生在华东地区的一次层状云降水天气进行数值模拟。通过改变模式中初始云凝结核(CCN)数浓度及参数化方案,进行敏感试验,对模拟结果进行对比分析。改变CCN数浓度的结果表明,CCN数浓度对降水的影响复杂、非线性,随着CCN数浓度的增大,降水量减小。云水、霰混合比始终增加,雨水混合比表现为先增加后减小再增加的趋势,冰晶混合比则与之相反,呈现先减小再增加再减小的趋势,雪晶混合比呈现先减小后增加的趋势;改变CCN参数化方案的结果表明,两者模拟降水落区有差别,三参数方案更接近实际;降水产生后,三参数方案的CCN浓度一直高于双参数方案,且数值变化不大;双参数方案的结果显示暖云降水加强,冷云降水略弱,三参数方案则显示暖云降水较弱,冷云降水较强。 相似文献
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The effect of a vertical diffusion scheme over a stratocumulus topped boundary layer (STBL) was investigated using the YONU AGCM (Yonsei University Atmospheric General Circulation Model). To consider the impact of clouds on the turbulence production, the turbulence mixing term, driven by radiative cooling at the cloud top, is implemented as an extended non-local diffiusion scheme. In the model with this new scheme, the STBL parameterization significantly influences the lower atmosphere over the tropical and... 相似文献
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1. Introduction Clouds are active factors in the climate system, and have significant influences on the global hydrolog- ical and thermal budgets. More and more the climate model developers and researchers have realized the im- portance to appropriately describe the interactions be- tween cloud and radiation in the atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). It is well known that cloud is one of the contributing factors to the uncertainties in the simulation of climate by AGCM. Especiall… 相似文献
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副热带东太平洋低云对LASG耦合环流模式FGCM-0中"双ITCZ"的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
与其他耦合环流模式一样,LASG耦合模式FGCM-0也存在虚假的“双ITCZ”。为了认识FGCM-0中“双ITCZ”,首先研究了FGCM-0的大气分量模式,剧INCAR(美国国家大气研究中心)的公用气候模式CCM3对秘鲁和加利福尼亚沿岸低云以及低层大气整体稳定度的模拟能力。发现：尽管CCM3模拟的低层大气整体稳定度与利用NCEP(美国国家环境预报中心)再分析资料分析的结果较一致,但模拟的低云量比ISCCP(国际卫星云气候计划)观测值显偏少。利用ISCCP低云量与由NCEP再分析温度场分析的低层整体稳定度之间的回归关系,修改了CCM3中低云参数化方案,并用于敏感性试验,以研究副热带东太平洋低云对FGCM-0中“双ITCZ”的影响。结果发现,修改的方案能显增强对低云量的模拟,秘鲁沿岸冷海域低云量增加能显减弱赤道以南热带东太平洋海表面温度(SST)的暖偏差,但同时也将使赤道冷舌增强、向西伸展更远;加利福尼亚沿岸低云量增加可以有效减弱赤道以北ITCZ区SST暖偏差。为了检验秘鲁沿岸SST与低云间的正反馈,又实施了一个控制秘鲁沿岸SST的敏感性试验,结果表明：控制秘鲁沿岸SST抑制其增暖,对自东南太平洋向西北至中、西赤道太平洋广大区域产生的影响,与增加秘鲁沿岸低云量产生的影响相似。 相似文献
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采用云变量自由变化的方案，在国家气象中心全球业务模式T213L31的初始场中增加有关云变量的信息，通过2005年6—8月和2015年12月—2006年2月各3个月的连续滚动对比试验的统计分析和个例预报分析，研究探讨了全球模式初值中增加云变量对模式预报性能的影响。初步研究结果表明:采用自由变化的方案在初值场中增加云的信息，使模式能够较为合理地描述出模式预报初期与云相关变量分布和变化特征，降低了spin-up现象对模式前期降水预报能力的影响，同时对500 hPa形势场预报也有一定程度提高。 相似文献
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研究两种不同辐射参数化方案(Morcrette 方案和Ritter方案)对一个大气环流模式及其与一个海洋环流模式的耦合模式的模拟和回报效果的影响. 大气模式的模拟结果表明,采用Morcrette方案模拟的降水较采用Ritter方案有明显改进.采用Morcrette辐射方案的大气模式对夏季500 hPa高度场的模拟比采用Ritter方案的大气模式有明显改进,但对冬季500 hPa高度场的模拟没有改进.大气-海洋耦合模式的20年夏季回报结果表明采用Morcrette方案回报的夏季降水在华北和江淮地区明显比采用Ritter辐射方案好;对于夏季温度,带有Morcrette方案的耦合模式的回报在江淮地区没有带有Ritter方案的耦合模式好,但在黄河以北和新疆等地区,前者明显好于后者. 相似文献
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本文采用中尺度数值预报模式GRAPES_Meso V3.3.2.5版本以及NECP的GFS资料,分别选用模式中不同陆面参数化方案(SLAB、LSM、NOAH)对2013年9月14-17日新疆强降水过程进行数值模拟试验,模拟的结果表明：陆面方案对主要雨带的落区和大致走向影响并不大,但对降强度的模拟还是敏感的,耦合陆面方案比不耦合陆面方案的模拟效果更接近实况;不同陆面方案模拟的降水量存在一定差异,它们对降水中心落点、强度以及类型方面各有所长;在各种试验的综合比较中,NOAH方案较其他方案的模拟结果显得更稳定与合理。 相似文献
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基于CWRF模式（Climate Extension of Weather Research and Forecast Model）结果,探讨了8种云微物理参数化方案对1986—2015年间东亚近海热带气旋的空间分布、频数及强度模拟的影响。结果发现：CWRF模式中各云微物理参数化方案模拟的热带气旋频数普遍较观测偏少,其模拟的强度相比观测也偏弱;热带气旋的空间分布和频数对云微物理参数化方案的选择较为敏感,而云微物理方案的选择对热带气旋强度的模拟影响不大;Morrison方案和Morrison-a方案模拟的热带气旋空间分布更接近于观测,但对热带气旋频数及强度的年际变化趋势模拟得较差,而GSFCGCE方案的TS评分及强度、频数的相关系数均较其他方案偏高。综合来看,采用GSFCGCE方案模拟热带气旋活动总体最优。进一步分析发现,相较于Morrison方案和Thompson方案,考虑气溶胶影响的Thompson-a和Morrison-a方案不仅可以有效提高对热带气旋频数及空间分布的模拟能力,还对热带气旋频数及强度年际变化趋势的模拟能力也有所提升。 相似文献
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为了进一步检验裸土参数化的气候模拟性能,本文在文献[1,2]的基础上,利用NCEP再分析资料和Xie等全球降水资料与CCM3模拟结果进行了对比。结果表明：加入裸土参数化方案的CCM3能较好地再现冬季东亚和中国地区区域气候的主要特征,模式较原CCM3能更好地模拟地表温度和东亚及中国西北地区的降水,对东亚季风环流的模拟也较接近实际。同时,该方案在CCM3中的加入改进了青藏高原冬季降雪带及夏季高原东南部降水中心的模拟,提高了模式对高原冬夏季降水的模拟能力,从而再次说明利用观测资料对模式参数修正及参数化方法的改进是提高数值模式模拟能力的一个重要途径。 相似文献