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1.
红色精灵是发生在雷暴云上空的一种瞬态发光事件（Transient Luminous Events,TLEs）,它们由地闪回击或与连续电流共同作用产生,这表明了对流层和低电离层之间的直接耦合关系。中国大陆的红色精灵观测研究主要在华北地区开展,为了进一步研究中国中高纬度地区的红色精灵现象,并揭示其与母体雷暴之间的相关性,故2017年夏季在吉林辽源开展了观测实验。本文介绍了利用低光度相机在东北地区捕捉到的26例红色精灵事件,并结合闪电定位、天气雷达等同步观测数据,对红色精灵及其母体雷暴特征进行了分析。结果表明,在26例红色精灵事件中,有17次（约2/3）产生于一次尺度较大的中尺度对流系统（Mesoscale Convective System,MCS）,其余（约1/3）的红色精灵事件分别由三次尺度相对较小的中尺度对流系统诱发产生。红色精灵母体闪电均位于对流核心边缘区域,中尺度对流系统对流区后无大面积层状云降水区。此外,吉林辽源及安徽合肥同步记录的电磁场脉冲信号表明上述红色精灵事件均由正地闪回击产生。 相似文献
2.
华北地区一次中尺度对流系统上方的Sprite放电现象及其对应的雷达回波和闪电特征 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
利用低光度相机首次观测到了2013年7月31日华北地区一次中尺度对流系统(MCS)上空产生的中高层Sprite放电现象。结合闪电定位、天气雷达等同步观测, 对一次MCS诱发的Sprite的形态学特征及其对应的母体闪电和雷暴系统的雷达回波特征等进行了详细分析。研究除发现了2例圆柱型、3例胡萝卜型和1例舞蹈型 Sprite外, 还发现了2例发光主体发育不完全的Y字型Sprite。估算的Sprite的底部平均高度低于61.8±3.5 km, 顶部平均高度为84.3±6.8 km。Sprite持续时间算术平均值为25.7±9.8 ms, 几何平均值为24.4 ms。Sprite的母体闪电均为正地闪, 峰值电流在+62.5～+106.2 kA之间, 算术平均值为+77.1±22.2 kA, 是本次MCS所有正地闪平均峰值电流的1.4倍。Sprite母体闪电的脉冲电荷矩变化(iCMC)在+475～+922 C km之间, 几何平均值为+571.0 C km。Sprite母体闪电发生在MCS雷达回波25～35 dBZ的层状云降水区, 弱回波(<30 dBZ)面积的突然增加对Sprite的产生有重要指示作用。Sprite易发生在MCS成熟—消散阶段正地闪比例(POP)显著增加的时段。在本次MCS消散阶段中, 有两个时间段可能有利于产生Sprite。在Sprite集中发生时间段, 北京闪电综合探测网(BLNET)探测到的正地闪比例为54.2%, 正地闪连续电流比例70.24%, 连续电流持续时间为58.17±50.31 ms, 有利于Sprite的产生。 相似文献
3.
Three summer thunderstorms in the eastern region of China were analyzed in detail using multiple data, including Doppler radar, lightning location network, TRMM （Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission）, MT- SAT （Multi-Function Transport Satellite） images, NCEP （National Centers for Environmental Prediction） Reanalysis, and radiosonde. Two of the three storms were sprite-producing and the other was non-sprite- producing. The two sprite-producing storms occurred on 1 2 August and 2~28 July 2007, producing 16 and one sprite, respectively. The non-sprite-producing storm occurred on 29-30 July 2007. The major ob- jective of the study was to try to find possible differences between sprite-producing and non-sprite producing storms using the multiple datasets. The results showed that the convection in the 1-2 August storm was the strongest compared with the other storms, and it produced the largest number of sprites. Precipitation ice, cloud ice and cloud water content in the convective regions in the 1-2 August storm were larger than in the other two storms, but the opposite was true in the weak convective regions. The storm microphysical prop- erties along lines through parent CG （cloud-to-ground lightning） locations showed no special characteristics related to sprites. The flash rate evolution in the 1-2 August storm provided additional confirmation that major sprite activity coincides with a rapid decrease in the negative CG flash rate. However, the evolution curve of the CG flash rate was erratic in the sprite-producing storm on 27-28 July, which was significantly different from that in the 1 2 August storm. The average positive CG peak current in sprite-producing storms was larger than that in the non-sprite-producing one. 相似文献
4.
红色精灵是一种发生于闪电放电活跃的雷暴云上空的中高层大气瞬态发光现象, 它们通常由中尺度对流系统层状云降水区内的强地闪回击产生, 是对流层和中间层之间的一种能量耦合过程。目前, 有关中国南海及东南亚地区的红色精灵观测鲜有报道。为了进一步了解热带地区产生红色精灵事件的沿海性雷暴特征, 于2019年利用低光度光学观测系统和低频磁场天线在马来西亚马六甲地区开展了地基观测。实验于11月9日、12月11日和12月15日三次在沿海雷暴上空共捕捉到7例红色精灵事件, 其中包括4例圆柱型、2例胡萝卜型和1例舞蹈型。结合闪电定位、云顶亮温和低频磁场信号等同步数据, 分析表明所有事件均由正极性地闪回击产生, 且母体闪电回击位于雷暴对流区附近(云顶亮温≤210 K处), 这可能是该地区产生红色精灵的沿海性雷暴的共同特征。此外, 红色精灵生成期并不是闪电活动最强期, 而是发生于闪电频数短暂降低后, 这表明红色精灵的发生可能是该地区成熟雷暴中对流减弱的一个信号。 相似文献
5.
本文利用福卫二号卫星（FORMOSAT-2）搭载的高空大气闪电影像仪（Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightnings, ISUAL）于2004～2015年期间获得的数据，分析了青藏高原南麓地区（22°～30°N, 86°～98°E）观测到的多例红色精灵事件。通过与全球闪电定位网（World Wide Lightning Location Network，WWLLN）的观测资料进行对比，在分析了17次个例后发现对于大部分红色精灵事件，ISUAL给出的定位效果较好，与WWLLN的闪电定位结果偏差一般小于50 km，这与在北美及其邻近地区得到的结果一致。在此基础上，我们结合风云二号卫星的云顶亮温数据分析了青藏高原南麓地区红色精灵的母体雷暴特征，发现在青藏高原南麓地区除了中尺度对流系统外，小尺度对流系统也是这个地区产生红色精灵的主要天气系统。 相似文献
6.
红色精灵是发生在雷暴云上空的一种大尺度瞬态放电发光现象,它们通常出现在地面上空40～90 km之间,是由地闪回击和随后可能存在的连续电流产生的。目前,由于综合同步观测资料较少,与夏季红色精灵相比,全世界对冬季红色精灵的研究屈指可数。2008年12月27～28日,受高空槽及低层暖湿气流的影响,北美阿肯色州地区爆发了一次冬季雷暴天气过程,搭载于FORMOSAT-2卫星上的ISUAL（Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning）探测器有幸在这次雷暴上空记录到了两例红色精灵事件。本文利用ISUAL获取的红色精灵观测资料、多普勒天气雷达资料、美国国家闪电定位资料、超低频磁场数据、美国国家环境中心/气候预测中心提供的云顶亮温和探空数据等综合观测数据,对产生红色精灵的这次冬季雷暴特征和相关闪电活动规律进行了详细研究。结果表明,在两例红色精灵中,ISUAL均未观测到伴随的“光晕（halo）”现象,第一例为“圆柱状”红色精灵,第二例红色精灵由于发光较暗,无法判断其具体形态。产生红色精灵的母体雷暴是一次中尺度对流系统,该系统于27日15:00（协调世界时,下同）左右出现在阿肯色州北部附近,并自西向东移动。23:59系统发展到最强,最大雷达反射率因子（55～60 dBZ）的面积达到339 km2,之后开始减弱。03:03雷暴强度有所增加,随后云体便逐渐扩散,雷暴开始减弱,并在11:00完全消散。两例红色精灵发生分别在04:46:05和04:47:14,此时雷暴处于消散阶段,正负地闪频数均处于一个较低水平且正地闪比例显著增加,并且多位于云顶亮温?40°C～?50°C的层状云区上空。红色精灵的出现伴随着30～35 dBZ回波面积的增加。在红色精灵发生期间,雷达反射率大于40 dBZ的面积减少,10～40 dBZ的面积增加,表明红色精灵的产生与雷暴对流的减弱和层状云区的发展有关,这与已有的夏季红色精灵的研究结果类似。红色精灵的母体闪电为正地闪单回击,位于中尺度对流系统雷达反射率为25～35 dBZ的层状云降水区,对应的雷达回波顶高分别为2.5 km和5 km,峰值电流分别为+183 kA和+45 kA。根据超低频磁场数据估算两个母体闪电的脉冲电荷矩变化（iCMC）分别为+394 C km和+117 C km。超低频磁天线记录到了第一例红色精灵内部的电流信号,表明这例红色精灵放电很强。 相似文献
7.
华北一次中尺度对流系统中的闪电活动特征及其与雷暴动力过程的关系研究 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
利用地面地闪定位资料、多普勒天气雷达和常规气象资料, 分析了一次具有前部对流线和后部大范围层状云降水(LLTS)的典型中尺度对流系统(MCS)的闪电活动演变特征。整个MCS生命史中负地闪占主导地位, 正地闪则表现不活跃。观测得到MCS消散阶段云闪与地闪的比例为2∶1, 地闪主要分布在地面相对位温和对流不稳定能量均达到高值的区域; 负地闪主要密集地分布在大于40 dBZ的回波范围内; 正地闪则稀疏地分布在30～40 dBZ的回波范围内。在低于-40℃的温度区域内地闪分布较多, 而密集的地闪分布在温度梯度大的区域内。结合单多普勒雷达的水平风场反演, 发现地闪集中出现在气流表现为气旋性切变或水平风呈现切变的区域。该区域与MCS的强回波区相对应, 并且地闪易发生在上升气流达到最大并开始出现下沉气流的阶段。 相似文献
8.
Serge Soula Oscar van der Velde Joan Montany Torsten Neubert Olivier Chanrion Michal Ganot 《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):514-528
During the summers of 2003 to 2006 sprites were observed over thunderstorms in France by cameras on mountain tops in Southern France. The observations were part of a larger coordinated effort, the EuroSprite campaigns, with data collected simultaneously from other sources including the French radar network for precipitation structure, Meteosat with images of cloud top temperature and the Météorage network for detection of cloud-to-ground (CG) flash activity. In this paper two storms are analyzed, each producing 27 sprite events. Both storms were identified as Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS) with a trailing stratiform configuration (ST) and reaching a maximum cloud area of ~ 120,000 km2. Most of the sprites were produced while the stratiform area was clearly developed and during periods of substantial increase of rainfall in regions with radar reflectivity between 30 and 40 dBZ. The sprite-producing periods followed a maximum in the CG lightning activity and were characterized by a low CG flash rate with a high proportion of + CG flashes, typically around 50%. All sprites were associated with + CGs except one which was observed after a − CG as detected by the Météorage network. This − CG was estimated to have − 800 C km charge moment change. The peak current of sprite-producing + CG (SP + CG) flashes was twice the average value of + CGs and close to 60 kA with little variation between the periods of sprite activity. The SP + CG flashes were further characterized by short time intervals before a subsequent CG flash (median value < 0.5 s) and with clusters of several CG flashes which suggest that SP + CG flashes often are part of multi-CG flash processes. One case of a lightning process associated with a sprite consisted of 7 CG flashes. 相似文献
9.
利用1998～2000年山东地区雷电探测网获取的云对地闪电资料，从闪电的日变化、闪电的强度、闪电密度、极性等方面研究了山东地区的雷电分布特征。结果表明，云地闪电中负闪占绝大多数；正闪的平均强度大于负闪，在闪电强度较小和较大时发生的正闪占总正闪电总数的比例相应地高于负闪；闪电的发生也有明显的日变化，总体呈双峰双谷形式；闪电的空间分布与地形有关，也与下垫面的性质有关。对部分城市市区闪电密度的统计分析表明，济宁、莱芜、滨州、泰安、济南等位于鲁中地区的城市更应加强人工防雷工作。 相似文献
10.
华北一次强对流天气系统的地闪时空演变特征分析 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
利用地面雷电探测网,多普勒天气雷达和常规天气资料,分析了2005年8月1日发生在山东北部的一次具有前部对流线,后部大范围层状云降水(LLTS)的典型中尺度对流系统(MCS)的闪电活动演变特征。结果表明:整个过程中负地闪占主导地位,最高频数达到260次/5min;与负地闪比较,正地闪呈现不活跃状态。负地闪主要落在>40 dBz的强回波区内部及其边缘区域,而正地闪则分布在前部云砧和后部层状云降水区内。对地闪位置与回波强度的进一步对比分析发现,45~55 dBz的回波是最有利于地闪发生的区域,回波强度低于这一区域,随着回波强度的增大,地闪活动呈递增趋势,地闪频数在50~55 dBz的回波区域内达到峰值,>55 dBz的回波区域内地闪频数明显降低。 相似文献
11.
A Case Study of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activities in Hailstorms under Cold Eddy Synoptic Situation 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0 
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下载免费PDF全文 There were three hailstorms in Shandong Province,caused by a same northeast cold eddy situation on 1 June 2002.Cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes occurring in the weather event were observed by Shandong Lightning Detection Network (SLDN),which consists of 10 sensors covering all over Shandong Province.The temporal and spatial distributions of CG lightning are investigated for the three hailstorms by using the data from SLDN,Doppler radar and satellite.The results show that different thunderstorms present different lightning features even if under the same synoptic situation.The percentage of positive CG lightning is very high during the period of hail falling.CG flashes mainly occurred in the region with a cloud top brightness temperature lower than -50°C.Negative CG flashes usually clustered in the lower temperature region and tended to occur in the region with maximum temperature gradient,while the positive ones usually spread discretely.Negative CG flashes usually occurred in intense echo regions with reflectivity greater than 50 dBz,while the positive CG flashes often occurred in weak and stable echo regions (10-30 dBz) or cloud anvils,although they can be observed in strong convective regions sometimes.Almost all hail falling took place in the stage with active positive flashes,and the peak positive flash rate is a little prior to the hail events.The thunderstorm could lead to disastrous weather when positive CG lightning activities occur in cluster.Severe thunderstorms sometimes present a low flash rate at its vigorous stage,which is probably caused by the"mechanism of chargeregion lift"through investigating the reflectivity evolution.Combined with the total lightning (intracloud and CG) data obtained by LIS onboard TRMM,the phenomenon of high ratio of intracloud flash to CG flash in severe hailstorm has been discussed.The competition of the same charge sources between different lightning types can also be helpful for explaining the cause of low CG lightning activities in severe storms. 相似文献
12.
利用WWLLN(World-Wide Lightning Location Network,全球闪电定位网)与江苏省ADTD(Active Divectory Topology Diagrammer,活动目录拓扑图)闪电定位系统数据,对2006—2009年江苏省闪电活动年际变化、月际变化、日变化和空间分布、以及探测效率和探测精度等展开研究讨论。结果表明,WWLLN探测的闪电时空分布趋势与ADTD保持较好的一致性:江苏省白天发生的闪电次数略高于晚上;闪电主要集中发生在6—8月,仲夏闪电最为活跃;一天中闪电频次峰值时间段出现在16时(北京时间)左右;江苏省闪电分布呈现明显的地域性,闪电密度高值区位于省内偏西和偏南地区,大致与江苏省经济发达地区的地域分布相吻合。总体上,WWLLN探测到的闪电频次和闪电密度值比ADTD小一个数量级。随着WWLLN全球测站数目的逐年增加以及WWLLN定位技术的升级完善,WWLLN探测效率和探测精度逐步提高。WWLLN探测效率与回击电流极性和强度大小有关联。 相似文献
13.
为更好地发挥星地闪电探测资料在中尺度对流系统中的监测预警应用潜力，本文以2018年6月27日山东地区的一次中尺度对流系统为例，利用云顶温度、云顶降温率、雷达等资料与FY 4A闪电成像仪LMI（Lightning Mapping Imager）、ADTD（Advanced TOA and Direction system）闪电定位系统星地闪电探测资料，分析了星地闪电数据在中尺度对流系统中闪电分布特征及其与对流演变的关系，结果表明:星地探测闪电一致性较好，LMI相对位于对流云前方，星地闪电与降水区域吻合度较高。在系统发展初期，LMI超前于ADTD探测到闪电，且位于回波中心和前侧，回波垂直方向呈现出向前倾斜特征，这对于判识对流移动和演变趋势有较好的指示作用，在预报业务中可采用LMI的位置来辅助制作强对流落区预报。在成熟阶段，星地闪电频次出现跃增，正地闪比例较高，该时段山东多地发生冰雹灾害，LMI多出现在对流系统移动方向前方的弱回波或无回波区内，ADTD则更接近回波中心位置。合并阶段，部分LMI位于前方强回波区后部，与强回波区相对应。 相似文献
14.
The characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning activity in hailstorms over northern China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The characteristics of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning for ten hailstorms in Shandong Province of China were analyzed statistically. It is found that the hailstorms in this study present dominant positive CG flashes during periods of falling hail. One specific hailstorm on 16 June 2006 was studied in detail using the data from a CG lightning location network, Doppler radar and cloud images. Comparison between the brightness temperature of cloud-top and CG flash locations indicated that most flashes occurred in the region with temperatures lower than − 40 °C, while dense positive CG flashes occurred in the range between − 40 °C and − 50 °C. Negative CG flashes occurred mostly in the relative weak radar echo region, and positive CG flashes were distributed in the strong echo region especially with a large gradient of echo intensity. CG flashes tended to occur in the cloud region with reflectivity between 25 dBZ and 35 dBZ. Comparison between the wind field retrieved from Doppler radar and the location of CG flashes indicated that the flashes were located in the convergent region at lower to middle levels. 相似文献
15.
山东地区冰雹云的闪电活动特征 总被引：15，自引：6，他引：9
利用山东电力部门提供的雷电定位资料,对10次冰雹过程的地闪活动特征进行了分析。通过分析发现,雹暴中正地闪占总地闪的比例平均为57.39％,远高于当地正地闪比例的气候特征值13.48％。地面降雹区基本出现在正地闪密集（活跃）区或邻近区域。在雹云快速发展阶段,地闪频数存在明显的“跃增”;在减弱消散阶段,地闪频数显著减少,但正地闪比例有所提高。负地闪频数峰值的出现通常提前于降雹0～20 min,正地闪频数峰值的出现一般滞后于降雹发生时间。整个降雹阶段对应于正地闪的活跃阶段。另外,结合对卫星观测的总闪电资料分析,发现冰雹云的云闪与地闪的比值远高于一般的雷雨过程,其云闪密度也远高于雷雨过程。以上这些特征对于冰雹的识别和对冰雹的超短时预报具有指示意义。 相似文献
16.
根据2019年7月20日新疆大部分区域出现局部强对流天气过程,利用ADTD、LLS、WWLLN、风云四号卫星闪电成像仪组产品LMIG、大气电场多源闪电观测资料,对比分析这5种资料在新疆地区的应用情况。结果表明:LLS地闪探测效率最高,LMIG和WWLLN地闪探测效率较低;ADTD、LLS、WWLLN三者定位结果在时间和空间上对应基本一致,仅探测效率有所差别。新疆地区部分LMIG数据存在时间和空间上的偏差,使用前需要利用相关资料进行数据检验。卫星全天空、实时监测,可以弥补新疆南部(简称南疆)地面观测站覆盖不到的区域,两者可互为补充。 相似文献
17.
Optical observations of transient luminous events associated with winter thunderstorms near the coast of Israel 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Yoav Yair Colin Price Michal Ganot Eran Greenberg Roy Yaniv Baruch Ziv Yosef Sherez Adam Devir Jo'zsef Br Gabriella Stori 《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):529-537
We report the results of two observation campaigns conducted during the Northern Hemisphere winters of 2005–6 and 2006–7 aiming to detect transient luminous events (TLEs) above winter thunderstorms in the vicinity of Israel and the eastern coastline of the Mediterranean Sea. In 10 out of 31 different observation nights we detected 66 events: 56 sprites and 10 Elves. The detection ranges varied from 250 to 450 km. Sprites were found to be produced by active cells with a vertical dimension of 5–9 km and cloud top temperature ~ − 40 °C, embedded in a much larger matrix of stratiform precipitating cloudiness. This configuration closely resembles the conditions for winter sprites in the Hokuriku region of Japan. Synchronized with the optical observations, ELF data were recorded at two observation stations in Israel and Hungary in order to qualify and quantify parameters of the parent lightning discharge associated with the TLEs. These stations are located 500 km and 2100 km respectively from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, where most TLEs occur. Among the optically observed TLE events, we found that all the ELF signals were produced solely by positive cloud-to-ground flashes (+ CGs), most of which were recorded in Israel (88%) and Hungary (77%). Calculation of the Charge Moment Change showed average values of 1400 ± 600 C km, with some extreme events exceeding 3500 C km. The average time delay between the ELF transient of the parent + CG and the observed sprites was 55 ms, with shorter delays for column sprites (42 ± 34 ms) compared to carrot sprites (68 ± 34). Furthermore, based on the ELF data, there were no early identifiable precursors to TLE occurrence in the regional lightning activity. From the spatial formation of the observed columniform sprites, we propose that columniform sprites are sometimes arranged in a 3-dimensional circular pattern, thus mapping the instantaneous electric field in the mesosphere. 相似文献
18.
Sprites are brief optical emissions occurring above thunderstorms. Features of sprites and their parent thunderstorms and lightning activities have been studied by many researchers. Here, we report a single sprite recorded over a mesoscale convective system during its life cycle in Northeast China. The results show that the sprite might have been a dancing one,with a 20 km horizontal displacement from its parent cloud-to-ground flash(CG) and a 38 ms time delay; all the sprite elements occurred during the continuing current process of the parent flash. The peak current of the parent CG was the largest during the almost one-hour time window containing the sprite, and the absolute values of all the negative flashes were smaller than 100 k A during the same time period and did not produce sprite. The sprite did not occur during the time period in which the maximum area of the thunderstorm reached. The occurrence of sprite corresponded well with the decay of the thunderstorm convection, and no significant relationship between the occurrence of sprite and the increase in the 30–35 d BZ and 35–40 d BZ interval was found. The large wind gradient in the 8–12 km region of the thunderstorm may have played an important role in the sprite production. 相似文献
19.
Unusual atmospheric light emissions were observed from a station located in Shandong Province of East China. The main morphology of these events includes a bright glowing spot, which differs distinctly from any type of transient luminous events （TLEs） well recognized in literature, such as sprites, halos, elves, gigantic jets, blue jets, and blue starters. A comparison between the observations of four such light emission events and the data from lightning detection networks reveals no correlation between these events and the intense lightning activity in the adjacent area. The events reported in this paper may imply the existence of a new phenomenon with a mechanism that remains to be investigated with further observation and complementary lightning measurement. 相似文献
20.
香港地区地闪时空分布特征及其影响因素 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
通过对香港地区2006—2012年闪电定位数据、气象参数和海拔高度等相关数据的统计及相关性分析,对香港地区的地闪活动时空分布特征及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明,香港地区2006—2012年的地闪发生次数最多的是2010年,最少是2011年,每年地闪高发日的天数对地闪活动年际变化起到了关键性作用。地闪活动的发生主要集中在4—9月,逐月地闪回击次数与气温、相对湿度、降雨量及CAPE均呈现显著的正相关关系。地闪活动的日变化特征主要受到地闪高发日闪电活动、海陆热力差异及太阳辐射变化的综合影响,正、负地闪回击次数的日变化峰值均出现在01时。香港西部地区的正地闪回击密度明显高于东部,而负地闪回击密度的高值中心主要集中在海拔较高的山区。香港地区正、负地闪回击密度均随海拔的升高而有所增加,且六座典型山峰周围的负地闪回击密度与海拔高度在空间分布特征上具有很强的相似性。 相似文献