共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 336 毫秒
1.
Olivier Geoffroy David Saint-Martin Aurore Voldoire David Salas y Mélia Stéphane Sénési 《Climate Dynamics》2014,42(7-8):1807-1818
This study provides a comprehensive global analysis of the climate radiative feedbacks and the adjusted radiative forcing for a CO2 increase perturbation in the CNRM-CM5 climate model using the partial radiative perturbations (PRP) method. Some methodological key points of the PRP are investigated, with a particular focus on the consideration of the effect of fast adjustments. First, the standard PRP method is applied by neglecting certain fast adjustments. The effect of the field decorrelation is highlighted by performing a PRP across two different periods of a control experiment and by analyzing second-order terms. Sensitivity tests to the field substitution frequency, the sampling period and the perturbed experiment used are performed. The impact of the definition of the top of the climate system (top-of-the-atmosphere or tropopause) in the feedback estimate is also discussed. Secondly, the fast adjustment processes are taken into account by combining the PRP framework with the method of linear regression of the partial net radiative flux change against the mean surface air temperature change using a step forcing experiment. This method allows us to quantify the contribution of the different constituents to the forcing adjustment and to improve the estimation of the radiative feedbacks. It is shown that such decomposition allows the retrieval of the adjusted radiative forcing, the radiative feedbacks and the climate sensitivity as estimated with the linear regression method with a high level of accuracy, validating the partial decomposition. 相似文献
2.
三维有云大气辐射变温率数值模拟研究——邻云辐射效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
大气数值模式普遍采用一维辐射传输模型,无法表征有云大气中的三维辐射传输过程,从而影响数值模拟乃至数值天气预报的准确性。为评估这种不确定性,研究了水平云体间的三维辐射相互作用及其改变云体热力结构的规律,力求为改进数值模式辐射计算方案提供理论依据。选取I3RC PhaseⅡ的典型积云场和层积云场作为试验对象,将云场中心区域云体视为目标云体,周围云体为邻近云体,采用宽带三维辐射传输模式SHDOM模拟长波和短波辐射变温率的空间分布,定量阐明邻近云体对目标云体热力结构的影响。结果表明,邻云在长波区域对目标云体主要起辐射保温的作用,目标云体增温区域集中于邻云一侧的云体表面层,增温强度与云覆盖率和云间距离倒数成正比,最高可达3.08K/h,云体增温的厚度与目标云体液态水含量成反比;在短波区域,邻云同时起散射增温和遮蔽降温的作用,太阳垂直入射时,散射增温效应较弱,变温率空间差异小;当太阳天顶角增大后,遮蔽降温效应逐步起主导作用,造成目标云体被邻云遮挡一侧的表面层明显降温,峰值可达-1.72K/h,数值上甚至超过邻云长波增温效应。总之,邻近云体可以明显改变目标云体的变温率空间分布,引入三维邻云辐射效应对改进大气数值模式辐射计算方案具有重要意义。 相似文献
3.
喷气式飞机在对流层上层的航空活动形成的尾迹云能够影响区域气候,对全球变暖有正的贡献。飞机尾迹云的辐射强迫与飞机尾迹云的区域覆盖率、物理特性以及光学特性密切相关。本文回顾了近几十年来线状尾迹云的相关研究进展,并分析总结了线状尾迹云的不同识别方法。首先讨论了欧美主流的尾迹云检测算法(Contrail Detection Algorithm,CDA)及其延伸算法,并总结了线状尾迹云在西欧、北美等地区覆盖率的季节和昼夜变化特点;接着讨论了以往多种线状尾迹云光学厚度的计算方案及其计算不确定性;最后分析了线状尾迹云的辐射强迫与覆盖率、光学厚度的关系,并指出目前飞机尾迹云相关研究存在的问题以及未来发展方向。 相似文献
4.
B. C. Weare 《Climate Dynamics》2001,17(2-3):143-150
5.
The concept of radiative forcing has been extensively used as an indicator of the potential importance of climate change
mechanisms. It allows a first order estimate of the global-mean surface temperature change; and it is possible to compare
forcings from different mechanisms, on the assumption that similar global-mean forcings produce similar global-mean surface
temperature changes. This study illustrates two circumstances where simple models show that the conventional definition of
radiative forcing needs refining. These problems arise mainly with the calculation of forcing due to stratospheric ozone depletion.
The first part uses simple arguments to produce an alternative definition of radiative forcing, using a time-dependent stratospheric
adjustment method, which can give different forcings from those calculated using the standard definition. A seasonally varying
ozone depletion can produce a quite different seasonal evolution of forcing than fixed dynamical heating arguments would suggest.
This is especially true of an idealised and extreme “Antarctic ozone hole” type scenario where a sudden loss of ozone is followed
by a sudden recovery. However, for observed ozone changes the annually averaged forcing is usually within 5% of the forcing
calculated using the fixed dynamical heating approximation. Another problem with the accepted view of radiative forcing arises
from the definition of the tropopause considered in the second part of this study. For a correct radiative forcing estimate
the “tropopause” needs to separate the atmosphere into regions with a purely radiative response and those with a radiative-convective
response. From radiative-convective model results it is found that radiative equilibrium conditions persist for several kilometres
below the tropopause (the tropopause being defined as where the lapse rate reaches 2 K km-1). This region needs to be included in stratospheric adjustment calculations for an accurate calculation of forcing, as it
is only the region between the surface and the top of the convection that can be considered as a single, forced, system. Including
temperature changes in this region has a very large effect on stratospheric ozone forcing estimates, and can reduce the magnitude
of the forcing by more than a factor of two. Although these experiments are performed using simple climate models, the results
are of equal importance for the analysis of forcing-response relationships using general circulation models.
Received: 25 October 1996/Accepted: 14 April 1997 相似文献
6.
On the basis of the emission data of the industrial sulphur dioxide (SO2) and observed climate fields over East Asia, the distribution of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol (SO) with seasonal variation in the troposphere is simulated and analyzed by a regional sulfur transport model, and the direct radiative effects of SO under different weather conditions are also calculated using the discrete ordinate method. The results show that the concentration of SO has significant seasonal and spatial variations resulting from the effects of SO2 emission source and precipita-tion and wind fields. Both the concentration of SO2 and its radiative forcing have the largest values in October and the lowest in July. SO causes the decrease of the radiation flux absorbed by earth-atmosphere and the cooling of air temperature by scattering more solar radiation back into space. Besides, the radiative and climatic effects of SO are related to the types and height and optical thickness, etc., of the clouds. 相似文献
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Results from measurements of long-wave radiative flux divergence on calm, cloudless nights from within an urban canyon are presented. Results show the existence of three-dimensional (volume) radiative divergence in the canyon-air system. The results are compared with air temperature cooling rates (energy storage change) in the canyon. With calm, cloudless conditions, radiative divergence is the dominant mechanism controlling air temperature changes. In the early part of the night this results in air cooling, but radiative warming was commonly observed after midnight. Canyon-air volume radiative divergence is found to be considerably less than that observed previously above roof-level, and in rural areas. Measured cooling rates in the canyon are poorly predicted by a surface-oriented cooling approach. This again points to the importance of the atmospheric radiation balance. 相似文献
10.
Prof. K. N. Liou J. L. Lee S. C. Ou Q. Fu Y. Takano 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1991,46(1-2):41-50
Summary Parameterization programs for cloud microphyscs and radiative transfer involving ice clouds have been developed in terms of the mean effective size and ice water path. The mean effective size appears to be adequate in representing the ice crystal size distribution for radiative parameterizations. For a given ice water path, smaller mean effective sizes reflect more solar radiation, emit more IR radiation and enhance net radiative heating/cooling at the cloud top and bottom than larger sizes. The presence of small ice crystals may generate steeper lapse rates in clouds. A 3-D global cloud model that prescribes the horizontal wind fields in a 24 hour period is used to investigate the sensitivity of the mean effective size of ice crystals on the simulation of radiative heating, temperature, cloud cover and ice water content. A variation in the mean effective size from 75 to 50 m in a 24 hour prediction on simulation generates more cooling above the high cloud top and a decrease of temperature. These results lead to an increase of high cloud cover in some latitudes by as much as 4% and, at the same time, a decrease of middle cloud cover by 3–4% in latitudes between 60°S and 60°N.With 7 Figures 相似文献
11.
Using the method of radiative ‘kernels’ an analysis is made of water vapour, lapse rate and ‘Planck’ (uniform vertical temperature) long wave feedbacks in models participating in the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3). Feedbacks are calculated at climate change timescales from the A1B scenario, and at three ‘variability’ timescales from the corresponding preindustrial experiments: seasonal, interannual and decadal. Surface temperature responses show different meridional patterns for the different timescales, which are then manifest in the structures of the individual feedbacks. Despite these differences, mean water vapour feedback strength in models is positive for all models and timescales, and of comparable global magnitude across all timescales except for seasonal, where it is much weaker. Taking into consideration the strong positive lapse rate feedback at seasonal timescales, combined water vapour/lapse rate feedback is indeed similar across all timescales. To a good approximation, global water vapour feedback is found to be well represented by the temperature response along with an assumption of unchanged relative humidity under both variability and climate change. A comparison is also made of model feedbacks with reanalysis derived feedbacks for seasonal and interannual timescales. No strong relationships between individual modelled feedbacks at different timescales are evident: i.e., strong feedbacks in models at variability timescales do not in general predict strong climate change feedback, with the possible exception of seasonal timescales. There are caveats on this (and other) findings however, from uncertainties associated with the kernel technique and from, at times, very large uncertainties in estimating variability related feedbacks from temperature regressions. 相似文献
12.
对流层气溶胶和云的大气辐射加热特征 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5
本文利用建立的辐射模式研究了在一般天气和沙尘暴天气条件下,有云气溶胶大气的辐射加热特征。结果表明:在不同的天气条件下,云和气溶胶对大气的辐射加热的影响是不同的,它依赖于云的状况(云高、云厚和云内含水量)以及气溶胶浓度的大小、气溶胶的垂直分布和气溶胶的光学性质。 相似文献
13.
Kwang-Mog Lee Joong-Hyun Park Myoung-Hwan Ahn Mi-Lim Ou Yoonjae Kim 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2012,48(2):135-143
Infrared radiance spectra measured in space or on the ground have been used for many applications, such as the retrieval of atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles. The Korean Meteorological Administration (KMA) recently installed an Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) system at the Korea Global Atmosphere Watch Center (36°32??N, 125°19??E) in Anmyondo to measure the downward radiance spectra on the ground. For further utilization of such interferometeric radiance measurements, an accurate line-by-line radiative transfer model is required. This study introduces a line-by-line radiative transfer model developed at Kyungpook National University (KNU_LBL) and presents comparisons of spectra simulated using the KNU_LBL model and measured by the AERI system, that is installed inside a secure container. When compared with the Atmospheric and Environmental Research (AER) radiative transfer codes, the KNU_LBL model provides nearly identical spectra for various model atmospheres. The simulated spectra are also in good agreement with the AERI spectra for clear sky conditions, and a further improvement is made when taking into account of the emissions and absorption by CO2 and H2O for the light path inside the container, even though the path is short. 相似文献
14.
Ramesh Kumar M. R. Pinker Rachel T. Mathew Simi Venkatesan R. Chen W. 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2018,132(3-4):983-988
Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Radiative fluxes are a key component of the surface heat budget of the oceans. Yet, observations over oceanic region are sparse due to the complexity of... 相似文献
15.
Tomoo Ogura Mark J. Webb Masahiro Watanabe F. Hugo Lambert Yoko Tsushima Miho Sekiguchi 《Climate Dynamics》2014,43(5-6):1409-1421
To better understand CFMIP/CMIP inter-model differences in rapid low cloud responses to CO2 increases and their associated effective radiative forcings, we examined the tropospheric adjustment of the lower tropospheric stability (LTS) in three general circulation models (GCMs): HadGEM2-A, MIROC3.2 medres, and MIROC5. MIROC3.2 medres showed a reduction in LTS over the sub-tropical ocean, in contrast to the other two models. This reduction was consistent with a temperature decrease in the mid-troposphere. The temperature decrease was mainly driven by instantaneous radiative forcing (RF) caused by an increase in CO2. Reductions in radiative and latent heating, due to clouds, and in adiabatic and advective heating, also contribute to the temperature decrease. The instantaneous RF in the mid-troposphere in MIROC3.2 medres is inconsistent with the results of line-by-line (LBL) calculations, and thus it is considered questionable. These results illustrate the importance of evaluating the vertical profile of instantaneous RF with LBL calculations; improved future model performance in this regard should help to increase our confidence in the tropospheric adjustment in GCMs. 相似文献
16.
A new efficient parameterization scheme for solar short-wave radiative heating, as a component of the net radiative effects in the atmosphere, is tested in a three-dimensional mesoscale model. This model is designed with moist convective processes in mind, so that the radiative parameterization (solar plus thermal infrared) are interactive with the cloud field. Previous work by the authors with only an infrared scheme has demonstrated that cloud-radiation interactions are characterized by strong cloud-top cooling, leading to upper cloud-layer destabilization. The effects of including solar heating are to modulate the strength of the strong infrared cooling, thereby leading to weaker interactions between clouds, radiation, and mesoscale fields. The present study shows that even on the mesoscale and for relatively short time-spans, radiative processes in the presence of clouds are not negligible.As a further step, a simple fractional cloud cover parameterization is introduced and the model response is compared with results omitting this parameterization. 相似文献
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18.
Seasonal variations of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol and direct radiative forcing over China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ti-Jian Wang Jin-Zhong Min Yong-Fu Xu Ka-Se Lam 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2003,84(3-4):185-198
Summary Regional climate model (RegCM2) and sulfur transport model (NJUADMS) were combined to simulate the distribution of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol burden over China, where a look up table method was applied to illustrate sulfate formation from SO2-oxidation. Direct radiative forcing of sulfate aerosol was further estimated using the scheme suggested by Charlson et al (1991). Investigations show that the annual average total sulfate column over mainland China is 2.01mg/m2 with high value in East and Central areas (more than 7mg/m2). The annual average direct radiative forcing of China is about –0.85W/m2. The forcing can reach –7W/m2 in Central and East China during the winter season. Total sulfate column shows significant seasonal variations with winter maximum-summer minimum in the Southern part of China and spring maximum-autumn minimum in the northern part of China. Strong seasonal cycles of direct radiative forcing are also found due to the influence of total sulfate column, cloud, relative humidity and the reflectivity of underlying surfaceReceived May 16, 2001; accepted August 5, 2002
Published online: May 8, 2003 相似文献
19.
Uncertainties in assessing radiative forcing by mineral dust 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
T. CLAQUIN M. SCHULZ Y. BALKANSKI O. BOUCHER 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》1998,50(5):491-505