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1.
By adopting characteristic index data for the Western Pacific
Subtropical High (WPSH) from the National Climate Center of China, U.S.
National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for
Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data, and the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) sea surface temperature
(SST) data, we studied the WPSH variability considering the background
of climate warming by using a Gaussian filter, moving averages,
correlation analysis, and synthetic analysis. Our results show that
with climate warming over the past 60 years, significant changes in the
WPSH include its enlarged area, strengthened intensity, westward
extended ridge point and southward expanded southern boundary, as well
as enhanced interannual fluctuations in all these indices. The western
ridge point of the WPSH consistently varies with temperature changes in
the Northern Hemisphere, but the location of the ridgeline varies
independently. The intensity and area of the WPSH were both
significantly increased in the late 1980s. Specifically, the western
ridge point started to significantly extend westward in the early
1990s, and the associated interannual variability had a significant
increase in the late 1990s; in addition, the ridgeline was swaying
along the north-south-north direction, and the corresponding
variability was also greatly enhanced in the late 1990s. With climate
warming, the SST increase becomes more weakly correlated with the WPSH
intensity enhancement but more strongly correlated with the westward
extension of the ridge point in the equatorial central and eastern
Pacific Ocean in winter, corresponding to an expanding WPSH in space.
In the northern Pacific in winter, the SST decrease has a weaker
correlation with the southerly location of the ridgeline but also a
stronger correlation with the westward extension of the ridge point. In
the tropical western Pacific in winter, the correlations of the SST
decrease with the WPSH intensity enhancement, and the westward
extension of the ridge point is strengthened. These observations can be
explained by strengthened Hadley circulations, the dominant effects of
the southward shift, and additional effects of the weakened ascending
branch of the Walker circulation during warm climatological periods,
which consequently lead to strengthened intensities, increased areas,
and southward expansions of the WPSH in summer. 相似文献
2.
西太平洋副热带高压强度和东亚地表热通量的年代际变化特征及关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用NCEP/NCAR的月平均再分析资料以及中国国家气候中心的西太平洋副热带高压(副高)强度资料,分析了西太平洋副高强度、500hPa环流场以及东亚地表感热、潜热通量场的年代际变化特征,发现各个季节的西太平洋副高强度及其环流形势均存在一定的年代际变化,变化发生的时间为1978年前后,20世纪70年代中期以后副高强度有所增强。副高强度在季节间的延续性也发生了一定的年代际变化,1978年以后季节间的延续性增强,全时段的延续性受后一时段的影响较大。东亚地表感热、潜热通量场也存在明显的年代际变化,感热通量的变化关键区在大陆上,主要为青藏高原东、西部,其发生年代际变化要早于西太平洋副高强度变化的时间(20世纪60年代中后期),但它们发生差异变化的时间则接近西太平洋副高强度发生年代际变化的时间,在20世纪60年代中后期以前,高原感热通量体现为稳定的西高东低,而20世纪70年代中期以后则转为稳定的东高西低,其中,近10年时间为调整过渡期,因此,它们各自的年代际变化所造成的影响会有所滞后。潜热通量的变化关键区则位于海洋上,主要是西太平洋地区,1978年以前春季地表潜热通量距平为南正北负,之后转为南负北正,而夏季潜热通量距平则... 相似文献
3.
基于1948—2018年美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)重建海面温度(ERSSTv5)资料集,采用经验正交函数(EOF)分解和交叉小波分析等统计学方法,对北太平洋地区近70 a海表温度(SST)、西太平洋副热带高压(WPSH)的变化特征及其相关性进行分析。第一模态体现了SST显著的年际变化厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)现象和显著的年代际变化北太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)现象。将WPSH强度距平指数和面积距平指数的均值定义为WPSH综合指数。WPSH综合指数总体呈上升趋势; 1977年之前,WPSH强度逐渐减小且振幅较小; 1977年之后,WPSH强度逐渐增大且振幅强度较大。通过合成分析发现,WPSH异常偏强年份对应西北太平洋大部分地区的SST显著偏暖,WPSH异常偏弱年份对应西北太平洋大部分地区的SST显著偏冷。将其与NOAA的月气候指标的Ni?o3.4和PDO指数分别进行交叉小波谱分析,得出:北太平洋SST的年际信号、年代际信号均与WPSH的变化有很明显的相关,WPSH强度和太平洋中部SST存在显著的4~5 a的年际正相关,且随着时间的后移,SST的变化超前于WPSH的变化。 相似文献
4.
Interdecadal Variations of the Western Pacific Subtropical High and Surface Heat Flux over East Asia and Their Relationship 
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下载免费PDF全文 The interdecadal variation of intensity of the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH) during the period 1951-2001 is studied by using data from the National Climate Center(NCC),China Meteorological Administration.The characteristics of the circulations at 500 hPa and the surface heat flux over East Asia are also analyzed based on the NCEP/NCAR monthly reanalysis data.The results reveal that the WPSH and the circulations exhibit interdecadal variations around 1978,with enhancing intensities.The interseasonal persistence of the WPSH intensity alters correspondingly to some extent,which is more significant during 1978-2001 than during 1951-1978.The surface heat flux over East Asia also displays a remarkable interdecadal variation,which leads that of the WPSH intensity.The key variation areas of the surface sensible heat flux(SSHF) are mainly located over the eastern and western Tibetan Plateau around the late 1960s.However,the difference of the SSHF between the eastern and western Plateau exhibits a change in the mid 1970s,close to the time of the abrupt climate change of the WPSH intensity.The SSHF of the Plateau stably increases in the west and decreases in the east before the mid-late 1960s,while it stably increases in the east and decreases in the west after the mid-1970s.On the other hand,the key variation area of the surface latent heat flux(SLHF) is mainly situated over the West Pacific(WP),where the SLHF anomaly in spring changes from positive to negative in the south before 1978,but from negative to positive in the north after 1978;while in summer it turns from positive to negative all over the WP after 1978.The interdecadal variation of SLHF in both spring and summer corresponds well to the interdecadal variation of the WPSH intensity in the same season.The notable correlation between the WPSH intensity and SSHF(or SLHF) maintains without any change although each of these qnantities varies on the interdecadal scale. 相似文献
5.
The characteristics of regional high temperature（HT） weather in 2013 and 2003 and their causes were studied using daily maximum temperature data, National Center for Environmental Prediction（NCEP） reanalysis data, and outgoing longwave radiation（OLR） data. For these two years of HT weather, there were many similar characteristics, such as their long duration, wide range, high intensity, and severe influence. However, there were also three obvious differences： firstly, in 2013, the major area where HT weather occurred was farther north than in 2003; secondly, the HT weather in South China and the southeast area of Jiangnan in 2013 lasted fewer days than in 2003, but in other areas it lasted for more days than in 2003; thirdly, the intensity of the HT weather in 2013 was also stronger in the north and weaker in the south, similar to that of the duration. A strong and stable western Pacific subtropical high（WPSH）, a continental warm high, and the distribution of the warm center in the lower troposphere played important roles in the HT weather formation. Several probable causes for the differences are that the cold air was weaker, the WPSH was farther north, and the tropical convective systems were stronger in 2013 than in 2003. Finally, a preliminary cause analysis of the WPSH anomaly was presented. 相似文献
6.
利用1961—2017年吉林省46个地面气象观测站点降水月数据及NCEP/NCAR全球月平均位势高度场、风场再分析资料,采用EOF、SEOF、滑动相关、回归分析及合成分析等方法研究了近57 a吉林省盛夏7月、8月降水的基本特征,季内差异及其大气环流异常特征。结果表明：吉林省盛夏7月、8月降水在空间上以全区一致型为主,整个吉林省均表现为正（负）异常;吉林省7月、8月降水在1986—2004年基本呈现反位相变化,即7月多（少）,8月少（多）;2005—2017年两个月份呈现同位相变化,即7月少（多）,8月少（多）;反位相年中7月降水与北美东西遥相关（NAEW）及东亚太平洋相关（EAP）有关,8月降水与欧亚遥相关（EU）有关,同位相年中7月、8月降水与副热带高压强度和位置异常有关;吉林省盛夏降水同西太平洋副热带高压有着密切关系,反位相年高、低值年副热带高压的东西位置差异显著,同位相年期间副热带高压异常西伸北进、面积增大。 相似文献
7.
Using daily outgoing long-wave radiation （OLR） data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration （NOAA） and the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research （NCEP/NCAR） reanalysis data of geopotential height fields for 1979-2006, the relationship between persistent heavy rain events （PHREs） in the Huaihe River valley （HRV） and the distribution pattern of convective activity in the tropical western Pacific warm pool （WPWP） is investigated. Based on nine cases of PHREs in the HRV, common characteristics of the West Pacific subtropical high （WPSH） show that the northern edge of the WPSH continues to lie in the HRV and is associated with the persistent ＂north weak south strong＂ distribution pattern of convective activities in the WPWP. Composite analysis of OLR leading the circulation indicates that the response of the WPSH to OLR anomaly patterns lags by about 1-2 days. In order to explain the reason for the effects of the distribution pattern of convective activities in the WPWP on the persistent northern edge of the WPSH in the HRV, four typical persistent heavy and light rain events in the Yangtze River valley （YRV） are contrasted with the PHREs in the HRV. The comparison indicates that when the distribution pattern of the convective activities anomaly behaves in a weak （strong） manner across the whole WPWP, persistent heavy （light） rain tends to occur in the YRV. When the distribution pattern of the convective activities anomaly behaves according to the ＂north weak south strong＂ pattern in the WPWP, persistent heavy rain tends to occur in the HRV. The effects of the ＂north weak south strong＂ distribution pattern of convective activities on PHREs in the HRV are not obvious over the seasonal mean timescale, perhaps due to the non-extreme status of convective activities in the WPWP. 相似文献
8.
季节预测模式对东亚夏季环流的预测能力及其对热带海洋的响应分析 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
东亚夏季环流变化对中国夏季降水的年际变化有重要影响,因此需要进一步理解季节预测模式对东亚夏季环流的预测能力。利用1991~2013年美国国家环境预测中心（NCEP）、中国气象局国家气候中心（NCC）和日本东京气候中心（TCC）的三个季节预测模式（CFS V2、BCC_CSM V2和MRI-CGCM）以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,定量评估了模式对东亚夏季风（EASM）和夏季西太平洋副热带高压（WPSH）强度的预测能力。在此基础上,分析了模式预测的EASM和WPSH对热带海温异常的响应能力,以及ENSO事件对EASM和WPSH预测的影响,阐述了预测误差产生的原因。结果表明:整体而言,三个模式对EASM和WPSH的预测技巧较高,但TCC模式对WPSH的预测技巧相对较低。三个模式预测的850 hPa风场在西北太平洋存在一个异常气旋,使得预测的EASM偏强和WPSH偏弱。同时,二者的年际变率整体比观测小。三个模式预测的EASM和WPSH对热带海洋海温异常的响应随季节演变特征与观测比较接近,但NCEP模式和TCC模式预测的EASM对前期热带太平洋和前期、同期热带印度洋的海温异常响应要强于观测,NCC模式预测的EASM对前期和同期的热带太平洋的海温异常响应明显比观测强。此外,三个模式预测的WPSH对前期和同期的热带太平洋、热带印度洋和热带大西洋的海温异常响应明显强于观测。三个模式预测的EASM和WPSH在ENSO年的平均绝对误差（MAE）整体而言要比正常年的小很多,NCEP模式和NCC模式预测的EASM和WPSH的MAE在La Ni?a年和El Ni?o年差别不大,而TCC模式预测的EASM和WPSH的MAE在El Ni?o年比在La Ni?a年大很多,表明ENSO事件是东亚夏季环流重要的可预报源。 相似文献
9.
针对目前国家气候中心业务监测中使用的月时间尺度西太平洋副热带高压指数存在的问题,利用NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,对西太平洋副热带高压面积指数、强度指数、脊线指数和西伸脊点4种指数重新进行定义和计算,重建了1951—2010年逐月历史时间序列。面积指数、强度指数采用真实的面积和体积进行定义和计算,脊线指数则同时利用500 hPa高度场和纬向风切变线进行定义,且不仅仅局限于588 dagpm等值线,充分考虑了西太平洋副热带地区高压系统对我国夏季降水的影响作用。选取其中两个相对独立的指数——脊线指数与西伸脊点,通过对这两个指数的9种组合类型的构建,最大程度上涵盖了我国东部夏季降水各种雨型的分布特征。 相似文献
10.
超强与普通厄尔尼诺海-气特征差异及对西太平洋副热带高压的不同影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、GODAS海洋资料、哈得来中心海表温度（SST）以及中国国家气候中心（NCC）环流指数数据,依据美国气候预测中心的厄尔尼诺事件标准筛选出1980-2016年的超强与普通厄尔尼诺事件,对比了两类事件的不同生命阶段内海表及次表层温度特征的差异,并探讨了其对西太平洋副热带高压（西太副高）的不同影响。结果表明,对超强厄尔尼诺事件而言,海表温度正距平发展早且迅速,其大值中心偏东,纬向梯度强,但对普通厄尔尼诺事件而言,海表温度正距平中心偏西,纬向梯度小。厄尔尼诺事件的发展源于次表层海温距平（SOTA）随开尔文波东传并沿温跃层上升到达海表,其波动前部区域异常垂直海流对次表层海温距平的变化起重要作用;当海气激烈耦合时,可在温跃层激发出更强的海洋波动,使得次表层变暖更明显,激发出强的厄尔尼诺事件。海温异常强迫出的大气异常环流的强度与强迫源的强度关系密切。两类厄尔尼诺均能通过异常的沃克环流引起大气Gill型响应,使得西太副高偏强、西伸,且当超强厄尔尼诺发生时,异常沃克环流更强,海洋性大陆区域上空的异常强辐散导致Gill型响应而产生的反气旋更强,对西太副高的影响更甚。印度洋海表温度对厄尔尼诺的滞后变暖所带来的影响在上述亚太大气环流的持续异常中起重要作用。这些结果有利于加深对不同类型厄尔尼诺事件及影响西太副高机理的认识。 相似文献
11.
Li Qi Jinhai He Zuqiang Zhang Zhaoyong Guan 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2010,100(3-4):385-396
In this study, the National Center for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis data from 1979 to 2005 is used to investigate the possible impact of IntraSeasonal Oscillation (ISO) of the South China Sea (SCS) monsoon on the West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) double ridges. Three WPSH modes are defined as the 3/6 mode, the 1/2 mode and the dual mode, for the amplitude of the 30–60-day oscillation of SCS summer monsoon which is larger, smaller and comparable to the 10–20-day oscillation, respectively. The results show that there are no double ridges of WPSH present during 3/6 mode, but a weak process can be found during 1/2 mode. However, a powerful double-ridge structure of WPSH is present in several phases of the dual mode during both the 10–20-day oscillation and the 30–60-day oscillation. Then two typical WPSH double ridge cases in 1999, a special year of the dual mode, are chosen to further discuss this interesting phenomenon. Case 1 (24 July–27 July) is much weaker, and in this case the southern ridge disappears after several days, while during case 2 (3 August–11 August), the southern ridge finally replaces the northern ridge. The double ridges are much stronger compared to case 1. The ISO evolution feature is different between case 1 and case 2. The anomalous circulation of 10–20-day oscillation is anticyclonic over the southern ridge during both case 1 and case 2. However, the anomalous circulation of 30–60-day oscillation is cyclonic during case 1 and anticyclonic during case 2. It is this difference that leads to the double ridges being more powerful in case 2 than in case 1. This indicates that the 10–20-day oscillation of the SCS summer monsoon plays a key role in the WPSH double-ridge formation, while the 30–60-day oscillation provides a favorable background for it. 相似文献
12.
13.
使用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、哈得来海表温度和中国国家气候中心的西太平洋副热带高压（西太副高）特征指数,对比分析了ENSO背景下的夏季印度洋海盆尺度模（Indian Ocean basin mode,IOBM）与独立于ENSO的纯IOBM（pure Indian Ocean basin mode,IOBM_P）对西太副高的影响机理。结果表明,滤除前期ENSO信号后,西北太平洋上为海温负距平,并在其西北侧强迫出Gill型反气旋。另外,印度洋与海洋性大陆间存在西高东低的海温距平梯度,印度洋正、负海温距平激发出的赤道开尔文波影响至海洋性大陆西部地区,强迫出的异常大气环流关于赤道基本对称。加之此时中国南海至西北太平洋地区降水偏弱,潜热释放偏少,从而非绝热冷却,导致西太副高异常偏强、偏南。而在前期厄尔尼诺的影响下,次年夏季印度洋与海洋性大陆地区均有利于出现海温正距平,开尔文波的影响偏强、偏东,强迫出的异常环流偏向北半球,通过“埃克曼抽吸”和非绝热冷却在对流层低层制造出异常负涡度进而影响西太副高,使其明显偏强、偏西、偏南。由于IOBM_P在2和8年周期上对西太副高的影响最明显,而ENSO信号中主要是3—7 a的短周期振荡,因此,ENSO背景下的印度洋变暖对西太副高的遥强迫实际包含了来自热带中太平洋的3—7 a周期信号的滞后影响和印度洋地区局地变化特别是2和8年周期变化的作用。这些结果为人们深入理解西太副高变化规律和做出有效预报提供了线索。 相似文献
14.
In this study, the relationship between the subsystems of Asian summer monsoon is analyzed using U.S. National Centers for Environmental Protection/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis and Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation monthly mean precipitation data. The results showed that there is significant correlation between the subsystems of Asian summer monsoon. The changes of intensity over the same period show that weak large-scale Asian monsoon, Southeast Asia monsoon and South Asian monsoon are associated with strong East Asian monsoon and decreasing rainfall in related areas. And when the large-scale Asian monsoon is strong, Southeast Asia and South Asia monsoons will be strong and precipitation will increase. While the Southeast Asia monsoon is strong, the South Asia monsoon is weak and the rainfall of South Asia is decreasing, and vice versa. The various subsystems are significantly correlated for all periods of intensity changes. 相似文献
15.
西太平洋副热带高压的年际变率受热带多个关键海区的海-气相互作用过程调控, 但彼此间的因果关联和影响机制尚不清楚。为揭示西太平洋副热带高压的年际变率与热带海温及大气环流异常之间的内在关联特性, 定义了三个关键海区以及赤道纬向西风区的特征指数, 并分别与西太平洋副热带高压强度、脊线指数进行了交叉小波和相干小波分析。研究发现:西太平洋副热带高压指数存在显著的2~3年和准5年的周期振荡, 20世纪八九十年代后, 由于暖池区海温及赤道纬向西风区的Hadley环流强迫加强, 致使副热带高压特征指数的2~3年周期振荡加强; 从位相关系看, 先是西太平洋副热带高压减弱南撤导致纬向西风加强, 其后影响赤道东太平洋海温升高, 同时暖水向东传, 使赤道中太平洋以及暖池区海温逐渐升高, 在Hadley环流作用下使副高加强北抬。基于上述西太平洋副热带高压的年际变率与热带海温及大气环流异常变化相关性诊断研究, 进一步探讨了造成这种相关性的影响机理和因果关联, 为揭示西太平洋副热带高压年际变率与热带海温及大气环流异常的相关性做探索研究。 相似文献
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1998年夏季西太副高活动与凝结潜热加热的关系 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
利用1998年南海季风试验逐日再分析资料,分析了1998年夏季梅雨期内凝结潜热加热对西太平洋副热带高压(下称西太副高)中短期活动的影响。结果表明,不同位置的凝结潜热加热对西太副高的作用是不同的:当西太副高西侧的降水在它的边缘发生时,释放的凝结潜热加热可能迫使西太副高东退,离它较远处的降水则可能诱使西太副高西伸;西太副高北侧降水释放的凝结潜热加热将阻止它北进;南侧降水则有推动西太副高北进的作用。当南北两侧的凝结潜热加热等强度时,它原地不动,但强度增强,达到一定强度时西伸;若某一侧加热强度减弱,西太副高则有向该侧移动的趋势。 相似文献
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西太平洋副热带高压双脊线及其对1998年夏季长江流域“二度梅”的影响 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、日本气象厅提供的TBB资料研究了 1 998年 7月西太平洋副热带高压突然偏南的原因。结果表明 ,西太平洋副高脊线突然“南撤”有其一定局限性 ,事实上应是副热带高压脊线在南侧的一次“重建”过程。针对这次重建 ,发现 1 998年 7月上中旬在西太平洋副热带地区存在南北两个高压脊 ,据此本文提出了副热带高压双脊线的概念 ,并着重揭示了这次西太平洋副热带高压双脊线的基本演变特征、环流场和温湿场结构、可能的形成机制及其对 1 998年夏季长江流域“二度梅”的影响。分析表明西太平洋副热带高压双脊线时期具有与单脊线时期明显不同的环流特征和温湿场结构 ,其北侧脊线附近的特征与传统上单脊线副热带高压的特征较一致 ,但南侧脊线附近则更多的具有低纬度系统的特点 ;这次双脊线过程与赤道缓冲带北上并与副热带高压打通合并变性及热带对流云团的演变有密切关系。此外 ,文中还通过中国台站降水资料探讨了副热带高压双脊线的维持对中国东部雨型的影响 ,指出西太平洋副热带高压双脊线的出现改变了原有的水汽输送路径 ,从而在中国东部出现两条雨带 ,呈倒 7字型 ,分别与副热带高压北、南侧脊线相对应。这些结果为西太平洋副热带高压演变规律和机制的研究提供了新的线索 相似文献
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江南南部初夏雨季的降水和环流气候特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于1961～2010年气象台站逐日降水资料、同期美国NCEP/NCAR的逐日再分析格点资料,通过气候平均、REOF分析、聚类分析等方法,分析了江南地区初夏降水的地域性和时段性特征,及西太平洋副高和高、低空急流等大气环流的相应演变过程。结果发现:（1）江南南部27.5°～29.5°N存在一个独立于华南前汛期和江淮梅雨的初夏雨季,该雨季平均发生时间为6月11～30日,比江淮梅雨早约8天左右。（2）西太平洋副高的西伸东退是江南南部初夏雨季发生发展的重要环流背景,6月第2候副高发生突变性加速西伸之后雨季开始,雨季期间850 hPa副高西伸脊点基本稳定在最西位置即133°E附近,6月第6候副高东退北抬后雨季结束。（3）低层急流大风带的形成和位置是江南南部初夏雨季阶段的重要动力条件,印度洋和孟加拉湾向东北延伸的低层急流与西太平洋副高西北侧的气流连通形成低层急流大风带,并与北侧上空的高空急流耦合,降水集中区位于低层急流大风带左侧、高空急流入口区右侧。 相似文献
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中国北方秋雨与热带中太平洋海表冷却的关系 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
本文利用1951～2011年中国160站降水、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NOAA延长重建海表温度 (NOAA extended reconstructed SST) 资料,研究了中国9月北方秋雨的年际变化特征及其成因,并用ECHAM5大气环流模式开展了数值试验,最后对2011年9月历史罕见秋雨进行了分析。研究发现,中国北方秋雨有明显的年际和年代际变化,19世纪60年代到1980年代中期,北方秋雨偏多,1950年代、1980年代后期和1990年代秋雨偏少。北方秋雨与西太平洋副热带高压的西伸有密切联系,北方秋雨偏多时,副热带高压偏西偏强,有利于偏南风向北输送水汽并在中国北方辐合。西太平洋副热带高压的加强西伸与热带中太平洋的海表冷却密切有关,偏低的热带中太平洋海表温度(CTSSTI)使其上的对流活动受到抑制,热带西太平洋对流异常旺盛,在西北太平洋出现异常反气旋,加强东亚—西北太平洋的EAP波列,引起西太平洋副热带高压明显西伸,导致秋雨偏多。反之,热带中太平洋海表偏暖,副热带高压偏弱偏南,秋雨偏少。2011年9月北方秋雨的环流异常及成因与统计分析和数值模拟结果基本一致。 相似文献