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1.
中国地区云光学厚度和云滴有效半径变化趋势 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用ISCCP最新的D2云气候资料集和MODIS云的资料,给出中国地区云的光学厚度和云滴有效半径的分布特征;分别对季节平均和年平均时间序列进行线性趋势分析,并进行了显著性检验。结果表明：夏季云的光学厚度和有效半径的变化趋势最显著。结合云量变化情况,可发现云滴有效半径的变化对云光学厚度的影响可能在夏季最大,也就是说,气溶胶的间接气候效应可能在夏季最强;云量、云光学厚度和云滴有效半径的变化也表明长江以南地区和青藏高原地区可能是气溶胶间接气候效应比较显著的地区。中国地区冰云光学厚度与有效直径的相关具有很强的区域特征,说明冰云的微物理机制比水云更复杂。 相似文献
2.
夏季硫酸盐和黑碳气溶胶对中国云特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
利用WRF-Chem（Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry）模式研究2006年8月1日—9月1日中国区域硫酸盐和黑碳气溶胶对云特性的影响。模式验证利用了卫星和地面观测的气象要素、化学物质浓度、气溶胶光学特性和云微物理特性。模式性能评估表明该模式能较好地抓住气象要素（温度、降水、相对湿度和风速）的量级和空间分布特征。通过与地面观测和MODIS卫星数据对比发现,尽管模式模拟还存在偏差,但还是能较好模拟出气溶胶物种的地表浓度、气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）、云光学厚度（COD）、云量（CLDF）、云顶云滴有效半径（CER）和云水路径（LWP）。通过两个敏感性试验（分别增加二氧化硫和黑碳排放量至控制试验排放的3倍）与控制试验的对比发现硫酸盐比黑碳更易成为云凝结核,在中国东部云顶云滴数浓度和其它云特性参数对二氧化硫排放增加的响应均从北向南呈递增,这与地面湿度分布有关。云滴有效半径对硫酸盐气溶胶的响应符合气溶胶第一间接效应的定义,即硫酸盐气溶胶增多,云滴数浓度增加,云滴有效半径减少,但是对黑碳气溶胶的响应在各区域不尽相同。还发现黑碳对云量的影响远大于硫酸盐,主要原因是由于黑碳气溶胶直接辐射效应（对太阳光的吸收）导致的云的“燃烧”作用。 相似文献
3.
气溶胶的时空分布及其核化成云的转化过程是云降水物理研究的重点,也是气候变化中气溶胶间接效应关注的热点问题。利用2013～2014年期间在华北中部山西地区开展的9架次夏季晴天和积云天气情况下的气溶胶、云凝结核（CCN）及云滴数浓度观测资料,分析研究了气溶胶的垂直分布、谱分布、来源特征及其与云凝结核、云滴数浓度的转化关系。研究结果表明,大气边界层逆温层结对气溶胶、CCN垂直分布有重要影响,不同天气条件下气溶胶谱型在低层差异较大而高层基本一致;垂直方向上CCN数浓度与气溶胶数浓度有较好的相关性,过饱和度0.3%条件下CCN比率（云凝结核/凝结核）与气溶胶有效直径呈线性关系;积云云下气溶胶与云滴的线性拟合方程为y=1.3x?616.3,拟合相关系数为0.96,气溶胶转化为云滴的比率可达到47%。在过饱和度0.3%条件下,云下CCN与云滴的线性拟合方程为y=1.6x?473.8,拟合相关系数也为0.96,CCN转化为云滴的比率可达到69%。 相似文献
4.
《干旱气象》2016,(4)
利用2008—2012年MODIS和TRMM卫星遥感数据产品逐日资料,分析华北地区及临近海域气溶胶光学厚度的月变化,以及夏季不同降雨量下气溶胶光学厚度与云滴有效半径的关系。结果表明:华北地区及邻近海域气溶胶光学厚度呈明显的季节性变化,陆地上夏季最大、冬季最小,海洋上春季最大、秋季最小;海洋上的气溶胶光学厚度小于陆地。陆地上,夏季气溶胶光学厚度与水云云滴有效半径呈显著正相关,在海洋上二者呈显著负相关,且相关性随降雨量的增加均增大。陆地上,夏季气溶胶光学厚度与冰云云滴有效粒子半径在小雨下呈显著负相关,在中雨和大雨下呈正相关;海洋上,气溶胶光学厚度和冰云有效粒子半径呈显著负相关,且相关性随降雨量的增加而减小。 相似文献
5.
气溶胶间接效应通过对云的作用来影响气候,其过程复杂且不确定性较大。本研究利用美国国家大气研究中心（NCAR）的公共大气模式CAM5.1,通过改变模式中硫酸盐气溶胶转化为云凝结核数浓度的数量,设计了硫酸盐气溶胶间接效应的敏感性试验,通过与控制试验对比来研究其间接效应对中国东部地区冬季云、降水和季风强度的影响。结果表明：在东亚地区云凝结核形成过程中,硫酸盐气溶胶占绝对的主导地位。硫酸盐气溶胶间接效应导致中国东部地区冬季云凝结核和云滴数浓度显著增加,海洋和陆地低层的云滴有效半径减小和总云液水路径的增加,导致了云反照率的增加。引起的负辐射强迫使地表和大气降温,海平面气压升高,增加的海陆气压梯度导致中国南方地区东亚冬季风增强,总降水率减少。硫酸盐气溶胶间接效应可能不是东亚冬季风在20世纪80年代中期年际变率减弱的原因。 相似文献
6.
矿物气溶胶远程传输过程中的吸收增温效应对云和降水的影响 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
通过对吸收性矿物气溶胶在远程传输过程中引起的大气增温效应以及大气中云凝结核(CCN)和冰核(IN)浓度增加的数值模拟,发现传输过程中沙尘最大浓度出现于云底和3 km高度处(T>-5℃)时,沙尘传输导致的大核和巨核(GCCN)浓度的增加,促进冷暖云降水,并在降水效率增加和增温产生的蒸发效应的共同作用下,云的光学厚度和反照率降低;当沙尘传输层位于温度低于-5℃的层结时,沙尘作为有效的大气冰核影响云和降水的发展,在这种情况下,冰核增多导致降水减少,并使云的光学厚度和反照率增加。总的来说,沙尘传输层中吸收性矿物气溶胶越多,高度越低、厚度越大,蒸发效应越强,云的形成和发展受到的抑制作用也越强。 相似文献
7.
沙尘气溶胶对云和降水影响的模拟研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
采用二维分档云模式,对比背景大气气溶胶分布,讨论了扬沙和沙尘暴天气条件下矿物气溶胶对云微物理结构、光学特性以及降水形成的影响.结果表明:扬沙和沙尘暴天气增加大气中大核和巨核的浓度,促进云中水汽的活化,使降水提前出现,暖云和冷云降水量均大幅增加,但可忽略巨核增加对云光学厚度和反照率的作用;当矿物沙尘粒子同时作为有效的云凝结核和冰核参与云的发展时,冰核浓度增加使水成物有效半径减小,抑制了暖云和冷云降水,云内存留的大量冰晶增强云的光学厚度和反照率. 相似文献
8.
利用2011—2020年ERA5再分析降水资料、CERES云物理参数产品，分析新疆云参数的时空变化分布特征，归纳总结云物理参数与降水的相关性，结果表明：1）云水路径（冰相）值、云粒子有效半径（冰相）、云光学厚度与降水量的空间分布一致，均为山区最大，北疆次之，南疆最小。2）夏季（6—8月）在南、北疆、山区云水路径（液、冰相）、云顶（底）温度、云光学厚度与降水量呈同位相变化；云粒子有效半径（液、冰相）、云顶气压与降水量呈反位相变化。3）夏季（6—8月）北疆、山区的云水路径（液、冰相）值、云顶（底）温度、云光学厚度，南疆云光学厚度与降水量呈正相关；北疆云粒子有效半径（冰相），南疆云粒子有效半径（液相）、云顶气压，山区云粒子有效半径（液、冰相）、云顶气压与降水量呈负相关。 相似文献
9.
东亚夏季气溶胶—云—降水分布特征及其相互影响的资料分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
东亚季风气候受到自然因素和人类活动的共同影响,而人类活动因子中气溶胶的作用尤为关键,采用诊断分析的手段研究东亚地区气溶胶的特征及其与云和降水的相互关系具有重要的科学意义。本文利用MODIS(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer)气溶胶和云资料以及TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)降水数据,分析了东亚夏季气溶胶、云、降水的时空分布特征,研究了气溶胶与云和降水的相互关系。结果表明:中国四个典型地区(珠三角、长三角、四川盆地、京津唐)2001～2011年夏季(6～8月)平均气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol Optical Depth, AOD)变化范围为0.40～0.68,云光学厚度平均值为18.7～23.6,水云云滴有效粒子半径在20.2～25.6 μm,冰云有效粒子半径在12.9～15.3 μm,云水路径为222.2～243.8 g m-2,降水强度平均值3.6～8.6 mm d-1;珠三角气溶胶光学厚度有显著降低趋势,年倾向为-3.31%,四川盆地云滴有效粒子半径(冰云、水云)和云水路径年变化趋势为-0.42%、-0.49%和-1.26%,京津唐夏季降水量年增幅为3.24%。气溶胶光学厚度和云光学厚度呈正相关,相关系数最大为0.77;在相对湿度较低(30%～50%)情况下,气溶胶光学厚度与云滴有效粒子半径呈负相关;气溶胶光学厚度与云水路径呈正相关,相关系数最大为0.92;相对于低污染情况(AOD<0.5),高污染情况(AOD>0.5)下出现大雨(>10 mm d-1)的频率增加了6.6%～19.1%,小雨(<1 mm d-1)的频率减少了0.72%～7.3%。在水汽含量较少的情况下,气溶胶的增加导致云滴有效粒子半径的减少;气溶胶增强了南方地区的对流性降水,抑制了北方地区层云降水。 相似文献
10.
利用连续气流纵向热梯度云凝结核仪对华北地区空中云凝结核（CCN）进行观测研究.2009年飞机观测结果表明,同一块云内CCN数浓度变化范围和平均数浓度随高度增加逐渐减小,云的低层CCN数浓度变化趋势与云滴变化呈负相关,中高空CCN数浓度的水平分布规律与CN并不完全相关;比较三类不同天气条件下不同高度层的CCN谱分布特征发现,阴天和晴天谱型变化较小且较雨天的谱宽,雨天谱分布不连续. 相似文献
11.
By D. A. HEGG D. S. COVERT H. H. JONSSON R. WOODS 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2009,61(4):669-676
Aerosol samples were collected and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations at five supersaturations were measured along and off the central California coast within the cloud-topped, marine boundary layer from aircraft flights during August 2007. Receptor modelling has been applied to estimate the natural versus anthropogenic source contribution of cloud condensation nuclei in this region, a region of climatically important marine stratocumulus. The results suggest that anthropogenic CCN accounted for about 50% of the CCN active at 0.3% supersaturation in this region during the measurement period. 相似文献
12.
The deployment of the U.S. Atmospheric Radiation Measurement mobile facility in Shouxian from May to December2008 amassed the most comprehensive set of measurements of atmospheric, surface, aerosol, and cloud variables in China.This deployment provided a unique opportunity to investigate the aerosol–cloud interactions, which are most challenging and, to date, have not been examined to any great degree in China. The relationship between cloud droplet effective radius(CER) and aerosol index(AI) is very weak in summer because the cloud droplet growth is least affected by the competition for water vapor. Mean cloud liquid water path(LWP) and cloud optical depth(COD) significantly increase with increasing AI in fall. The sensitivities of CER and LWP to aerosol loading increases are not significantly different under different air mass conditions. There is a significant correlation between the changes in hourly mean AI and the changes in hourly mean CER,LWP, and COD. The aerosol first indirect effect(FIE) is estimated in terms of relative changes in both CER(FIECER) and COD(FIECOD) with changes in AI for different seasons and air masses. FIECODand FIECERare similar in magnitude and close to the typical FIE value of ~ 0.23, and do not change much between summer and fall or between the two different air mass conditions. Similar analyses were done using spaceborne Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data. The satellite-derived FIE is contrary to the FIE estimated from surface retrievals and may have large uncertainties due to some inherent limitations. 相似文献
13.
Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the effect of cloud condensation nuclei(CCN) concentrations on microphysical processes and precipitation characteristics of hailstorms. Two hailstorm cases are simulated, a spring case and a summer case, in a semiarid region of northern China, with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System. The results are used to investigate the differences and similarities of the CCN effects between spring and summer hailstorms. The similarities are:(1) The total hydrometeor mixing ratio decreases, while the total ice-phase mixing ratio enhances, with increasing CCN concentration;(2) Enhancement of the CCN concentration results in the production of a greater amount of small-sized hydrometeor particles, but a lessening of large-sized hydrometeor particles;(3) As the CCN concentration increases, the supercooled cloud water and rainwater make a lesser contribution to hail, while the ice-phase hydrometeors take on active roles in the growth of hail;(4) When the CCN concentration increases, the amount of total precipitation lessens,while the role played by liquid-phase rainfall in the amount of total precipitation reduces, relatively, compared to that of icephase precipitation. The differences between the two storms include:(1) An increase in the CCN concentration tends to reduce pristine ice mixing ratios in the spring case but enhance them in the summer case;(2) Ice-phase hydrometeor particles contribute more to hail growth in the spring case, while liquid water contributes more in the summer case;(3) An increase in the CCN concentration has different effects on surface hail precipitation in different seasons. 相似文献
14.
Characteristics of Aerosol Activation Efficiency and Aerosol and CCN Vertical Distributions in North China 
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下载免费PDF全文 By analyzing airborne observations over North China from 30 flights during spring and autumn of 2005-2007, characteristics of the vertical distributions of aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) at 0.3% supersaturation in various locations of North China are investigated. The measurement samplings were conducted over different surfaces such as plains, plateau, and sea. The results show that the number concentration of accumulation mode aerosols was greater in autumn than in spring, but the reverse is true for CCN. This means that more aerosols with diameters smaller than 100 nm could be activated as CCN in spring, and this could induce higher aerosol activation efficiency. The aerosol activation efficiency over the plains near the Taihang Mountain was greater in spring than in autumn, and it was greater over sea than over land. The aerosol activation efficiency above the boundary layer over the Bashang Plateau was very low. Based on a fit of the negative exponential vertical distributions of aerosol and CCN, a spatial parameterization model of aerosol and CCN as well as aerosol activation efficiency over North China was proposed. The results show that aerosol activation efficiency was not clearly dependent on altitude because it was mainly affected by regional physical and chemical characteristics of aerosols and the ambient atmospheric conditions. The mean aerosol activation efficiency is 0.66, with values of 0.70 and 0.53 in spring and autumn,respectively. 相似文献
15.
In-Jin Choi Takamichi Iguchi Sang-Woo Kim Teruyuki Nakajima Soon-Chang Yoon 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2014,123(3-4):181-194
This study performed a three-dimensional regional-scale simulation of aerosol and cloud fields using a meso-scale non-hydrostatic model with a bin-based cloud microphysics. The representation of aerosols in the model has been improved to account for more realistic multi-modal size distribution and multiple chemical compositions. Two case studies for shallow stratocumulus over Northeast Asia in March 2005 were conducted with different aerosol conditions to evaluate model performance. Improved condensation nuclei (CN) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are attributable to the newly constructed aerosol size distribution. The simulated results of cloud microphysical properties (cloud droplet effective radius, liquid water path, and optical thickness) with improved CN/CCN number are close to the retrievals from satellite-based observation. The effects of aerosol on the microphysical properties of shallow stratocumulus are investigated by model simulation, in terms of columnar aerosol number concentration. Enhanced aerosol number concentration results in increased liquid water path in humid case, but invariant liquid water path in dry case primarily due to precipitation occurrence. The changes of cloud microphysical properties are more predominant for small aerosol burden than for large aerosol burden with the retarded changes in cloud mass and size due to inactive condensation and collision-coalescence processes. Quantitative evaluation of sensitivity factor between aerosol and cloud microphysical properties indicates a strong aerosol-cloud interaction in Northeast Asian region. 相似文献
16.
气溶胶影响云和降水的机理和观测研究进展 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
气溶胶对云和降水的影响,对于气候系统、大气环境以及水循环至关重要。气溶胶粒子作为云凝结核和大气冰核影响云的微物理过程,进而影响雨、雪、雹和其他形式的降水。近年来,在理解气溶胶的化学成分,气溶胶微物理特性以及气溶胶作为云凝结核和大气冰核影响云降水等方面已取得重大进展。本文对于气溶胶的概念、来源以及气溶胶的直接和间接效应进行了简要概述,重点总结了国内外在气溶胶影响云和降水的机理研究方面的成果,回顾了近年来利用卫星、地面观测设备、机载探测设备等对气溶胶和云进行遥感观测和直接观测所获得的观测事实并讨论了其可能的物理机制,在总结前人研究成果的基础上对未来的研究方向进行了讨论。 相似文献
17.
A set of vertical profiles of aerosol number concentrations, size distributions and cloud condensation nuclei(CCN)spectra was observed using a passive cloud and aerosol spectrometer(PCASP) and cloud condensation nuclei counter, over the Tongliao area, East Inner Mongolia, China. The results showed that the average aerosol number concentration in this region was much lower than that in heavily polluted areas. Monthly average aerosol number concentrations within the boundary layer reached a maximum in May and a minimum in September, and the variations in CCN number concentrations at different supersaturations showed the same trend. The parameters c and k of the empirical function N = c S~kwere 539 and1.477 under clean conditions, and their counterparts under polluted conditions were 1615 and 1.42. Measurements from the airborne probe mounted on a Yun-12(Y12) aircraft, together with Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model backward trajectories indicated that the air mass from the south of Tongliao contained a high concentration of aerosol particles(1000–2500 cm~(-3)) in the middle and lower parts of the troposphere. Moreover, detailed intercomparison of data obtained on two days in 2010 indicated that the activation efficiency in terms of the ratio of NCCNto N_a(aerosols measured from PCASP) was 0.74(0.4 supersaturations) when the air mass mainly came from south of Tongliao, and this value increased to 0.83 on the relatively cleaner day. Thus, long-range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from heavily polluted mega cities,such as Beijing and Tianjin, may result in slightly decreasing activation efficiencies. 相似文献
18.
巨盐核对云滴活化影响的数值模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用包含云凝结核(CCN)与巨核(GCCN)的核化,云滴凝结和碰并增长的分档气块模式模拟研究了不同的CCN数浓度、上升气流速度、CCN中值半径以及云底温度等情况下GCCN对CCN活化的影响,结果表明,在水汽供应相对充足的情况下GCCN对云滴活化数浓度的影响并不明显;而当水汽供应相对不充足时,增加GCCN至1 cm-3的量级以上可以有效减少CCN的活化数浓度.在水汽供应不充分且其他条件相同的情况下,增大CCN的平均直径或是增加云底温度都可以使GCCN对云滴活化的抑制作用增强.对比分析不同的GCCN数浓度对清洁大气和污染大气云底以上300 m高度处粒子谱型的影响可以看出,在水汽供应不充分的条件下加入GCCN,初始时刻CCN的数浓度对GCCN产生的大云滴数目及云滴谱宽的影响较小.在水汽供应相对充足的情况下,GCCN对CCN活化基本没有抑制作用,但此时在高过饱和度峰值下生成的大量小云滴争食水汽,反而导致云滴群凝结增长速度小于水汽供应相对不充足的情况,此时加入的GCCN可以先活化形成大云滴. 相似文献
19.
J. Rosinski 《Atmospheric Research》1991,26(6)
Some cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) constitute a reservoir of latent ice-forming nuclei (IFN) active by condensation-followed-by-freezing and by sorption. Evaporated droplets occasionally left aerosol particles that acted as sorption IFN at temperatures as high as −5°C and water vapor supersaturation over ice of 0.2%. The newly formed aerosol particles (residues of evaporated droplets) are all mixed particles. The discovery of IFN produced from CCN promotes new insights into the process of ice formation in clouds; in an evaporating parcel of a cloud the rate of formation of ice particles will be enhanced by continuous production of IFN. Aerosol particles left behind after evaporation of a cloud may provide a source of IFN for formation of some of the cirrus clouds. 相似文献