共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 121 毫秒
1.
简评碳气溶胶观测研究中的不确定性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
大气碳气溶胶具有重要的气候效应,但其观测研究中的不确定性还很大。作者对目前应用较广泛的气溶胶有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)采样观测和分析方法(包括光学法、热学法、热光学法及光学和热学实时在线观测方法)进行了评述。石英滤膜采集和实验室热光学分析方法应用较多,但在升温程序设置、OC/EC的划分和裂解碳校正方面还存在问题,而且需要准确评价样品采集过程中有机气体吸附和滤膜上已采集颗粒物挥发导致的采样偏差。光学和热学在线观测方法有助于避免采样和后期处理过程对颗粒物性质的改变,有利于反映颗粒物在大气中的初始特性,但此类方法尚需改进。对二次有机碳(SOC)的估算,采用将源直接排放的OC进一步划分为燃烧源排放和非燃烧源排放的方案可能更为准确。关于有机物质质量(OM)的估算,尚需开展相关研究以确定适合我国不同环境气溶胶特点的OM/OC估算因子。我国科学家应在碳气溶胶观测方法的改进和完善中做出应有的贡献,努力建立适合我国气溶胶特点的碳气溶胶观测方案和规范。 相似文献
2.
2004年北京秋季大气颗粒物的化学组分和来源特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2004年9月在北京城区进行了大气颗粒物采样,样品用PIXE方法进行了分析,得到了20种元素的浓度及其谱分布。并对北京颗粒物的谱分布、富集因子和来源进行了分析研究。发现K元素浓度分布呈细粒态单峰谱分布,细粒态K富集因子较高,表明了生物质燃烧的主要贡献。因子分析结果还表明,土壤尘、生物质燃烧、煤烟尘、工业源和汽车尾气排放源对秋季北京局地排放源有明显贡献。 相似文献
3.
秸秆燃烧对北京秋季气溶胶浓度和短波辐射影响的模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用地面细颗粒物（PM2.5）浓度和气象常规观测资料、地基 AERONET观测资料、GFED生物质燃烧排放清单和大气化学—天气耦合模式WRF-Chem,模拟研究了华北地区2014年10月气象要素和大气污染物的时空演变,重点关注北京10月7～11日的一次重霾事件及其天气形势、边界层气象特征、输送路径、PM2.5及其化学成分浓度变化等特征,以及秸秆燃烧对华北和北京地区细颗粒物浓度和地面短波辐射的影响。与观测资料的对比结果显示,模式可以很好地模拟北京地区地面气象要素和PM2.5质量浓度,考虑秸秆燃烧排放源可以明显改进北京PM2.5浓度模拟的准确性,但在重度污染情况下,模式总体上低估气溶胶光学厚度和高估地面短波辐射。10月7～11日北京地区重霾事件主要是不利气象条件下人为污染物累积和区域输送造成,也受到华北地区南部秸秆燃烧的影响。河南北部、河北南部和山东西部大面积秸秆燃烧释放的气态污染物和颗粒物在南风的作用下输送至北京,秸秆燃烧对北京地区地面PM2.5、有机碳（OC）、硝酸盐、铵盐、硫酸盐和黑碳（BC）的平均贡献率分别为24.6%、36.8%、23.2%、22.6%、7.1%和19.8%,秸秆燃烧产生的气溶胶可以导致北京地面平均短波辐射最大减小超过20 W m－2,约占总气溶胶导致地表短波辐射变化的24%。 相似文献
4.
利用NECP/NCAR FNL客观分析资料驱动中尺度模式WRF,通过4个数值试验模拟分析了2010年不同气象条件下(3月、6月、9月和12月),中国华南地区排放的示踪物向北极地区传输的总量、传输特征及传输机制。模拟结果表明,12月传输到北极地区的示踪物最多,约达到排放总量的44; 9月和6月的次之,约分别为7. 5和7; 3月的最少,只有0. 105。12月,示踪物传输到北极地区所需的时间最短,约为3天; 9月和6月分别需要5天和6天;而3月,则需要9天时间。另外,不同月份示踪物传输到北极地区的主要通道所在高度也不同。3月主要集中在850～700 h Pa之间,9月在400～200 h Pa之间,而6月和12月在850 h Pa和200 h Pa的高度上都有浓度较高的传输通道出现。进一步分析发现,示踪物的传输路径主要受环流场控制。较强的经向南风和气旋系统有利于示踪物向北极地区传输;东亚大槽是导致12月排放的示踪物在较短时间内向北极地区传输较多的重要原因。 相似文献
5.
采用卫星监测的火点燃烧排放数据,利用区域化学传输模式WRF-Chem模拟分析了2017年5月华北地区细颗粒物(PM2.5)质量浓度分布,通过生物质燃烧排放源(华北区域以秸秆燃烧为主)开关的敏感性试验定量计算了燃烧排放对北京及其周边地区PM2.5质量浓度的影响。卫星监测结果显示,2017年5月华北地区有大量的秸秆焚烧现象,对该地区空气质量造成一定影响的燃烧天数为20 d,占全月总日数的65%左右。数值模拟结果表明:该地区秸秆燃烧排放导致PM2.5浓度升高的区域集中在华北平原农作物产区,其分布位置与卫星监测的火点分布吻合。秸秆燃烧导致这些地区PM2.5浓度月平均值上升幅度普遍超过3 μg/m~3,高值区超过了11 μg/m~3,上升比例可达10%以上;此外,来自华北平原及长三角地区的燃烧排放对北京(特别是东南部地区)污染物浓度的影响是不容忽视的,其中河南、山东、天津等地的秸秆燃烧在合适风场的作用下会严重影响北京,可导致丰台及通州等地PM2.5小时浓度上升超过17 μg/m~3,上升幅度超过40%。 相似文献
6.
城市大气气溶胶细粒子的化学成分及其来源 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
大气气溶胶细颗粒物（PM10、PM2．5）是近年来大气气溶胶研究的热点。细粒子中含有多种化学元素与化合物。细粒子中的化学成分随时空变化而变化。细粒子主要来自车辆尾气、化石、油料及生物质燃料燃烧等人为排放源和二次污染。 相似文献
7.
利用内蒙古11个环保监测站提供的2014—2016年颗粒物浓度监测日均值和同期沙尘天气观测资料,从统计分析和个例剖析两方面探究了沙尘天气对颗粒物污染年变化的影响,研究表明:近3 a春季内蒙古沙尘天气的发生呈逐年增加的态势,中西部是沙尘天气频发地带,与之相对应,中西部地区颗粒物浓度的年变化高于东部,表明沙尘天气对颗粒物浓度的影响显著;春季沙尘天气对PM_(10)浓度的影响强于PM_(2.5),而当地供暖排放与之相反;沙尘输送以粗颗粒物为主,当地颗粒物污染排放以细颗粒物为主;沙尘暴过程对颗粒物污染的影响明显大于扬沙过程。 相似文献
8.
国家重点研发计划“黑碳的农业与生活源排放对东亚气候、空气质量的影响及其气候-健康效益评估”课题的中期研究进展可归纳如下:1)针对观测和实验平台,课题组进行了针对飞机气路的重新设计和改装,加装了用于航测的大气黑碳(BC)、气溶胶光学、细颗粒物粒径谱、颗粒物组分及气体组分来源示踪相关仪器,对飞机设备进行了质量控制,并设计了针对课题研究的新飞行方案。搭建了多套源排放模拟燃烧实验平台和监测系统。2)开展了基于飞机和飞艇的针对华北、华中、长三角及山东地区的黑碳垂直廓线观测。通过空地联合观测,捕捉到了华北和华中等地跨区域的黑碳大气传输过程,探讨了传输的机制。3)组织了多次农村能源消耗调查。基于室内实验初步研究了民用燃料(煤和生物质)排放气溶胶的数浓度和单颗粒气溶胶(包括黑碳)组成、混合状态、实时演化特性。初步构建了中国民用燃煤和生物质燃烧的多污染物(包括黑碳)1 km×1 km排放清单。4)建立了黑碳的光学特性和混合特性模型。采用在线大气化学耦合模式(WRF-Chem)针对黑碳气溶胶对气象要素和边界层发展的影响进行模拟,探讨了黑碳-边界层相互作用机制对地面臭氧浓度的影响,揭示了黑碳对空气污染加剧/减弱影响的物理和化学机制。改进了地球系统模式,为后期开展黑碳气溶胶辐射效应的研究打下了坚实的技术基础。5)在北京和成都市开展了黑碳浓度对居民中不同类人群的呼吸及循环系统死亡率的影响研究,开展了黑碳浓度对居民急诊就诊人数的影响研究,分析了黑碳的健康效应。 相似文献
9.
区域化学输送模式中NO x和O3源示踪法的引入 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
发展了化学输送模式中氮氧化合物(NOx)和臭氧(O3)的一种源示踪方法,对这种示踪法及其应用模式作了详细介绍,并结合臭氧光化学反应机理的分析描述了NOx和O3示踪物浓度方程的推导过程。将这种示踪法引用到区域化学输送模式中,并以太原和石家庄地表NOx人为排放产生的活性氮化物和臭氧为例,演示了污染物向北京的输送过程,模拟的O3,NOx和NOz示踪物浓度时空分布与O3,NOx和NOz在大气中的衰减尺度分析一致,表明该示踪法是一种有效的研究区域氮氧化物以及臭氧来源和输送转化过程的方法。个例模拟分析结果显示:太原和石家庄的地表人为排放产生的NOx本身并不能输送到北京,但通过它们产生的O3和HNO3可以输送到北京,对北京地表附近大气污染造成影响。 相似文献
10.
应用Models-3/CMAQ模式对华北地区一次强沙尘天气的研究初探 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
根据2002年在ACE-Asia和TRACE-P试验中获得的亚洲区域污染源排放资料,结合由MICAPS能见度观测资料估算而得的颗粒物排放资料,利用美国EPA最新发展的Models-3/CMAQ模式系统,模拟研究了2002年3月华北地区发生的一次强沙尘暴个例.结果表明,(1)模拟的各气态污染物的时空演变及相互关系与已有的观测结果基本一致.(2)颗粒污染物的模拟结果也反映了已有的观测事实,粗细颗粒物呈一致的先降后升日变化趋势;沙尘过程前期,颗粒物污染主要来源于近地面污染源;沙尘期间,颗粒物污染主要源自外界沙尘的高空输送,且粗颗粒物污染是此次过程的首要颗粒污染.(3)该模式系统可用于沙尘气溶胶研究的进一步开发与利用. 相似文献
11.
Aerosol samples (205) were collected from January 2005 to November 2006 at a coastal site at Keelung City (Taiwan), on the
southern East China Sea. The atmospheric concentrations of major ions indicated that the area was dominated by different air
masses at different times of the year: continental Asia from January to May and November to December; air masses from Indonesia
and surrounding islands (south-eastern region) dominated during early-summer (July 2005 and June 2006), and air masses directly
from the adjacent ocean dominated during late-summer (July to August 2006) and early-autumn (September to October 2005). The
atmospheric concentrations of water soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) corresponded to the different sources and weather conditions.
The results of a factor analysis of combined major ions, water soluble inorganic nitrogen (WSIN) and WSON indicated that a
fossil fuel combustion source and biomass burning were the two major controlling factors during the sampling period. We discuss
the correlations between WSON, WSIN and major anthropogenic ions in relation to the different formation mechanisms for the
various sources. We propose a mechanism whereby biomass burning is the major input of aerosols derived from mainland China.
Fossil fuel combustion was found to be important during periods when aerosols were derived from the south-eastern area. Our
data indicate that WSON was predominantly associated with aerosols derived from biomass burning when the origin of the air
mass was mainland China. 相似文献
12.
利用MODIS火点、土地类型、植被覆盖、生物质载荷和排放因子等数据产品,开发了露天生物质燃烧排放模型,并将其嵌入空气质量模式WRF-CUACE,通过敏感性试验定量评估了露天生物质燃烧对中国地面PM2.5浓度的影响。研究设计了3种模拟方案,比较模式评估结果发现修订后的方案能更好地模拟PM2.5浓度。结果表明:2014年10月露天生物质燃烧主要集中在我国东北、华南和西南地区,其对PM2.5月平均浓度的贡献达30~60 μg·m-3,局地甚至超过100 μg·m-3;华北、华东和华南地区生物质燃烧对PM2.5月平均浓度的贡献达5~20 μg·m-3。从相对贡献看,东北大部分地区生物质燃烧对地面PM2.5浓度的贡献超过50%,华南地区达20%~50%,西南局部地区甚至超过60%;华北、华中以及华东地区相对较低,平均相对贡献达10%~20%。生物质燃烧越严重的地区,其产生的PM2.5中二次气溶胶的贡献占比越小,反之亦然。 相似文献
13.
The UNMIX and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) receptor models were used to investigate sources of PM2.5 aerosols measured between March 2001 and February 2002 in Gwangju, Korea. Measurements of PM2.5 particles were used for the analysis of carbonaceous species (organic (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)) using the thermal manganese dioxide oxidation (TMO) method, the investigation of seven ionic species using ion chromatography (IC), and the analysis of twenty-four metal species using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (AES)/ICP-Mass Spectrometry (MS). According to annual average PM2.5 source apportionment results obtained from CMB calculations, diesel vehicle exhaust was the major contributor, accounting for 33.4% of the measured PM2.5 mass (21.5 μg m− 3), followed by secondary sulfate (14.6%), meat cooking (11.7%), secondary organic carbon (8.9%), secondary nitrate (7.6%), urban dust (5.5%), Asian dust (4.4%), biomass burning (2.8%), sea salt (2.7%), residual oil combustion (2.6%), gasoline vehicle exhaust (1.9%), automobile lead (0.5%), and components of unknown sources (3.4%). Seven PM2.5 sources including diesel vehicles (29.6%), secondary sulfate (17.4%), biomass burning (14.7%), secondary nitrate (12.6%), gasoline vehicles (12.4%), secondary organic carbon (5.8%) and Asian dust (1.9%) were identified from the UNMIX analysis. The annual average source apportionment results from the two models are compared and the reasons for differences are qualitatively discussed for better understanding of PM2.5 sources.Additionally, the impact of air mass pathways on the PM2.5 mass was evaluated using air mass trajectories calculated with the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) backward trajectory model. Source contributions to PM2.5 collected during the four air mass patterns and two event periods were calculated with the CMB model and analyzed. Results of source apportionment revealed that the contribution of diesel traffic exhaust (47.0%) in stagnant conditions (S) was much higher than the average contribution of diesel vehicle exhaust (33.4%) during the sampling period. During Asian dust (AD) periods when the air mass passed over the Korean peninsula, Asian dust and secondary organic carbon accounted for 25.2 and 23.0% of the PM2.5 mass, respectively, whereas Asian dust contributed only 10.8% to the PM2.5 mass during the AD event when the air mass passed over the Yellow Sea. The contribution of biomass burning to the PM2.5 mass during the biomass burning (BB) event equaled 63.8%. 相似文献
14.
Characteristics of biomass burning aerosol and its impact on regional air quality in the summer of 2003 at Gwangju, Korea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The main objective of this study is to investigate the chemical characteristics of biomass burning aerosol and its impact on regional air quality during an agricultural waste burning period in early summer in the rural areas of Korea. A 12-h integrated intensive sampling of biomass burning aerosol in the fine and coarse modes was conducted on 2–20 June 2003 in Gwangju, Korea. The collected samples were analyzed for concentrations of mass, ionic, elemental, and carbonaceous species. Average concentrations of fine and coarse mass were measured to be 67.9 and 18.7 μg m− 3 during the biomass burning period, 41.9 and 18.8 μg m− 3 during the haze period, and 35.6 and 13.3 μg m− 3 during the normal period, respectively. An exceptionally high PM2.5 concentration of 110.3 μg m− 3 with a PM2.5/PM10 ratio of 0.79 was observed on 6 June 2003 during the biomass burning period. The potassium ratio method was used to identify biomass burning samples. The average ratio of potassium in the fine mode to the coarse mode (FK/CK) was 23.8 during the biomass burning period, 6.0 during the haze period, and 4.7 during the normal period, respectively. A FK/CK ratio above 9.2 was considered a criterion for biomass burning event in this study. Particulate matter from the open field burning of agricultural waste has an adverse impact on visibility, human health, and regional air quality. 相似文献
15.
In this work, the influence of South Asian biomass burning emissions on O3 and PM2.5 concentrations over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is investigated by using the regional climate chemistry transport model WRF-Chem. The simulation is validated by comparing meteorological fields and pollutant concentrations against in situ observations and gridded datasets, providing a clear perspective on the spatiotemporal variations of O3 and PM2.5 concentrations across the Indian subcontinent, including the Tibetan Plateau. Further sensitivity simulations and analyses show that emissions from South Asian biomass burning mainly affect local O3 concentrations. For example, contribution ratios were up to 20% in the Indo-Gangetic Plain during the pre-monsoon season but below 1% over the TP throughout the year 2016. In contrast, South Asian biomass burning emissions contributed more than 60% of PM2.5 concentration over the TP during the pre-monsoon season via significant contribution of primary PM2.5 components (black carbon and organic carbon) in western India that were lofted to the TP by westerly winds. Therefore, it is suggested that cutting emissions from South Asian biomass burning is necessary to alleviate aerosol pollution over the TP, especially during the pre-monsoon season. 相似文献
16.
2009年10月14—27日,南京地区发生了一次持续性的灰霾天气过程。利用气象观测资料和污染物浓度监测资料,结合焚烧点监测、后向气流轨迹模拟,分析了颗粒物和气态污染物的浓度演变特征、气象要素特征及产生持续灰霾天气的可能原因。研究表明,该次过程中绝大部分时间能见度低于10 km,空气污染指数最大时达到195。地面PM2.5质量浓度有显著增长,在26日达到最大值为0.782 mg/m3。NO2质量浓度日均值在24日和27日超过了环境空气质量二级标准,其含量分别为0.094和0.099 mg/m3,对应NOx质量浓度分别为0.105和0.108 mg/m3。SO2质量浓度在22日达到峰值,最大值为0.161 mg/m3,平均值为0.083 mg/m3,低于环境空气质量二级标准。分析显示:近半个月内南京地区天气形势稳定,处于持续温度偏高、干燥无雨的状态,非常有利于灰霾天气的发生。卫星监测发现24、25、26日江淮之间中部均有火点,其中24日有50个着火点,25日增加为85个,26日减少为38个,表明有秸秆焚烧现象存在。从后向气流轨迹分析来看,在秸秆焚烧最为严重的3 d内,南京地区主要受到来自东到东北方向气流的影响,有利于秸秆焚烧形成的污染物经气流输送影响南京,造成严重灰霾天气。 相似文献
17.
During the FOS-DECAFE experiment at Lamto, Ivory Coast, in January 1991, various ground studies were undertaken simultaneously in order to investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of smoke emitted by savanna biomass burning. Here we present sunphotometer ground-based results which allow the measurements of the spectral optical depth between 450 and 850 nm, the atmospheric water vapour content and the particle size distribution spectrum. The carbonaceous content of the savanna biomass burning aerosols is also investigated. This is the first time that the physical characteristics of particles emitted by savanna plumes are obtained from ground-field studies. All the results suggest that a rapid aging of the smoke occurs first hundred metres from the savanna fire èmission source. They show a relationship between the optical properties of smoke and the chemical aging of the aerosols primarily due to particle growth and a loss of organic material relative to the black carbon content. 相似文献
18.
黑碳气溶胶是环境大气中浓度较低的一种气溶胶粒子组分,因其对光的吸收作用,及其对空气质量和人体健康的影响,而成为当前国际气候变化和环境研究中关注的热点问题之一。本文围绕黑碳的减排问题,介绍黑碳的来源、全球分布,讨论全球温室气体减排和区域空气质量控制对黑碳减排的影响,综述控制和改善燃烧条件、减少开放式生物质燃烧和黑碳封存等减排黑碳的措施。文章还分析了黑碳未能成为全球减排共识的原因,并对中国有关黑碳减排的政策选择提出了建议。 相似文献
19.
Adrian Muller 《Climatic change》2009,94(3-4):319-331
Modern bioenergy is seen as a promising option to curb greenhouse gas emissions. There is, however, a potential competition for land and water between bioenergy and food crops. Another question is whether biomass for energy use can be produced in a sustainable manner given the current conventional agricultural production practices. Other than the land and water competition, this question is often neglected in scenarios to meet a significant part of global energy demand with bioenergy. In the following, I address this question. There are sustainable alternatives, for example organic agriculture, to avoid the negative environmental effects of conventional agriculture. Yet, meeting a significant part of global energy demand with biomass grown sustainably may not be possible, as burning significant quantities of organic matter—inherent in bioenergy use—is likely to be incompatible with the principles of such alternatives, which often rely on biomass input for nutrient balance. There may therefore be a trade-off between policies and practices to increase bioenergy and those to increase sustainability in agriculture via practices such as organic farming. This is not a general critique of bioenergy but it points to additional potential dangers of modern bioenergy as a strategy to meet significant parts of world energy demand. 相似文献