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1.
利用1971~2000年逐月SODA(Simple Ocean Data Assimilation)同化资料(Carton等,2004)、1980~2000年逐月NCEP/NCAR再分析资料(Kalnay等,1996)探讨中部型(暖海水首先出现在120°W以西)和东部型(暖海水首先出现在120°W以东)El Nino事件赤道纬向风应力及洋流的异常变化与暖海水信号的传播特征。研究指出:(1)中部型和东部型El Nio事件发生时,太平洋上赤道海表最大西风应力距平在西太平洋地区都有显著的东传现象,但中部型El Nio事件西风应力距平强度强,造成西太平洋赤道表层的东向流可达东太平洋地区,这类El Nio事件强度偏强。(2)中部型El Nio事件,赤道表层洋流辐合区及其下沉运动由西太平洋向东太平洋传播,辐合下沉运动抑制了深层冷海水上翻,西太平洋暖水能够传到东太平洋与西太平洋赤道表层洋流辐合区及其下沉运动的东移有关。(3)东部型El Nio事件西太平洋赤道表层洋流辐合区及其下沉运动没能直接传到东太平洋地区,东太平洋暖水形成与局地(120°W以东)辐合下沉运动抑制深层冷海水上翻有关;东部型El Nio事件暖池次表层的暖水,不是沿着西太平洋赤道次表层向东传播到东太平洋地区,而是由南太平洋西边界流将暖池海水带到40°S左右的西风漂流区,再由西风漂流平流到东太平洋。 相似文献
2.
本文主要分析了2014—2016年超强El Nio事件的发生发展过程与机理。结果表明,整个El Nio生命期长达2 a左右(2014年4月—2016年5月),其演变过程可划分为4个阶段:1)早期的西风连续爆发(2013年12月—2014年4月)。连续三次西风爆发不但改变了热带中东太平洋长期盛行的偏东信风,同时也开始改变了中东太平洋长达12 a的平均冷水状态,使海表温度开始增暖,在2014年初春超过0.5℃,标志着一次新的El Nio事件可能在赤道中太平洋发生。2)交替的减弱与增强期(2014年6月—2015年8月)。赤道西太平洋继续发生了6次西风爆发,不但维持和增强了赤道中东太平洋的增温,而且通过了两次(2014年5—8月与2015年1—3月)海洋增暖的减缓期或障碍期,使初生的El Nio事件不但未夭折,而且明显的增强为一次强El Nio事件。Nio3.4区海温指数在2015年8月达到2℃。相应,赤道太平洋次表层中也观测到有6次暖Kelvin波东传,其正的热含量距平不但维持了赤道中东太平洋的连续增暖,也使El Nio的类型由中部型向东部型过渡。3)发展的鼎盛期(2015年9月—2016年2月)。西风出现2次更强的爆发,相应中东赤道太平洋对流活动异常强盛,Nio3.4区快速增温,在2015年11月达到3℃,增强到其超强阶段。4)快速衰减阶段(2016年3—5月)。El Nio迅速从Nio3.4区的2℃减少到0.5℃。以后很快开始向冷海温过渡。2016年7—8月,Nio3.4区海温已接近-0.5℃。这种快速转换是延迟振子理论的一种体现。通过本文分析,可以得到,这次El Nio发生发展与冷暖位相转换的观测事实与目前的理论结果(如充电振荡与延迟振子理论)是一致的。正因为如此,基于这些理论的El Nio预报也是相当成功的。这清楚地表明El Nio理论研究的成果对于相关业务预报发展具有明显的科学支撑力。 相似文献
3.
利用1971～2000年逐月SODA (Simple Ocean Data Assimilation) 同化资料（Carton等，2004）、1980～2000年逐月NCEP/NCAR再分析资料（Kalnay等，1996）探讨中部型（暖海水首先出现在120°W以西）和东部型（暖海水首先出现在120°W以东）El Ni?o事件赤道纬向风应力及洋流的异常变化与暖海水信号的传播特征。研究指出:（1）中部型和东部型El Ni?o事件发生时，太平洋上赤道海表最大西风应力距平在西太平洋地区都有显著的东传现象，但中部型El Ni?o事件西风应力距平强度强，造成西太平洋赤道表层的东向流可达东太平洋地区，这类El Ni?o事件强度偏强。（2）中部型El Ni?o事件，赤道表层洋流辐合区及其下沉运动由西太平洋向东太平洋传播，辐合下沉运动抑制了深层冷海水上翻，西太平洋暖水能够传到东太平洋与西太平洋赤道表层洋流辐合区及其下沉运动的东移有关。（3）东部型El Ni?o事件西太平洋赤道表层洋流辐合区及其下沉运动没能直接传到东太平洋地区，东太平洋暖水形成与局地（120°W以东）辐合下沉运动抑制深层冷海水上翻有关；东部型El Ni?o事件暖池次表层的暖水，不是沿着西太平洋赤道次表层向东传播到东太平洋地区，而是由南太平洋西边界流将暖池海水带到40°S左右的西风漂流区， 再由西风漂流平流到东太平洋。 相似文献
4.
利用1971～2000年逐月SODA (Simple Ocean Data Assimilation) 同化资料 (Carton等, 2004)、 1980～2000年逐月NCEP/NCAR再分析资料 (Kalnay等, 1996) 探讨中部型 (暖海水首先出现在120°W以西) 和东部型 (暖海水首先出现在120°W以东) El Ni(n)o事件赤道纬向风应力及洋流的异常变化与暖海水信号的传播特征.研究指出: (1) 中部型和东部型El Ni(n)o事件发生时, 太平洋上赤道海表最大西风应力距平在西太平洋地区都有显著的东传现象, 但中部型El Ni(n)o事件西风应力距平强度强, 造成西太平洋赤道表层的东向流可达东太平洋地区, 这类El Ni(n)o事件强度偏强.(2) 中部型El Ni(n)o事件, 赤道表层洋流辐合区及其下沉运动由西太平洋向东太平洋传播, 辐合下沉运动抑制了深层冷海水上翻, 西太平洋暖水能够传到东太平洋与西太平洋赤道表层洋流辐合区及其下沉运动的东移有关.(3) 东部型El Ni(n)o事件西太平洋赤道表层洋流辐合区及其下沉运动没能直接传到东太平洋地区, 东太平洋暖水形成与局地 (120°W以东) 辐合下沉运动抑制深层冷海水上翻有关; 东部型El Ni(n)o事件暖池次表层的暖水, 不是沿着西太平洋赤道次表层向东传播到东太平洋地区, 而是由南太平洋西边界流将暖池海水带到40°S左右的西风漂流区, 再由西风漂流平流到东太平洋. 相似文献
5.
利用1979—2012年逐月Hadley中心海表温度、欧洲中期天气预报中心次表层海温、NCEP/NCAR风场再分析资料,对两类中太平洋(CP)El Nio及耦合的大气环流特征进行分析。结果表明,第一类CP El Nio(CP-ⅠEl Nio)增暖中心位于Nio4区且关于赤道对称;第二类CP El Nio(CP-ⅡEl Nio)的Nio4区与热带东北太平洋区域(NEP,130~110°W、15~25°N)同位相变化,冬季成熟后形成关于赤道非对称的带状增暖结构。进一步的研究表明,两类CP El Nio次表层结构存在差异:CP-ⅠEl Nio冬季次表层海温异常(SOTA)在中东太平洋与西太平洋呈显著偶极分布;CP-ⅡEl Nio在中、西太平洋位相相反但东太平洋异常较弱,且经向异常主要在赤道及其以北。两类CP El Nio耦合的大气环流特征不同:CP-ⅠEl Nio冬季异常Walker环流上升中心位于赤道上空,经向风向赤道辐合,低纬地区Hadley环流加强;CP-ⅡEl Nio冬季低层向北越赤道气流加强,Walker环流上升中心移到赤道以北,低纬地区Hadley环流减弱。 相似文献
6.
基于美国哥伦比亚大学Lamont—Doherty地球观象台LDEO（Lamont—DohertyEarth Observatory）海表温度资料和NCEP／NCAR再分析风场资料,分析了1997／1998年El Nino3期间西太平洋暖池海表温度和西风距平的时间演变特征,同时也分析了东太平洋暖池海表温度和北风距平的时间演变特征。结果表明,1997／1998年El Nino3事件期间,西太平洋暖池海表温度变化及异常西风和东太平洋暖池海表温度变化及异常北风都与Nino3指数变化密切相关。将东、西太平洋暖池及异常北风、西风一并结合起来考虑,进一步研究了1997／1998年El Nino3事件发生、发展的可能机制：异常西风驱动西太平洋暖池东端暖水向东伸展直接有利于赤道东太平洋海表温度增加;异常西风激发东传的暖Kelvin波对东太平洋的冷上升流有抑制作用,从而有利于赤道东太平洋海表温度增加;东传的异常西风可以通过埃克曼漂流效应将赤道两侧的海表暖水向赤道辐合从而加强了赤道附近的下沉流,也有利于赤道东太平洋赤道附近海表温度增加。几乎与此同时,北风距平通过产生北风吹流将东太平洋暖池暖水由北向南输送至赤道附近直接导致Nino3区海表温度增加。上述增温因素的叠加作用共同导致了1997／1998年El Nino事件迅速发生、异常强大。 相似文献
7.
基于美国哥伦比亚大学Lamont-Doherty地球观象台LDEO(Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory)海表温度资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析风场资料,分析了1997/1998年ElNio期间西太平洋暖池海表温度和西风距平的时间演变特征,同时也分析了东太平洋暖池海表温度和北风距平的时间演变特征。结果表明,1997/1998年ElNio事件期间,西太平洋暖池海表温度变化及异常西风和东太平洋暖池海表温度变化及异常北风都与Ni o3指数变化密切相关。将东、西太平洋暖池及异常北风、西风一并结合起来考虑,进一步研究了1997/1998年ElNio事件发生、发展的可能机制:异常西风驱动西太平洋暖池东端暖水向东伸展直接有利于赤道东太平洋海表温度增加;异常西风激发东传的暖Kelvin波对东太平洋的冷上升流有抑制作用,从而有利于赤道东太平洋海表温度增加;东传的异常西风可以通过埃克曼漂流效应将赤道两侧的海表暖水向赤道辐合从而加强了赤道附近的下沉流,也有利于赤道东太平洋赤道附近海表温度增加。几乎与此同时,北风距平通过产生北风吹流将东太平洋暖池暖水由北向南输送至赤道附近直接导致Nio3区海表温度增... 相似文献
8.
利用风场、20℃等温线深度、海表温度以及Wheeler·和Hendon提出的逐日MJO指数资料,通过合成分析方法对比分析了EP型和CP型El Nio发生前各要素场的特征,以及近30年来两类El Nio事件发生前MJO活动的差异。结果表明,在赤道西太平洋,EP型El Nio的异常西风要早于CP型El Nio出现,其强度也远远强于CP型事件。EP型El Nio的异常西风在发生前2个月已东扩至东太平洋地区,而CP型El Nio的异常西风在El Nio事件发生前3个月东扩至日界线附近,此后也只维持在日界线以西。而在赤道东太平洋,不同于EP型El Nio,CP型El Nio事件在El Nio事件发生前始终有偏东风存在。EP型El Nio温跃层有明显的加深东移现象,温跃层的演变要超前于海表温度的变化。由MJO处于5~8位相的异常概率分布,可知EP型El Nio在中西太平洋的MJO活动要比CP型El Nio早发生,比较赤道纬向风平方的均方差,发现EP型El Nio发生前对应的MJO活动要明显地强于CP型El Nio事件。 相似文献
9.
利用1982～1999期间LDEO海表温度资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析风场资料,分析东太平洋暖池及经向风异常与ENSO事件的可能关系。结果表明,东太平洋暖池气候平均海表温度存在明显的季节变化特征,且与El Niño事件春季发生、夏季发展、秋季达到成熟及冬季衰亡的成长过程非常相似。经向风异常及其散度与ENSO事件密切相关。综合考虑,提出了东太平洋暖池及经向风异常（北风距平及经向风距平散度辐合）对ENSO事件发生、发展作用的概念模型:北风距平爆发通过产生北风吹洋流的作用,将东太平洋暖池暖水由北向南输送至赤道附近,从而有利于Ni?o3区海表温度上升;几乎与此同时,东太平洋暖池赤道上经向风距平散度辐合不仅能导致暖水在赤道附近堆积,而且辐合的风场对赤道附近的冷上升流有抑制作用,从而有利于Niño3区海表温度的增加,上述增温因素的叠加作用有（不）利于El Niño（La Niña）事件的发生、发展。进一步分析表明,东太平洋暖池及经向风异常仅对El Niño（La Niña）事件发生、发展起促进（抑制）作用而不起决定作用。将东太平洋暖池、经向风异常与西太平洋暖池、西风距平结合起来一并考虑,完善了El Niño事件发生、发展机制。最后,初步分析1980、1990年代El Niño事件特性差异的可能原因。 相似文献
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利用NOAA海表温度和NCEP/NCAR大气环流等全球再分析资料,讨论了2015/2016年超强El Nio事件局地海气过程的演变特征,并与1982/1983和1997/1998年两次强El Nio事件做了对比分析。结果表明,2015/2016年El Nio在峰值强度、持续时间、累计海温距平等指标上都略强于前两次El Nio,可视为有完整气象观测纪录以来的最强事件;与前两次事件相比,2015/2016年El Nio海温异常中心位置明显偏西,热带东太平洋海温相对较冷而中太平洋更暖,由于热带对流对海温的非线性响应,赤道东太平洋降水相对较弱,中太平洋则显著偏多,这在El Nio当年12月至次年4月尤为明显;此外,在前两次El Nio的成熟期至衰减期,中太平洋大气响应都存在明显的南移特征,西风异常和对流中心都从赤道南移到了5°S以南。而2015/2016年中太平洋大气响应一直位于赤道附近,南移特征相对较弱,ENSO和年循环相互作用的组合模态相比前两次较弱,西北太平洋反气旋的强度也弱于前两次。这主要是由于2015年冬季至2016年春季,热带太平洋暖海温异常位置偏西,中太平洋海温异常明显强于前两次,叠加气候平均态海温之后,赤道南北两侧海温都高于对流阈值,对流旺盛,这大大削弱了大气响应的经向移动和ENSO组合模态的强度。 相似文献
11.
It has long been acknowledged that there are two types of El Ni(n)o events,i.e.,the eastern Pacific El Ni(n)o (EE) and the central Pacific El Ni(n)o (CE),according to the initial position of the anomalous warm water and its propagation direction.In this paper,the oceanic and atmospheric evolutions and the possible mechanisms of the two types of El Ni(n)o events were examined.It is found that all the El Ni(n)o events,CE or EE,could be attributed to the joint impacts of the eastward advection of warm water from the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP) and the local warming in the equatorial eastern Pacific.Before the occurrence of CE events,WPWP had long been in a state of being anomalous warm,so the strength of eastward advection of warm water was much stronger than that of EE,which played a major role in the formation of CE.While for the EE events,most contribution came from the local warming of the equatorial eastern Pacific.It is further identified that the immediate cause leading to the difference of the two types of El Ni(n)o events was the asynchronous variations of the Southern Oscillation (SO) and the Northern Oscillation (NO) as defined by Chen in 1984.When the transition from the positive phase of the NO (NO+) to NO- was prior to that from SO+ to SO-,there would be eastward propagation of westerly anomalies from the tropical western Pacific induced by NO and hence the growth of warm sea surface temperature anomalies in WPWP and its eastward propagation.This was followed by lagged SO-induced weakening of southeast trade winds and local warming in the equatorial eastern Pacific.These were conducive to the occurrence of the CE.On the contrary,the transition from SO+ to SO- leading the transition of NO would favor the occurrence of EE type events. 相似文献
12.
After its maturity, El Ni?o usually decays rapidly in the following summer and evolves into a La Ni?a pattern. However, this was not the case for the 2018/19 El Ni?o event. Based on multiple reanalysis data sets, the space-time evolution and triggering mechanism for the unusual second-year warming in late 2019, after the 2018/19 El Ni?o event, are investigated in the tropical Pacific. After a short decaying period associated with the 2018/19 El Ni?o condition, positive sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) re-intensified in the eastern equatorial Pacific in late 2019. Compared with the composite pattern of El Ni?o in the following year, two key differences are evident in the evolution of SSTAs in 2019. First, is the persistence of the surface warming over the central equatorial Pacific in May, and second, is the re-intensification of the positive SSTAs over the eastern equatorial Pacific in September. Observational results suggest that the re-intensification of anomalous westerly winds over the western and central Pacific, induced remotely by an extreme Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) event, acted as a triggering mechanism for the second-year warming in late 2019. That is, the IOD-related cold SSTAs in the eastern Indian Ocean established and sustained anomalous surface westerly winds over the western equatorial Pacific, which induced downwelling Kelvin waves propagating eastward along the equator. At the same time, the subsurface ocean provided plenty of warm water in the western and central equatorial Pacific. Mixed-layer heat budget analyses further confirm that positive zonal advection, induced by the anomalous westerly winds, and thermocline feedback played important roles in leading to the second-year warming in late 2019. This study provides new insights into the processes responsible for the diversity of El Ni?o evolution, which is important for improving the physical understanding and seasonal prediction of El Ni?o events. 相似文献
13.
In the summers of 2003 and 2007, eastern China suffered similar climate disasters with severe flooding in the Huaihe River valley and heat waves in the southern Yangtze River delta and South China. Using SST data and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data from NOAA along with reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR, the 2002/03 and 2006/07 El Ni(n)o episodes in the central Pacific and their delayed impacts on the following early summertime climate anomalies of eastern China were analyzed. The possible physical progresses behaved as follows: Both of the moderate E1 Ni(n)o episodes matured in the central equatorial Pacific during the early winter. The zonal wind anomalies near the sea surface of the west-central equatorial Pacific excited equatorial Kelvin waves propagating eastward and affected the evolution of the E1 Ni(n)o episodes. From spring to early summer, the concurring anomalous easterly winds in the central equatorial Pacific and the end of upwelling Kelvin waves propagating eastward in the western equatorial Pacific, favored the equatorial warm water both of the SST and the subsurface temperature in the western Pacific. These conditions favored the warm state of the western equatorial Pacific in the early summer for both cases of 2003 and 2007. Due to the active convection in the western equatorial Pacific in the early summer and the weak warm SST anomalies in the tropical western Pacific from spring to early summer, the convective activities in the western Pacific warm pool showed the pattern in which the anomalous strong convection only appeared over the southern regions of the tropical western Pacific warm pool, which effects the meridional shift of the western Pacific subtropical high in the summer. The physical progress of the delayed impacts of the E1 Nifio episodes in the central equatorial Pacific and their decaying evolution on the climate anomalies in eastern China were interpreted through the key role of special pattern for the heat convection in the tropical western Pacific warm pool and the response of the western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone. 相似文献
14.
After compositing three representative ENSO indices,El Nio events have been divided into an eastern pattern(EP) and a central pattern(CP).By using EOF,correlation and composite analysis,the relationship and possible mechanisms between Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD) and two types of El Nio were investigated.IOD events,originating from Indo-Pacific scale air-sea interaction,are composed of two modes,which are associated with EP and CP El Ni o respectively.The IOD mode related to EP El Nio events(named as IOD1) is strongest at the depth of 50 to 150 m along the equatorial Indian Ocean.Besides,it shows a quasi-symmetric distribution,stronger in the south of the Equator.The IOD mode associated with CP El Nio(named as IOD2) has strongest signal in tropical southern Indian Ocean surface.In terms of mechanisms,before EP El Nio peaks,anomalous Walker circulation produces strong anomalous easterlies in equatorial Indian Ocean,resulting in upwelling in the east,decreasing sea temperature there;a couple of anomalous anticyclones(stronger in the south) form off the Equator where warm water accumulates,and thus the IOD1 occurs.When CP El Nio develops,anomalous Walker circulation is weaker and shifts its center to the west,therefore anomalous easterlies in equatorial Indian Ocean is less strong.Besides,the anticyclone south of Sumatra strengthens,and the southerlies east of it bring cold water from higher latitudes and northerlies west of it bring warm water from lower latitudes to the 15° to 25°S zone.Meanwhile,there exists strong divergence in the east and convergence in the west part of tropical southern Indian Ocean,making sea temperature fall and rise separately.Therefore,IOD2 lies farther south. 相似文献
15.
厄尔尼诺的发生与赤道西太平洋暖池次表层海温异常 总被引：71，自引：14，他引：71
通过资料分析研究了厄尔尼诺事件的爆发与西太平洋暖池次表层海温正异常的重要关系。结果表明，El Ni?o事件之前暖池次表层海温都有明显的持续升高；这种暖池次表层海温正距平的出现，尤其是它向赤道中东太平洋的传播对 El Ni?o事件的爆发有直接关系，是导致El Ni?o事件的重要原因。分析还表明，暖池次表层海温正距平的东移原因在于赤道西太平洋地区西风异常的发生和向东扩展。 相似文献
16.
Based on the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) from 1970 to 2001, equatorial currents and their association with the warm water propagation mechanism during two patterns of El Niño events are studied. In this study, the middle-pattern of El Ni?o (ME) and the eastern-pattern of El Niño (EE) events are defined as anomalous warm water originating first to the west and the east of 120°W, respectively. It is pointed out that the westerly and eastward anomalous currents in the western Pacific are stronger during the ME event than the EE event, which is conducive to the eastward migration of warm water from western Pacific by zonal advection of temperature. In contrast, the weaker westerly and the westward anomalous currents east of the dateline would be unfavorable for the eastward migration of warm water during EE events. More importantly, another propagation mechanism of the warm water is attributed to the anomalous convergence of the surface currents, as well as the anomalous divergence of the subsurface currents, which obstruct the upwelling of colder water from the deep ocean. Meanwhile, the anomalous convergence of the surface currents and the anomalous divergence of the subsurface currents maintain eastward migration, which plays an important role in the eastward migration of the warm water during ME events. Although there is anomalous convergence in the upper ocean and anomalous divergence in the subsurface ocean during EE events, they appear quasi-stationary in the western Pacific. The warm water over the eastern Pacific during EE events is caused by the local anomalous convergence of surface currents and the anomalous divergence of subsurface currents. 相似文献
17.
Many previous studies have demonstrated that the boreal winters of super El Nino events are usually accompanied by severely suppressed Madden-Julian oscillation(MJO) activity over the western Pacific due to strong descending motion associated with a weakened Walker Circulation. However, the boreal winter of the 2015/16 super El Nino event is concurrent with enhanced MJO activity over the western Pacific despite its sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA)magnitude over the Nino 3.4 region being comparable to the SSTA magnitudes of the two former super El Nino events(i.e.,1982/83 and 1997/98). This study suggests that the MJO enhanced over western Pacific during the 2015/16 super El Nino event is mainly related to its distinctive SSTA structure and associated background thermodynamic conditions. In comparison with the previous super El Nino events, the warming SSTA center of the 2015/16 super El Nino is located further westward, and a strong cold SSTA is not detected in the western Pacific. Accordingly, the low-level moisture and air temperature(as well as the moist static energy, MSE) tend to increase in the central-western Pacific. In contrast, the low-level moisture and MSE show negative anomalies over the western Pacific during the previous super El Nino events.As the MJO-related horizontal wind anomalies contribute to the further westward warm SST-induced positive moisture and MSE anomalies over the western tropical Pacific in the boreal winter of 2015/16, stronger moisture convergence and MSE advection are generated over the western Pacific and lead to the enhancement of MJO convection. 相似文献
18.
The authors demonstrate that the El Ni o events in the pre-and post-1976 periods show two ampli-tude-duration relations. One is that the stronger El Ni o events have longer durations, which is robust for the moderate El Ni o events; the other is that the stronger El Ni o events have shorter durations but for strong El Nio events. By estimating the sign and amplitude of the nonlinear dynamical heating (NDH) anomalies, the authors illustrate that the NDH anomalies are negligible for moderate El Nio events but large for strong El Nio events. In particular, the large NDH anomalies for strong El Nio events are positive during the growth and mature phases, which favor warmer El Nio events. During the decay phase, however, the negative NDH anomalies start to arise and become increasingly significant with the evolution of the El Nio events, in which the negative NDH anomalies dampen the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) and cause the El Nio events to reach the SST normal state earlier. This pattern suggests that the nonlinearity tends to increase the intensities of strong El Nio events and shorten their duration, which, together with the previous results showing a positive correlation between the strength of El Nio events and the significance of the effect of nonlinear advection on the events (especially the suppression of nonlinearity on the SSTA during the decay phase), shows that the strong El Nio events tend to have the amplitude-duration relation of the stronger El Nio events with shorter durations. This result also lends support to the assertion that moderate El Nio events possess the amplitude-duration relation of stronger El Nio events with longer durations. 相似文献
19.
It has long been acknowledged that there are two types of El Nio events, i.e., the eastern Pacific El Nio (EE) and the central Pacific El Nio (CE), according to the initial position of the anomalous warm water and its propagation direction. In this paper, the oceanic and atmospheric evolutions and the possible mechanisms of the two types of El Nio events were examined. It is found that all the El Nio events, CE or EE, could be attributed to the joint impacts of the eastward advection of warm water from the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP) and the local warming in the equatorial eastern Pacific. Before the occurrence of CE events, WPWP had long been in a state of being anomalous warm, so the strength of eastward advection of warm water was much stronger than that of EE, which played a major role in the formation of CE. While for the EE events, most contribution came from the local warming of the equatorial eastern Pacific. It is further identified that the immediate cause leading to the difference of the two types of El Nio events was the asynchronous variations of the Southern Oscillation (SO) and the Northern Oscillation (NO) as defined by Chen in 1984. When the transition from the positive phase of the NO (NO+) to NO- was prior to that from SO+ to SO-, there would be eastward propagation of westerly anomalies from the tropical western Pacific induced by NO and hence the growth of warm sea surface temperature anomalies in WPWP and its eastward propagation. This was followed by lagged SO-induced weakening of southeast trade winds and local warming in the equatorial eastern Pacific. These were conducive to the occurrence of the CE. On the contrary, the transition from SO+ to SO- leading the transition of NO would favor the occurrence of EE type events. 相似文献