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1.
利用PMS的 GBPP-100型雨滴谱仪观测资料确定Z-R关系 总被引：11，自引：5，他引：6
根据地面雨滴谱确立雷达反射率因子Z和雨强R之间的关系需要大量的观测资料.本文利用GBPP-100型地面雨滴谱仪在沈阳、哈尔滨和河南观测的雨滴谱资料做形变误差订正后,用最小二乘法拟合三地的Z-R关系,并按照层状云、积层混合云和积雨云降水分类,确定了三种降水类型的Z-R关系.结果表明,Z=ARb形式能够很好地描述以上的Z-R关系,对降水类型分类得到的Z-R关系代表性更好.系数A、b以层状云最小,积层混合云次之,积雨云最大.A值随着雨滴尺度的增大而增大,随数密度增大而减小,b值则随着数密度和雨滴尺度的共同增大而增大. 相似文献
2.
3.
确定Z—I关系的几种方法及其在定量测雨中的精度 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文介绍用雨滴谱、Z_r～I_g(Z_雷～I_计)、A值平均、平均A值几种Z～I关系测定单点累计降水量的方法。以1981年三次降水过程资料为例求得各种Z～I关系,并对1980年6月24日和7月9日两次资料进行检验,结果表明几种方法的精度都较好.只要提高测定Z、I值精度.在Z～I关系中选取适当的b值,再分雨型统计Z～I关系,则后两种方法的精度还可再提高。 相似文献
4.
利用2004年北京雨滴谱资料分析降水强度和雷达反射率因子的关系 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
在北京2004年的45次降水过程中,基于DISDROMETER仪器测量的雨滴谱资料计算每次降水的强度R和雷达反射率因子Z.结果表明,不同降水过程中,雷达反射率因子Z与降水强度R的幂指数关系中的指数b和系数a是不同的,这与不同降水过程的雨滴谱分布不同密切相关.综合分析这45次降水过程中的指数b和系数a,得到指数b和系数a呈正相关.接着,分别就指数b和系数a与平均降水强度、平均雷达反射率因子、平均特征直径和雨滴平均数密度之间关系做了详细的讨论.另外,基于这一年的降水雨滴谱资料,讨论了Z-R幂指数关系中指数b和系数a的月变化特征.分析结果表明,从4月到12月系数a和指数b呈现逐月递减的年变化特征.最后,文章就12个个例的特征直径Dm的特征进行了分析.结果显示,当特征直径Dm随时间保持不变时,降水强度R和雷达反射率因子Z之间存在线性相关的关系,即当特征直径Dm为常数时,Z-R关系的指数b为1. 相似文献
5.
微降水雷达测量精度分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用数值模拟的方法,讨论了利用微降水雷达MRR(Micro Rain Radar)雷达功率谱密度反演降水参数时,MIE散射(米散射)效应、垂直气流(包括上升气流、下沉气流)对数浓度N、雷达反射率Z、雨强I、液态含水量LWC等参数的影响。MIE散射主要影响直径为1.20~4.00 mm的粒子,MIE散射效应影响的N、Z、I、LWC偏差的平均值分别为2.74 m-3 mm-1、1.47 d BZ、0.0061 mm h~(-1)、0.0004 g m-3。下沉气流使反演液滴直径偏大,上升气流使得反演的液滴直径偏小,下沉气流的影响更大,尤其是对低层影响大于高层。例如,在300 m高度上,当液滴直径为2.67 mm时,下沉气流为2.00 m s-1时,理论上反演的直径为8.07 mm,超出了MRR探测的阈值,其相对误差值能接近200%。下沉气流使得反射率谱向大粒子方向平移,且谱型展宽;上升气流则相反。将MRR资料与同步观测的THIES雨滴谱仪数据进行比对,分析MRR资料的可靠性。选取2015年4月1日01~12时(协调世界时)山东济南的一次降水过程,将MRR在300 m高度上反演的雷达反射率因子、雨强、数浓度、中值体积直径与雨滴谱仪资料进行对比。结果表明:两种仪器探测的Z、I、N、中值体积直径D0在时间序列上都有较好的吻合度,变化趋势和幅度相近,Z、I、D0的平均偏差分别为1.19 d BZ、0.34 mm h~(-1)、0.36 mm。MRR反演的I值偏大,而粒子直径偏小,分析了产生偏差的主要原因,除了探测系统偏差、分析方法本身存在的偏差外,上升气流导致的偏差不容忽视。这些结果初步验证了微降水雷达观测的功率谱密度及其反演方法的可靠性。 相似文献
6.
本文用实测雨滴谱资料分析了层状云和对流云降水中雨滴谱的分布函数,结果表明,它们基本满足指数分布形式,且谱函数参量?和N_0都与我们定义的平均雨强直径D_R有关,它们之间的关系和本文推导的理论公式基本一致。按上述结果,本文提出了用雷达反射因子Z和雨强I估计谱参量?和N_0,从而确定降水过程中雨谱滴的具体指数分布形式。据实测雨滴谱资料计算表明,用此法计算的?计和N_0计分别与实测值?测、N_0测相一致。 相似文献
7.
结合2014年7月30—31日滁州地区一次强飑线降水过程的地面雨滴谱观测资料,构建了雨滴谱模型参数与雷达反演降水中常用的Z=ARb中系数A和指数b之间的相关关系,得出了适用于此次飑线降水的新Z-R关系。通过与雨滴谱观测结果和参考关系(Z=300R1.40)反演结果进行对比,对新的Z-R关系反演降水效果进行了评估。结果表明:利用降水强度对粒子数浓度和尺度标准化处理后,Gamma分布可以较好地描述此次飑线降水的雨滴谱分布。Z-R关系随着降水雨滴谱的变化而变化,指数b与不同阶数矩量随雨强的变化有关,系数A与雨滴谱的谱型分布有关。此次飑线降水Z-R关系的指数b=1.37;雨滴谱在Gamma分布下,系数A=340.91,在指数分布下,系数A=371.95。新的Z-R关系和参考关系反演的降水强度较实际观测值均偏小,但新的Z-R关系提高了此次飑线降水的总体估计效果。 相似文献
8.
本文根据湖南、安徽两地共437张雨滴谱资料做了以下几项工作: 1.分别按不同雨型、不同反射因子Z和雨强I值统计了它们的Z—I关系,结果表明按雨型统计的Z—I关系最合理。2.不同雨型的Z—I关系有显著性差异,不能互相代用。3.湖南、安徽两地对流性降水的Z—I关系无显著性差异,从而得到两地对流性降水中统一的Z—I关系式。4.分别对(1)不同雨型、不同地点或不同时间降雨的Z—I关系的性质;(2)雨滴谱取样间隔对统计Z—I关系的影响;(3)雷达上不同读数(或开机)时间间隔造成的测量误差进行了讨论。 相似文献
9.
国外雨滴谱分布函数的数值试验结果 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
采用文献［１］方法，对国外温带地区（北威尔士）＾［２］、亚热带地区（瓜得罗普岛）＾［３］和热带海洋（ＧＡＴＥ－１９７７）＾［４］雨滴谱分布进行了数值试验，结果表明：伽玛分布（ｎ（Ｄ）＝ａ．Ｄ＾ａｅ＾－λＤ）能很好地拟合这些实测雨滴谱，特别是非单调下降谱用伽玛分布拟合明显优于Ｍ－Ｐ分布拟合，Ｍ－Ｐ分布仅是伽玛分布的一个特例（α＝０）。 相似文献
10.
空中、地面雨滴谱特征的观测分析 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
利用1982年7月9日宁夏银川站的一次层状云降水过程中地面、空中观测的雨滴谱资料,分析了宁夏地区层状云降水过程中地面、空中的雨滴谱特征,并对地面和空中雨滴谱进行对比。结果表明：地面雨滴谱以指数型为主（61.9%）,空中雨滴谱以多峰型为主（86.4%）;对于空中、地面雨滴平均谱,Gamma分布拟合的相关系数更高;地面雨滴谱中小滴较多,空中雨滴谱中大滴较多,可能受到碰并、蒸发、破碎的共同影响。研究地面雷达反射率因子Z、雨水含量W、雨滴数浓度N与雨强I的关系,Z-I关系和W-I关系的相关性很好,而N-I、N0-I、λ-I关系的相关性不是很好。 相似文献
11.
山西云微物理特征的地面观测 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
利用连续气流纵向热梯度云凝结核仪和激光降水粒子谱测量仪对山西地面的云凝结核和雨滴谱进行了观测研究.研究结果表明,云凝结核(CCN)数浓度具有明显的日变化特征,1天出现了两次峰值,数浓度日变化与气象因子、人类活动有关.降水对CCN具有冲刷作用.利用关系式NCCN=CSk拟合得到的地面CCN活化谱参数C值明显较大,k值较高,属于典型的大陆型核谱.对层状云、层积云降水雨滴微物理特征参量分析发现:3次层状云、层积云降水雨滴数密度变化范围分别为74～229 m-3、305～743 m-3,平均含水量量级分别为10-2 g/m3、10-1g/m3,最大雨滴直径分别为1.78 mm、4.7 mm.对层状云降水雨滴的数密度和雨强贡献较大的分别是小于1 mm、0.2～2 mm的雨滴;对层积云降水雨滴的数密度和雨强贡献较大的分别是0.2～2 mm、1～3 mm的雨滴.层积云出现稳定谱的比例高于层状云.从瞬时谱型分布看,层状云出现单、双、三峰多,第四、五峰值的频率比较少,层积云雨滴谱分布没有出现指数型,常有多峰.从平均谱分布看,层状云谱宽窄于层积云,层状云雨滴平均谱服从指数分布,层积云曲线呈向下弯曲的趋势.对汾阳2008年7月17日一次积层混合云降水雨滴谱资料分析发现积层混合云降水雨滴微物理量起伏大,降水雨强主要由雨滴数密度决定.相同雨强下,若有相对更多的大雨滴,雷达反射率会更大一些.随着强回波云块的过境,雨滴数浓度、雨滴谱峰值个数、谱宽均明显增大. 相似文献
12.
2012年8月台风海葵和2014年7月台风麦德姆登陆进入安徽省后,均造成了区域性暴雨或大暴雨天气。利用常规观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和雨滴谱资料,对这两个直接影响安徽省的台风移动路径和暴雨形成机制进行了对比分析。结果表明:（1）海葵和麦德姆的移动路径、停留时间和强降水分布特征有明显不同。与海葵相比,麦德姆的移动速度快、降水持续时间短、累计降雨量和暴雨范围较小;但其短时强降水持续时间长、暴雨中心降水强度更大。（2）海葵和麦德姆降水过程中均有强的水汽输送和辐合,但水汽输送方向的差异使得海葵和麦德姆的强降水空间分布分别呈纬向型和经向型特征。同时水汽辐合持续时间决定了麦德姆的降水持续时间比海葵短,但其较深厚的强水汽辐合使得麦德姆的短时强降水持续时间长、暴雨中心降水强度大。（3）海葵是以稳定性降水为主的混合型降水,麦德姆则呈现出明显的对流性降水特征;两次台风降水过程中均是短时间的对流性降水对总降雨量贡献最大,且强降水区域均位于风垂直切变的顺风切左侧。（4）麦德姆降水过程比海葵具有更高的雨滴数浓度和更大的降水粒子直径。当雨强小于10 mm/h时,两次台风降水过程均以小雨滴为主且数浓度较大;雨强>10 mm/h时,雨滴粒径增大但数浓度明显降低。（5）两次台风降水过程的雷达反射率因子-雨强（Z-R）均有较好的指数关系且拟合曲线比较一致,但在不同降水类型即层云降水和对流性降水中,其Z-R关系的a、b值差异较明显。因此,针对不同降水类型,应采用分型Z-R关系来进行雷达降水定量估测。 相似文献
13.
利用布设在秦皇岛市抚宁地区的OTT Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪和卢龙地区S波段天气雷达,对2017—2019年4—9月共23次降水过程进行了观测,并分析了基于雨滴谱参数(滴谱粒子数N(D)和粒子直径大小D0)计算的雷达反射率因子ZD和雷达探测的雷达反射率因子ZR的差异ZC。结果表明,N(D)主要集中在130～530个范围内,ZC标准差随着N(D)的增大而逐渐减少;D0主要集中在0.8～1.6 mm范围内,ZC标准值在D0<1.2 mm范围内随着D0的增大而逐渐减少,D0在1.2～1.6 mm范围内趋于稳定;ZD主要集中在15～40 dBZ范围内,ZC标准差在15～35 dBZ范围内随着ZD值增大而减小。 相似文献
14.
The objective of this research was to acquire a raindrop size distribution (DSDs) retrieved from C-band polarimetric radar observations scheme for the first time in south China.An observation period of the precipitation process was selected,and the shape-slope (μ-Λ) relationship of this region was statistically analyzed using the raindrop sample observations from the two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) at Xinfeng Station,Guangdong Province.Simulated data of the C-band polarimetric radar reflectivity Z_(HH)and differential reflectivity Z_(DR)were obtained through scattering simulation.The simulation data were combined with DSD fitting to determine the Z_(DR)-Λand log_(10)(Z_(HH)/N_0)-Λrelationships.Using Xinfeng C-band polarimetric radar observations Z_(DR)and Z_(HH),the raindrop Gamma size distribution parametersμ,Λ,and N_0were retrieved.A scheme for using C-band polarimetric radar to retrieve the DSDs was developed.This research revealed that during precipitation process,the DSDs obtained using the C-band polarimetric radar retrieval scheme are similar to the 2DVD observations,the precipitation characteristics of rainfall intensity (R),mass-weighted mean diameter (D_m) and intercept parameter (N_w) with time obtained by radar retrieval are basically consistent with the observational results of the 2DVD.This scheme establishes the relationship between the observations of the C-band polarimetric radar and the physical quantities of the numerical model.This method not only can test the prediction of the model data assimilation system on the convective scale and determine error sources,but also can improve the microphysical precipitation processes analysis and radar quantitative precipitation estimation.The present research will facilitate radar data assimilation in the future. 相似文献
15.
The purpose of this study was to develop a diffusion model for a continuous point source which takes into account the increase
of wind speed with height, and to compare this model with short-range diffusion experiments. The main problem was to find
a good expression for the vertical diffusion coefficient. It turned out that good agreement between theory and experiment
could only be obtained by introducing a settling speed W for the tracer combined with a conventional expression for the vertical diffusion (K(Z) = K
0Z1−p). An empirical relation was found between K
0 and τ
vU and between W and bar
σ
vU2. 相似文献
16.
Zailiang Hu 《Atmospheric Research》1995,37(4)
In a one dimensional model, the microphysical properties of rainwater content (M), rainfall rate (R) and radar reflectivity factor (Z) are examined in five numerical experiments. In general, neglecting both coalescence and breakup produces less than 10% of the errors in M and R within the top 2 km of a rainshaft (below cloud base). This is true regardless of the rain intensity and downdraft strength for Mashall-Palmer distributions at the top boundary. However, as the distance from the top boundary increases, the errors of M, R and Z calculated without including the collisional processes become larger. These errors tend to increase as the rain intensity increases or the downdraft decreases. The errors due to neglecting breakup are generally larger than those resulting from the exclusion of both coalescence and breakup. At lower levels, the errors for Z are usually very large unless the rainfall is very light (less than 10 mm h−1 ). For heavy rainfall with strong downdraft, coalescence and breakup can be neglected for fall distances greater than 2 km without appreciable errors. On the other hand, for heavy rainfall in a weak downdraft, coalescence and breakup must be included to ensure accuracy. 相似文献
17.
Qingwei ZENG Yun ZHANG Hengchi LEI Yanqiong XIE Taichang GAO Lifeng ZHANG Chunming WANG Yanbin HUANG 《大气科学进展》2019,36(10):1103-1120
Raindrop size distribution (RSD) characteristics over the South China Sea (SCS) are examined with onboard Parsivel disdrometer measurements collected during marine surveys from 2012 to 2016. The observed rainfall is divided into pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon periods based on the different large-scale circumstances. In addition to disdrometer data, sounding observation, FY-2E satellite, SPRINTARS (Spectral Radiation-Transport Model for Aerosol Species), and NCEP reanalysis datasets are used to illustrate the dynamical and microphysical characteristics associated with the rainfall in different periods. Significant variations have been observed in respect of raindrops among the three periods. Intercomparison reveals that small drops (D < 1 mm) are prevalent during pre-monsoon precipitation, whereas medium drops (1?3 mm) are predominant in monsoon precipitation. Overall, the post-monsoon precipitation is characterized by the least concentration of raindrops among the three periods. But, several large raindrops could also occur due to severe convective precipitation events in this period. Classification of the precipitation into stratiform and convective regimes shows that the lg(Nw) value of convective rainfall is the largest (smallest) in the pre-monsoon (post-monsoon) period, whereas the Dm value is the smallest (largest) in the pre-monsoon (post-monsoon) period. An inversion relationship between the coefficient A and the exponential b of the Z?R relationships for precipitation during the three periods is found. Empirical relations between Dm and the radar reflectivity factors at Ku and Ka bands are also derived to improve the rainfall retrieval algorithms over the SCS. Furthermore, the possible causative mechanisms for the significant RSD variability in different periods are also discussed with respect to warm and cold rain processes, raindrop evaporation, convective activities, and other meteorological factors. 相似文献
18.
A model is developed to simulate the potential temperature and the height of the mixed layer under advection conditions. It includes analytic expressions for the effects of mixed-layer conditions upwind of the interface between two different surfaces on the development of the mixed layer downwind from the interface. Model performance is evaluated against tethersonde data obtained on two summer days during sea breeze flow in Vancouver, Canada. It is found that the mixed-layer height and temperature over the ocean has a small but noticeable effect on the development of the mixed layer observed 10 km inland from the coast. For these two clear days, the subsidence velocity at the inversion base capping the mixed layer is estimated to be about 30 mm s–1 from late morning to late afternoon. When the effects of subsidence are included in the model, the mixed-layer height is considerably underpredicted, while the prediction for the mean potential temperature in the mixed layer is considerably improved. Good predictions for both height and temperature can be obtained when values for the heat entrainment ratio,c, 0.44 and 0.68 for these two days respectively for the period from 1000 to 1300 LAT, were used. These values are estimated using an equation including the additional effects on heat entrainment due to the mechanical mixing caused by wind shear at the top of the mixed layer and surface friction. The contribution of wind shear to entrainment was equal to, or greater than, that from buoyant convection resulting from the surface heat flux. Strong wind shear occurred near the top of the mixed layer between the lower level inland flow and the return flow aloft in the sea breeze circulation.Symbols
c
entrainment parameter for sensible heat
-
c
p
specific heat of air at constant pressure, 1010 J kg–1 K–1
-
d
1
the thickness of velocity shear at the mixed-layer top, m
-
Q
H
surface sensible heat flux, W m–2
-
u
m
mean mixed-layer wind speed, m s–1
-
u
*
friction velocity at the surface, m s–1
-
w
subsidence velocity, m s–1
-
W
subsidence warming,oC s–1
-
w
e
entrainment velocity, m s–1
-
w
*
convection velocity in the mixed layer, m s–1
-
x
downwind horizontal distance from the water-land interface, m
-
y
dummy variable forx, m
-
Z
height above the surface, m
-
Z
i
height of capping inversion, m
-
Z
m
mixed-layer depth, i.e.,Z
i–Zs, m
-
Z
s
height of the surface layer, m
-
lapse rate of potential temperature aboveZ
i, K m–1
-
potential temperature step atZ
i, K
- u
h
velocity step change at the mixed-layer top
-
m
mean mixed-layer potential temperature, K 相似文献
19.
利用中尺度WRF模式(V3.7),采用WDM6双参数微物理方案,对2014年7月26日12时—28日06时发生在华东地区的一次层状云降水天气进行数值模拟。通过改变模式中初始云凝结核(CCN)数浓度及参数化方案,进行敏感试验,对模拟结果进行对比分析。改变CCN数浓度的结果表明,CCN数浓度对降水的影响复杂、非线性,随着CCN数浓度的增大,降水量减小。云水、霰混合比始终增加,雨水混合比表现为先增加后减小再增加的趋势,冰晶混合比则与之相反,呈现先减小再增加再减小的趋势,雪晶混合比呈现先减小后增加的趋势;改变CCN参数化方案的结果表明,两者模拟降水落区有差别,三参数方案更接近实际;降水产生后,三参数方案的CCN浓度一直高于双参数方案,且数值变化不大;双参数方案的结果显示暖云降水加强,冷云降水略弱,三参数方案则显示暖云降水较弱,冷云降水较强。 相似文献
20.
STUDY ON RAINFALL MEASUREMENT AND RAINDROP SPECTRA WITH THE DIFFERENTIAL REFLECTIVITY ZDR TECHNIQUE OF A DUAL LINEAR POLARIZATION RADAR* 
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下载免费PDF全文 In this paper,it is shown that the differential reflectivity ZDR is related to drop size distribution (DSD) and the spectral shape variation of different truncated diameters.ZDR is a sensitive function to variation of DSD of the spectra.The effects of shape variation of DSD on rainfall can be deduced with a (ZH,ZDR) dual-parameter technique,which is effective to improve the accuracy of rainfall measurement and is of the priority of identifying large particles of hydrometeors (especially hailstone) from the rain region. 相似文献