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1.
北京一次强单体雹暴的三维数值模拟 总被引：18，自引：4，他引：14
利用中国科学院大气物理研究所建立的完全弹性三维雹云数值模式,模拟了1996年6月29日发生在北京东北部京冀交界地区的一次强单体雹暴过程,并结合多普勒雷达探测资料,分析了风暴的流场结构、雷达回波结构特征、含水量场等宏微观物理量的分布及其演变.模式模拟出了超级单体风暴云的一些典型特征,如悬垂回波、弱回波区、回波墙等.同时,模拟分析了冰雹形成的微物理过程,结果表明,本个例模拟雹云中,冰雹粒子主要由冻滴(CNfh)和霰(CNgh)转化形成,但冻滴对冰雹形成的贡献比霰大得多,冰雹含水量中心的发展演变与冻滴含水量中心的发展演变相一致,冰雹主要是通过撞冻过冷水过程(CLch、CLrh)而进一步长大的. 相似文献
2.
高层东风波引起的一次超级单体雹暴天气数值研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用WRF中尺度模式对2018年7月26日发生在浙中北的一次超级单体雹暴过程进行数值研究,结合自动站资料,天气雷达资料、NCEP再分析资料等分析冰雹天气发生的环流背景,冰雹云的雷达回波和流场结构特征,并探究冰雹形成的物理机制。结果表明:此次强对流天气是在高层东风波环流背景下,由地面辐合线触发的超级单体雹暴过程。雹暴发生在强的对流有效位能、上干下湿的层结和弱垂直风切变的环境场中。模拟试验成功地模拟出了雹暴云团的发展演变过程。0℃层位于5 km的高度,-20℃层位于8. 5 km的高度,且超过40 dBZ的强回波向上扩展至-20℃层以上,有利于冰雹的生长。雹云发展旺盛时呈现典型的低层辐合、高层辐散特征。雹云右侧出现悬垂回波和有界弱回波区。雹云中存在大量的过冷云水,冰雹粒子的核心生长区位于0℃层和-20℃层之间,主要由霰粒子转化而成,并通过不断碰并过冷云水和过冷雨水增长。 相似文献
3.
冰雹云提前识别及预警的研究 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：14
利用雷达强回波45 dBZ高度和降雹日08时月平均零度层高度,对1991-2003年宝鸡雷达站观测的165 d 231块对流云数值拟合,得出了识别冰雹云的指标:处于发展中的对流云,雷达强回波45 dBZ高度大于或等于多年降雹日08时零度层月平均值的2.9 km,将有冰雹酝酿形成.对降雹造成灾害的雷达回波分析表明:雷达强回波的45 dBZ平均底部越高、提前识别的时间越长,顶部越高距离降雹时间越短,冰雹的形成是雷达强回波从云体的中部开始向上下扩展而成.该识别冰雹云方法对单体降雹平均提前识别12 min,而对超级单体平均提前识别18 min,对多单体、飑线中超级单体的降雹具有提前预警的作用,平均提前预警时间22 min. 相似文献
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利用常规高空、地面观测资料和多普勒雷达资料,采用中尺度数值模式(WRF),对发生在浙江省的一次冰雹天气过程进行了综合分析和数值模拟,从气流、温度结构以及雹云中的各类微观物理量的时空变化分析了此次冰雹过程的宏微观演变特征及形成机制。结果表明,该次强对流天气是在大尺度动力不稳定、热力不稳定的环境场和上干下湿的不稳定层结下发生发展的,边界层中尺度辐合线作为抬升触发机制释放不稳定能量。模式模拟得到的地面累积降水和雷达反射率因子与实况基本符合;模拟的水汽辐合区、能量锋区以及雷达反射率因子高值区接近辐合线。模拟的雹云属多单体风暴,具有明显的合并发展特征;霰(雹胚)通过雪晶的碰冻过程及过冷雨滴冻结产生,后碰并增长转化形成冰雹,冰雹通过碰冻过冷水滴和碰撞收集冰雪晶快速增长,最终降落至地面。其中,雹云内的过冷雨水累积带对霰及雹的产生及增长至关重要。 相似文献
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2005年北京城区两次强冰雹天气的对比分析 总被引：18，自引：5，他引：18
冰雹等强对流天气是北京夏季预报和服务的重点，针对2005年发生在北京城区的两次强冰雹天气，利用常规探测和自动站、雷达、风廓线等资料进行天气动力学和中尺度对比分析，结果表明：这两次冰雹天气在环流形势、局地气象条件和中尺度系统等方面有明显差异，5月31日的高低空急流配置、能量和风的垂直切变等更有利于强雹暴的发生；超级单体回波是5月31日北京城区降雹的直接影响系统，6月7日为典型的飑线天气过程，两次过程中雹云的发展演变、冰雹的落区与地面中尺度系统都有较好的对应；造成5月31日城区降雹的对流系统为中-γ尺度，6月7日为中-β尺度，因此5月31日冰雹天气的预警难度较大，今后需充分应用高时空分辨率的探测资料做好此类突发性天气的监测和临近预报。 相似文献
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《气象》2021,(4)
利用常规观测、地面加密自动站、多普勒天气雷达、NCEP(1°×1°)逐6 h再分析资料对2017年8月23日云南中部地区一次强对流风暴的环境参数和雷达回波特征进行分析,结果表明:此次强对流风暴发生在台风低压前侧、中高纬冷槽后部的强不稳定层结背景下,地面辐合线和强垂直风切变有利于对流风暴的维持和加强。强对流风暴受地形影响较为明显,共激发形成6个超级单体或类超级单体,在超级单体发展成熟前10 min,3个降雹超级单体强中心沿地形爬升,未降雹和小雹超级单体沿地形下降。6个超级单体或类超级单体呈现出中气旋或γ中尺度弱涡旋特征,最大速度对转动值超过10 m·s~(-1)时出现不同程度冰雹,冰雹直径15 mm的超级单体在2.4°～3.4°仰角上径向速度值达到中气旋标准,冰雹直径为15～20 mm的超级单体反射率因子质心点较高,回波核前倾,具有悬垂回波、弱回波区、回波墙和三体散射特征,其零速度线后倾,辐合区高度超过- 10℃层,顶部为强辐散区,- 20～0℃层回波最大强度超过55 dBz,50 dBz回波厚度6 km,垂直累积液态水含量(VIL)密度2.2 g·m~(-3)。冰雹直径5～8 mm和未降雹超级单体回波核直立,悬垂回波特征不显著,辐合区高度偏低,辐散区厚度大于辐合区厚度,不同等温层回波强度差别小,但50 dBz回波厚度6 km,VIL密度2.2 g·m~(-3)。 相似文献
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针对甘南地区2006年7月12日出现的冰雹天气过程,利用兰州CINRAD/CC多普勒雷达回波资料以及MICAPS资料对此次强对流天气过程进行了初步的分析,分析了冰雹天气过程中雷达回波的形态特征、结构和动态特征,发现在此次强对流天气是雷达回波具有明显的超级单体风暴特征,且呈现出三体散射、有界弱回波、钩状回波等特征;雷达回波强度值55dB;回波顶16km;径向速度图上出现较强的气旋性辐合,在中高层辐合中还存在着中尺度气旋;此外,降雹过程前后垂直液态水含量(VIL)变化较大。 相似文献
11.
对流性强风暴系统的螺旋度动力学研究 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
利用风暴尺度的数值模式ＡＲＰＳ成功地模拟了１９７７年５月２０日在美国Ｏｋｌａｈｏｍａ州Ｄｅｌ Ｃｉｔｙ的一次强对流风暴过程。其模拟结果与实际的观测非常接近，模式积分 ４０分钟，初始对流单体发生了分裂，产生了新的对流单体。原有对流单体在原地维持成熟的结构，表现出较强的稳定性，而分裂出的新单体在移动过程中，逐渐向成熟位相发展，并且又分裂出新的单体。利用模拟结果，着重讨论了风暴发展过程中螺旋度和超螺旋度的空间结构和时间演变特征，以及在强风暴系统的对流发展过程中的动力学作用。初始环境场的螺旋性结构有利于风暴的发展。在风暴发展阶段，低螺旋度有利于大尺度向对流尺度的能量串级，而在风暴成熟阶段，高螺旋度则有利于对流单体的能量维持，从而形成长生命周期的对流系统。在风暴的发展过程中，风暴流场结构具有向Ｂｅｌｔｒａｍｉ流结构的调整趋势，螺旋度向高值发展。超螺旋度在流体粘性作用的影响下，可反映出螺旋度密度空间积分的时间变化趋势，负的超螺旋度可使螺旋度增加。在对流风暴发展阶段，超螺旋度为负值，对流单体的结构螺旋性增强、螺旋度的增大，在风暴到达成熟阶段后，超螺旋度转为正值。因此，超螺旋度可用来标志对流风暴系统的成熟程度。 相似文献
12.
The generation of mesoscale convective systems is simulated by a 7-level primitive equation model. The large-scale parts of observed, data at 1200 Z June 11, 1983, which are obtained by low-pass filter, are used as the initial data. The results show that the generation of mesoscale convective systems can be simulated from fields of meteorological variables on the large-scale background. When the low-level south-west jet stream is very moist, mesoscale convective systems can develop ahead of the wind speed maximum in the warm sector of Jiang-Huai (Changjiang-Huaihe Rivers) cyclone, where the potential stability tends to remain negative. Furthermore, they are similar to the mesoscale convective complex (MCC), which appears frequently in the central part of the United States during the warm season (March to September), in dynamical and thermal structure, distribution of precipitation and the process of generation and development. 相似文献
13.
精细化的垂直分辨率能够更好地反映大气动热力环境和中尺度系统生消演变过程,不同层次高度垂直分辨率的加密对暖区对流系统触发及组织发展机制的影响有待深入研究。本文针对2017年5月6日（UTC）广州局地突发的特大暴雨受复杂地形影响、其对流中尺度系统局地触发、后向传播及组织化的特点,运用WRFV3.9.1,采用GFS资料较好地模拟和再现了此次大暴雨过程,并进行了不同高度垂直分辨率的敏感性试验,以探究垂直分辨率对此次暖区暴雨触发及组织化过程的影响。结果表明:低层垂直分辨率加密试验能够模拟出更强的偏南回流、偏东风和较强的低层风场辐合以及较强的温度扰动,进而引起更强的对流触发;中层垂直分辨率加密更有利于大范围的强干冷空气侵入对流系统,其造成的潜热和不稳定能量的释放,是对流系统发展的重要原因;高空垂直分辨率的加密试验则描述出了对流系统上部与高空急流出流相关的高空辐散中心、对流系统周围的高空强辐散中心以及相邻对流单体的垂直环流,细致再现了对流单体合并为对流系统的组织化过程。 相似文献
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利用ARW-WRF模式对2014年7月4日12时—5日06时发生在安徽中南部的一次由江淮气旋引发的强降水过程进行模拟,得到暖锋上雨带的雷达回波结构,与实况有较好的一致性。对气旋暖锋上出现的多个小对流带的结构与成因进行了分析,发现暖锋小对流带的高度模拟和实况均在300 hPa以下,其生命史约2～3 h,最长100 km,宽10 km,带与带间距50～100 km,均随高度向东南方向倾斜。其环流特征为对流区东部从低层到高层多对应暖空气上升;对流区西部中上层多为冷区控制;近地面则有类似冷池存在,对流带南部的上升气流有利于对流云的后向新生和形成带状结构。小对流带上,800 hPa有0Ri1和I_(EPV)0区域,稳定层结内出现滚轴状流场分布,有重力波存在的结构特征;600～700 hPa为对流不稳定,对流带间I_(EPV)0。可见暖空气沿暖锋爬升时,在800 hPa附近,由于满足条件性对称不稳定条件,触发条件性对称不稳定和重力波,暖空气继续上升时触发700 hPa之上的对流不稳定,即影响本次暖锋小对流带形成的原因主要为对称-对流不稳定。 相似文献
15.
Convective and stratiform precipitation characteristics in an ensemble of regional climate model simulations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We apply a recently proposed algorithm for disaggregating observed precipitation data into predominantly convective and stratiform, and evaluate biases in characteristics of parameterized convective (subgrid) and stratiform (large-scale) precipitation in an ensemble of 11 RCM simulations for recent climate in Central Europe. All RCMs have a resolution of 25 km and are driven by the ERA-40 reanalysis. We focus on mean annual cycle, proportion of convective precipitation, dependence on altitude, and extremes. The results show that characteristics of total precipitation are often better simulated than are those of convective and stratiform precipitation evaluated separately. While annual cycles of convective and stratiform precipitation are reproduced reasonably well in most RCMs, some of them consistently and substantially overestimate or underestimate the proportion of convective precipitation throughout the year. Intensity of convective precipitation is underestimated in all RCMs. Dependence on altitude is also simulated better for stratiform and total precipitation than for convective precipitation, for which several RCMs produce unrealistic slopes. Extremes are underestimated for convective precipitation while they tend to be slightly overestimated for stratiform precipitation, thus resulting in a relatively good reproduction of extremes in total precipitation amounts. The results suggest that the examined ensemble of RCMs suffers from substantial deficiencies in reproducing precipitation processes and support previous findings that climate models’ errors in precipitation characteristics are mainly related to deficiencies in the representation of convection. 相似文献
16.
热带加热异常影响冬季平流层极涡强度的数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文利用大气环流模式SAMIL/LASG,通过选择两种对流参数化方案,研究了热带加热异常对热带外平流层模拟的影响。结果表明,因不同对流参数化方案引起的热带对流加热状况的差异,可显著影响模式对北半球冬季平流层极涡强度的模拟偏差。与采用Manabe对流参数化方案相比,采用Tiedtke参数化方案可以显著改善对平流层极涡强度的模拟,使平流层极涡“过强”及极区“过冷”的模拟偏差得到明显改善。研究其中的影响过程发现,由于Manabe方案最大凝结潜热加热高度过低,在对流层中低层;而Tiedtke方案的最大凝结潜热加热位置在对流层中上层,因而Tiedtke(Manabe)方案时热带大气温度在对流层中上层较为偏暖(偏冷),在平流层低层较为偏冷(偏暖)。自秋季开始,与热带对流层高层温度的暖偏差相联系,热带外对流层高层以及热带平流层低层出现伴随的温度冷偏差;与之对应,平流层中纬度从秋季开始也出现持续的温度暖偏差。另外,随着秋冬季节平流层行星波活动的出现,Tiedtke方案时热带外地区行星波1波的强度也明显强于Manabe方案,使得秋冬季节涡动引起的向极热通量在Tiedtke方案时明显偏强,从而造成了冬季平流层极区温度偏暖、极涡强度偏弱。 相似文献
17.
Regional climate models, such as RegCM3, generally show large biases in the simulation of western North Pacific (WNP) summer monsoon (WNPSM). In this study, the authors improved the simulation of WNPSM by applying the convection suppression criterion based on the averaged relative humidity from cloud base to cloud top. The simulated rainfall and monsoon circulation are significantly improved. The suppressed convective heating associated with the decrease in convective rainfall simulates a low-level anomalous anticyclone to its north. The anomalous anticyclone reduces the intensity of low-level southwesterly flow and the wind speed at 10 m. The reduction in wind speed at 10 m decreases the evaporation at sea surface. The less supply of water vapor from underlying ocean in turn favors less convective rainfall. The overestimation of simulated convective percentages and the cold bias of 2 m air temperature are also reduced. The different effects of convection suppression criterion in stand-alone RegCM3 and corresponding regional air–sea coupled model are also discussed. 相似文献
18.
Previous numerical simulations have focused mainly on the mesoscale structure of the principal rainband in tropical cyclones with a relatively coarse model resolution. In this study, the principal rainband was simulated in a semi-idealized experiment at a horizontal grid spacing of 1/9 km and its convective-scale structure was examined by comparing the convective elements of the simulated principal rainband with previous observational studies. It is found that the convective scale structure of the simulated principal rainband is well comparable to the observation. The azimuthal variations of the convective scale structure were examined by dividing the simulated principal rainband into the upwind, middle and downwind portions. Some new features are found in the simulated principal rainband. First, the overturning updraft contains small-scale rolls aligned along the inward side of the outward-leaning reflectivity tower in the middle portion. Second, the inner-edge downdraft is combined with a branch of inflow from the upper levels in middle and downwind portions, carrying upper-level dry air to the region between the overturning updrafts and eyewall, and the intrusion of the upper-level dry air further limits the altitude of the overturning updrafts in the middle and downwind portions of the principal rainband. Third, from the middle to downwind portions, the strength of the secondary horizontal wind maximum is gradually replaced by a low-level maximum of the tangential wind collocated with the low-level downdraft. 相似文献
19.
We present simulations performed with a three dimensional global ocean general circulation model which show that simulated
salinities and amounts of convective mixing are very sensitive to vertical mixing of surface buoyancy fluxes. If, as usual,
surface buoyancy fluxes are placed entirely in the topmost model level, our model produces excessive convective mixing in
the Southern Ocean. This results in poor stimulated salinity in the Southern Ocean. In this simulation, we assume, as usual,
that both surface buoyancy forcing and vertical mixing are homogeneous within each grid cell. If, on the other hand, destabilizing
surface fluxes are instantaneously mixed into the subsurface ocean, the model produces much less convective mixing and much
more realistic salinities. The vertical mixing of surface buoyancy fluxes performed in this simulation is equivalent to assuming
that those fluxes affect only a small fraction of each grid cell, and cause vertical mixing only in that limited area. Our
interpretation of these results is that the usual assumption that both surface buoyancy forcing and vertical mixing are uniform
within each grid cell has a detrimental effect on model results; these results could be significantly improved by good parametrizations
which treat the horizontal inhomogeneity of surface buoyancy forcing and of vertical mixing.
Received: 25 February 1998 / Accepted: 9 September 1998 相似文献
20.
l. IntroductiOnThe parameterizat1on of atmospheric convection is one of the most challenging issues inglobal climate modeling. Since convection interacts strongly with clouds and the large--scalecirculation, its representation in GCMs has a tremendous impact on the slmulation of theglobal climate and its variations. For example, in the National Center for Atmospheric Re-search (NCAR) Community Climate Model Version 2 (CCM2), excessive surface 1atent heatflux in the tropics was simulate… 相似文献