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中尺度数值预报中不同初值方案的检验对比 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用WMO推荐的标准化检验方法对两套初值方案进行检验，一套为使用T106L19全球中期模式预报场作为初猜场的cressman逐步订正客观分析方案（T106）；一套为直接插值客观分析方案（OBS）。通过对比分析发现：（1）反映大尺度环流场的要素，例如，300hPa风场、500hPa高度，T106初值方案略好于OBS。（2）空间尺度较小的要素，例如，850hPa温度、湿度等，OBS略优于T106；在比湿预报场中，低层预报优于高层，但850hPa比湿预报出现正的系统误差，随着预报时效的延长，正系统误差加大。（3）在风场的预报中，低层预报总体不如高层好，U风分量的预报有负的系统性误差，V风分量有正的系统性误差。同时对责任中初值预防的降水进行TS评分，评分结果表明，T106的总体评分高于OBS，但T106初值方案的空报率高于OBS，而OBS初值方案的漏报率高于T106。 相似文献
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《干旱气象》2020,(3)
利用北京市观象台2014—2018年风廓线仪资料和同期探空及MICAPS地面资料,对不同降水条件下风廓线仪水平风与探空资料的误差和相关性进行分析,为风廓线仪资料在降水预报中的深入应用提供参考。结果表明:(1)总体上,各高度层风廓线仪的U分量风均比探空资料偏小;有降水时U分量风误差小且相关性好,其在850 hPa的均方根误差和相关系数均有较大变化,说明云底对风廓线仪探测U分量风有一定影响。500 hPa以上U、V分量风误差较大。(2)风廓线仪探测的U分量风在降雨和雷阵雨时均比探空资料偏小,且在降雨时误差相对较小,相关性较好;阵雨(雪)时不同高度误差变幅大;雷阵雨时700 hPa平均误差绝对值最大,850 hPa次之,其他降水情况基本是高层误差大于低层。降雪时V分量风比探空资料偏大,且700 hPa高度以下均方根误差比降雨、阵雨(雪)和雷阵雨时小,700 hPa以上则相反;雷阵雨时700 hPa误差大,相关性较差;降雨时均方根误差、相关系数在各高度层变化幅度较小。 相似文献
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以业务应用为目标,开展高时、空分辨率三维风场在强对流天气临近预报中的融合应用研究。运用北京快速更新多尺度分析和预报系统集成子系统（RMAPS-IN,Rapid-refresh Multi-scale Analysis and Prediction System-Integration）,对雷达四维变分分析系统（VDRAS）30 min临近预报的高时、空分辨率三维风场作为数据源与自动气象站风场观测进行快速融合处理。结果表明,以VDRAS临近预报风场取代数值模式预报场作为融合初猜场后形成的分析结果对于风场有明显的改善:（1）长时间序列客观检验结果表明,地面10 m高风场U/V分量绝对误差分别为0.05和0.06 m/s。实时融合对未来预报的影响随着预报时效的延长,U/V分量的绝对误差不断增大。（2）对于11个强对流个例,地面10 m高风场风速均方根误差降低0.3 m/s,风向均方根误差降低13°;边界层三维风场,风速均方根误差降低0.8 m/s,风向均方根误差降低10°。平原站点融合以后风速、风向预报效果有较大改善,山区站点融合以后改善相对较小。（3）通过对2017年7月20日暴雨和7月7日雷暴大风个例的详细分析,发现融合基于雷达资料四维变分同化获得的高分辨率临近预报风场对各对流系统中的中尺度结构特征给出了更加细致准确的描述。 相似文献
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《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2018,12(1):71-75
利用2011年2-8月逐日降水量序列及东亚地区850hPa经向风场资料建立多变量时滞回归(multivariable lagged regression, MLR)模型,对5-7月江西降水10-30d和50-70d低频分量分别进行延伸期逐日预报实验。结果表明：2011年江西降水存在显著的10-30d和50-70d的振荡周期。降水50-70d低频分量延伸期预报技巧明显优于10-30d低频分量延伸期预报技巧,平均预报技巧高达0.86。降水50-70d低频分量延伸期预报可准确预报降水低频位相的正负转换,能为江西延伸期强降水过程发生的时段预测提供预报信号。 相似文献
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BP-CCA方法用于四川盆地夏季日降水量的可预报性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于BP-CCA方法,首先讨论了多个因子对四川盆地夏季降水降尺度模型的可预报性,然后选取最佳预报因子并进行集合,最终基于T639模式建立最优多因子降尺度预报模型.结果表明,分别以东亚夏季10m纬向风、700hPa纬向风和700hPa相对湿度为预报因子的降尺度模型对四川盆地夏季降水的预报技巧较高,而将三个因子集合的多因子降尺度预报模型具有更好的预报能力.进一步将该方法应用于T639模式预报的预报因子场,发现多因子降尺度模型对降水的预报效果要优于T639模式直接输出的结果. 相似文献
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T639L60全球中期预报系统预报试验和性能评估 总被引：19，自引：1，他引：18
在目前国家气象中心全球业务中期谱模式T213L31中成功引入ECMWF的稳定外插半拉格朗日方案,将归约高斯格点转换为线性高斯格点,解决了模式分辨率提高的关键技术.将模式谱分辨率从213波提高到639波,垂直层次从31层提升到60层,模式层顶从10hPa升至0.1hPa.建立T639L60中期同化预报系统,进行连续一年多连续滚动试验,对预报员关心的降水预报和500hPa形势场预报进行了统计学检验,与现行全球中期业务模式进行对比分析.分析结果表明,T639L60中期系统对500hPa位势高度场预报性能比业务有明显改进,东亚地区达1天.从降水客观评分上看,中国地区降水各量级降水的Ts评分均明显提高,在预报偏差(B值)方面,小到大雨预报偏差明显降低,暴雨的预报偏差有所增加. 相似文献
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随着模式分辨率的提高,对地形、海陆分布的描述更加精确,从而对天气和次天气尺度动力学的刻画也更准确,但计算需求和存贮量也将有比较明显的增加。因此,在模式分辨率提高的同时尽可能减少计算和存储量是模式发展的重要方面。文中采用规约线性格点,在高斯格点数和格点分布不变的情况下,把国家气象中心业务全球谱模式的水平分辨率由T213提高到TL319,从而使全球谱模式的计算有效率增加了2.25倍;实现了稳定外插两个时间层的半拉格朗日方案,解决了传统的半拉格朗日方案在计算轨迹中点的速度和发展方程的非线性项时,采用时间的线性外插带来的计算噪音,提高了模式积分的稳定性,从而使模式的积分时间步长从900 s增加到1200 s;在这两个关键技术实现的基础上,实现了TL319模式与业务OI同化方案的耦合,进行了连续1年的滚动试验,并对降水预报和500 hPa形势场预报进行了统计学检验,与现行全球中期业务模式的预报也进行了对比分析。分析结果表明,提高模式谱分辨率后,模式的动力过程保持合理稳定,对东亚地区500 hPa位势高度场的预报性能有所改进,对中雨和大雨量级的降水预报在大部分时效也都有改进,但是小雨预报TS评分略有下降。另外对冬、夏季的两次降水过程的天气学分析表明,TL319L31对天气过程的描绘比T213L31也有一定提高。 相似文献
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本文将EOF分解应用于由不同性质,不同空间点数的气象变量场组成的联合场,并对特征场作Varimax正交旋转。试验表明,该方法对于分析多个气象变量场之间的空间相关特征十分有效。分析所取的变量包括长江中下游地区19个站的月平均气温,降水量以及欧亚500hPa月平均高度,本文用33年的资料系统地分析了三者之间的关系,得到了一些有意义的结果。 用联合REOF方法建立统计预报模式,以500hPa高度场作为因子预报同时段的地面气温场和降水场,独立试验证明,其效果比较理想。 相似文献
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Forecast skill as a function of time lead and time averaging is examined in two 6-member ensembles of seasonal hindcasts.
One ensemble is produced with the second generation general circulation model of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling
and Analysis (GCM2) and the other with a reduced resolution version of the numerical weather prediction model of the Canadian
Meteorological Centre (SEF). The integrations are initiated from the NCEP/NCAR reanalyzed data. Monthly sea surface temperature
anomalies observed prior to the forecast period are maintained throughout the forecast season. A statistical forecast improvement
technique, based on the singular value decomposition of forecast and reanalyzed fields, is discussed and evaluated. A simple
analogue of the hindcast integrations is used to examine the behavior of two common skill scores, the correlation skill score
and the explained variance skill score. The maximal skill score and the corresponding optimal forecast in this analogue are
identified. The total skill of the optimal forecast is a sum of two terms, one associated with the initial conditions and
the other with the lower boundary forcing. The two sources of skill operate on different time scales, with initial conditions
being more important in the first one-two weeks and the atmospheric response to the boundary forcing becoming more dominant
for longer time leads and time averages. This suggests that these sources of skill should be considered separately in forecast
optimization. The statistical technique is moderately successful in improving the skill of monthly to seasonal forecasts of
500 hPa height (Z
500) and 700 hPa temperature (T
700) in the Northern Hemisphere and in the North Pacific/North America sector. The improvement is better when the forecasts for
the first week and for the rest of the season are optimized separately. The SEF model produces better Z
500 and T
700 forecasts than GCM2 in the first one-two weeks whereas GCM2 performs slightly better at longer time leads. The skill of zero
time lead forecast decays rapidly with averaging interval for time averages up to about 30–45 days and stabilizes, or even
rises, for longer time averages. Excluding the first week from seasonal forecasts results in substantial degradation of predictive
skill.
Received: 1 November 1999 / Accepted: 24 May 2000 相似文献
12.
2003年淮河流域大水期间体积降水量的研究 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
针对 2 0 0 3年梅雨期淮河流域大水提出了体积降水量的概念及其计算方法 ,在计算出淮河流域和其各子流域逐日和总体积降水量的基础上 ,将体积降水量与水文站的水位和流量进行了对比分析。结果表明 :水位对累计体积降水量有较好的即时响应 ,流量对体积降水量有较好的延迟响应。另外 ,讨论了流域体积降水量的预报问题 ,用国内外数值天气预报产品和中央气象台指导预报产品 ,进行了流域体积降水量预报试验 ,并对预报结果进行了检验分析。结果表明 :在目前天气预报水平条件下 ,利用数值天气预报和中央气象台业务预报产品制作体积降水量是可行的 ,能够延长洪水预报的预见期 ;而且 ,数值天气预报产品在预报体积降水量方面有明显的优势 ,因此可以直接利用数值天气预报产品进行体积降水量的客观预报 ,为防汛工作提供重要的依据。 相似文献
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Prediction of summer monsoon rainfall over India using the NCEP climate forecast system 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The performance of a dynamical seasonal forecast system is evaluated for the prediction of summer monsoon rainfall over the
Indian region during June to September (JJAS). The evaluation is based on the National Centre for Environmental Prediction’s
(NCEP) climate forecast system (CFS) initialized during March, April and May and integrated for a period of 9 months with
a 15 ensemble members for 25 years period from 1981 to 2005. The CFS’s hindcast climatology during JJAS of March (lag-3),
April (lag-2) and May (lag-1) initial conditions show mostly an identical pattern of rainfall similar to that of verification
climatology with the rainfall maxima (one over the west-coast of India and the other over the head Bay of Bengal region) well
simulated. The pattern correlation between verification and forecast climatology over the global tropics and Indian monsoon
region (IMR) bounded by 50°E–110°E and 10°S–35°N shows significant correlation coefficient (CCs). The skill of simulation
of broad scale monsoon circulation index (Webster and Yang; WY index) is quite good in the CFS with highly significant CC
between the observed and predicted by the CFS from the March, April and May forecasts. High skill in forecasting El Nino event
is also noted for the CFS March, April and May initial conditions, whereas, the skill of the simulation of Indian Ocean Dipole
is poor and is basically due to the poor skill of prediction of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the eastern equatorial
Indian Ocean. Over the IMR the skill of monsoon rainfall forecast during JJAS as measured by the spatial Anomaly CC between
forecast rainfall anomaly and the observed rainfall anomaly during 1991, 1994, 1997 and 1998 is high (almost of the order
of 0.6), whereas, during the year 1982, 1984, 1985, 1987 and 1989 the ACC is only around 0.3. By using lower and upper tropospheric
forecast winds during JJAS over the regions of significant CCs as predictors for the All India Summer Monsoon Rainfall (AISMR;
only the land stations of India during JJAS), the predicted mean AISMR with March, April and May initial conditions is found
to be well correlated with actual AISMR and is found to provide skillful prediction. Thus, the calibrated CFS forecast could
be used as a better tool for the real time prediction of AISMR. 相似文献
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ON THE SENSITIVITY OF PRECIPITATION FORECASTS TO THE MOIST PHYSICS AND THE HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION OF NUMERICAL MODEL* 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Yu Xiaoding Huang Xiang-Yu Leif Laursen Erik Rasmussen 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1997,11(4):432-445
The impacts of the enhanced model's moist physics and horizontal resolution upon the QPFs(quantitative precipitation forecasts) are investigated by applying the HIRLAM(high resolution limited area model) to the summer heavy-rain cases in China.The performance of the control run,for which a 0.5°×0.5°grid spacing and a traditional "grid-box supersaturation removal+Kuo type convective paramerization" are used as the moist physics,is compared with that of the sensitivity runs with an enhanced model's moist physics(Sundqvist scheme) and an increased horizontal resolution(0.25°×0.25°),respectively.The results show:(1) The enhanced moist physics scheme(Sundqvist scheme),by introducing the cloud water content as an additional prognostic variable and taking into account briefly of the microphysics involved in the cloud-rain conversion,does bring improvements in the model's QPFs.Although the deteriorated QPFs also occur occasionally,the improvements are found in the majority of the cases,indicating the great potential for the improvement of QPFs by enhancing the model's moist physics.(2) By increasing the model's horizontal resolution from 0.5°×0.5°,which is already quite high compared with that of the conventional atmospheric soundings,to 0.25°×0.25°without the simultaneous enhancement in model physics and objective analysis,the improvements in QPFs are very limited.With higher resolution,although slight amelioration in locating the rainfall centers and in resolving some finer structures of precipitation pattern are made,the number of the mis-predicted fine structures in rainfall field increases with the enhanced model resolution as well. 相似文献
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适宜的干旱指标和高分辨率数据是准确监测干旱的基础。本研究从气象干旱和土壤干旱以及植被对干旱的响应出发,整合中国国家气象观测站、中国气象局陆面数据同化系统（CLDAS）土壤湿度（0.0625°×0.0625°）和MODIS叶面积指数（500 m×500 m）等多源数据信息,构建了基于气象干旱指数（标准化降水蒸散指数）、土壤干旱指数（土壤湿度百分位）和植被干旱指数（叶面积指数百分位）的综合干旱指数,并在中国东北地区开展了典型站点和区域10 km×10 km空间分辨率干旱监测试验。结果表明,综合干旱指数克服了单一气象干旱指数不能准确反映农业旱情及单一植被长势指数会将其他灾害引起的植被长势变差误判为干旱的不足,能够反映灌溉对干旱的影响,实现对大气-土壤-植被系统干旱发生、发展及其影响的监测。 相似文献
16.
Summary. ?Cyclone track predictions in the Indian seas (Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea) with a quasi-Lagrangian model (QLM) have been
attempted. QLM has a horizontal resolution of 40 km and 16 sigma levels in the vertical. It is integrated in a domain of about
4400 × 4400 km2. A new initialization procedure to provide initial fields for running the model has been designed. The initialization procedure
consists of updating the global model forecasts, used as first guess, provided by the National Center for Medium Range Weather
Forecasting (NCMRWF), New Delhi. A new version of IMD’s operational optimum interpolation scheme has been created to suit
the QLM grid structure. Lateral boundary conditions are computed from the extended forecasts of NCMRWF. The track forecasts
in each case show a reasonable skill of the forecast model in predicting the direction of movement within acceptable limits
of forecast errors, which are comparable to some of the best models operated by advanced NWP centers of the world. Even the
recurving storms are well predicted. Evolution of the vertical motion fields are also studied which reveal some interesting
features, which are described in detail in the text. The composited vertical motion fields are projected against observed
rainfall distribution, which show a good spatial correspondence.
Received August 9, 2001; revised March 12, 2002; accepted June 17, 2002
Published online: May 8, 2003 相似文献
17.
Kinetic Study of the Reactions of Ozone with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Adsorbed on Atmospheric Model Particles 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this experimental study, rate constants were measured for the reactions of ozone with 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed on different types of particles. Graphite and silica were chosen to model, respectively, carbonaceous and mineral atmospheric particles. The pseudo-first order rate constants were obtained from the fit of the experimental decay of particulate PAH concentrations versus time. Second order rate constants were calculated considering the ozone gaseous concentration. At room temperature, rate constants varied, in the case of graphite particles, between (1.5 ± 0.5) × 10−17 and (1.3 ± 0.7) × 10−16 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for chrysene and dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, respectively, and, in the case of silica particles, between (1.5 ± 0.3) × 10−17 and (1.4 ± 0.3) × 10−16 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene, respectively. Different granulometric parameters (particle size, pore size) and different PAH concentrations were tested in the case of silica particles. Heterogeneous reactions of ozone with particulate PAHs are shown to be more rapid than those occurring in the gas-phase, and may be competitive with atmospheric photodegradation. 相似文献
18.
Cyclone Phase Space Characteristics of the Extratropical Transitioning Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The cyclone phase space (CPS) method has been utilized to evaluate the extratropical transition (ET) of tropical cyclones
(TCs) in many recent publications. However, these studies mainly focused over the North Atlantic basin. In this paper, the
CPS characteristics of all the cyclones over the western North Pacific are investigated and discussed, with three parameters
calculated from the best-track data of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in Tokyo and the Japanese 25-yr reanalysis
data. It is concluded that most TCs over the western North Pacific possess the non-frontal and warm-core structure, while
a larger number of cyclones that have undergone ET hold the frontal and cold-core structure. The spatial pattern of the CPS
parameters indicates that the areas of tropical and extratropical cyclone activities could be demarcated by 30°N. The composite
and individual series of three parameters of the CPS indicate that the transformation of −V
TU from positive to negative leads to the start of ET, and could be considered as a potential predictor in operationally forecasting
an ET event. 相似文献
19.
针对海洋区域尤其远海缺乏探空资料,且常用的Bevis经验模型在海区存在模型系统误差的问题,研究基于ERA-Interim再分析资料构建海洋区域E-T_m回归模型。利用不同时间的ERA-Interim数据及近海探空资料,对E-T_m回归模型的拟合效果及预报能力进行检验,并与常规T_m获取方法进行比较,结果表明,E-T_m回归模型拟合效果较好,相比Bevis经验模型,其预报稳定性及精度更高;在典型海区与基于探空资料建立的本地化模型进行了预报精度的比较,结果表明,2. 5°×2. 5°分辨率的E-T_m模型与探空资料建立的本地化模型精度相当,可以在无法建立探空站的海域进行使用,仅存在1%的平均转换误差。 相似文献