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1.
云中液态水分布对全球气候和局地天气变化有重要影响, 是判别人工影响天气作业潜力区的重要依据。利用TRMM卫星微波成像仪 (TMI) 85.5 GHz通道垂直极化亮温资料与NCEP再分析资料, 结合VDISORT模式采用逐步逼近方法反演了河南地区地表比辐射率; 再利用TRMM/TMI 85.5 GHz通道垂直极化亮温资料、TRMM/VIRS红外辐射资料及NCEP再分析资料, 结合VDISORT模式采用迭代的方法反演了河南地区云中液态水的垂直积分总含量。与红外卫星云图、TRMM卫星2A12产品及NCEP资料对比分析表明:该研究提出的反演陆地上空非降水云中液态水方法是可行的, 且对云中液态水垂直积分总含量水平分布的反演结果较对比产品结果更好。 相似文献
2.
利用2007—2009年热带降雨测量卫星（TRMM）的微波成像仪（TMI）观测到的亮温资料,计算9个通道（10、19、37、85 GHz的水平和垂直极化通道及21 GHz的垂直极化通道）的亮温和极化修正温度（PCT）在不同范围内的最大值、最小值、平均值和区域阈值与热带气旋强度之间的关系。结果表明：亮温信息可较好地反映热带气旋的强度,单个参数与热带气旋最大风速的相关性最好可达到0.83,线性拟合的均方根误差接近业务误差;低频通道的亮温相对于高频通道可更好地估计海上热带气旋强度;位于台风中心0.5°～1.5°度范围之间的亮温与气旋强度的相关性较好,圆形区域的相关性好于圆环区域;对于位于海上的热带气旋,区域亮温的最小值与热带气旋强度的关系最好;低频通道（除10 GHz外）,阈值位于260～280 K区间的亮温与热带气旋强度的相关性较好。 相似文献
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4.
利用TRMM卫星测雨雷达、微波成像仪和可见光/红外扫描仪的探测资料,以2006年第8号台风"桑美"为例,研究了热带气旋在海面上强烈发展时期的降水云系多谱段辐射特征,研究结果表明:可见光资料反映了云的厚度信息,红外(亮温)资料反映云顶高度信息,可以较好地反映台风云系所表现台风的外观,但对台风云系覆盖下的细节特征的探测能力则有限.微波有很强的穿透性,能揭示台风云系中各种粒子的三维分布特征.微波通道亮温与PR降水的相关远大于可见光和红外遥感的效果.不论是可见光、红外还是微波亮温,与高层降水的相关系数绝对值总大于其与低层降水的相关系数.可见光和近红外波段的辐射率与降水正相关,相关系数随频率减小而减小;中红外和两个红外分裂窗区的亮温与降水呈负相关,相关系数的绝对值随频率减小略有增大.TMI低频通道的亮温与降水正相关,相关程度随频率减小略有减小;TMI高频通道的亮温与降水负相关,相关系数的绝对值随频率减小而减小. 相似文献
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6.
热带测雨卫星TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) 于1997年11月发射成功, 其首次携带了空载雷达, 有关资料已在网上对公众发布。利用热带测雨卫星上的微波成像仪TMI (TRMM Microw ave Imager) 资料以及其和测雨雷达TRMM/PR (Precipitation Radar) 资料联合反演的地面瞬时降水产品, 采用散射指数 (Is) 法从理论上探讨了我国江淮、华南降水尤其是暴雨的微波特性, 其中Is表达式通过江淮、华南晴空TMI资料统计回归得到。以联合反演的地面瞬时降水产品为真值, 用面积相当法对14个降水个例求Is降水阈值, 研究了阈值和降水面积以及85.5 GHz垂直通道最低亮温的关系, 并寻求了Is和降水的相关特征。研究表明:Is降水阈值随降水面积的增大或85.5 GHz垂直通道最低亮温的降低有增高的趋势; Is与强对流性降水瞬时雨强对应很好, Is≥60 K是一个好的暴雨指标。最后进行了初步的雨强反演试验研究, 由于TMI资料分辨率的提高以及时空配合较好的真值, 反演的地面瞬时降水与真值相关效果大大提高。 相似文献
7.
TRMM卫星微波成像仪资料的陆面降水反演 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为了探讨微波亮温与降水的关系,用TRMM卫星上微波降水雷达PR、微波辐射计TMI资料和973资料组提供的2002年6～7月120站的每小时自记降水记录,采用逐步回归方法,反演陆面降水.通过资料匹配分析显示,由于时空匹配问题,站点降水与微波辐射计亮温及亮温的组合因子的相关性并不高,明显低于TRMM卫星的测雨雷达PR与微波辐射计亮温及其组合因子的相关程度,因此仅用微波亮温和站点降水难以建立较好的反演算式.结合时空匹配较好的TRMM卫星降水雷达PR、微波辐射计TMI资料,建立新的算式,并且和其它算式进行比较.就反演降水结果而言,新算式比原有算式有一定改善,但对6～10 mm/h的降水来说,新算式与原有算式反演结果都较差. 相似文献
8.
CRTM微波亮温模拟对地表和云参数的敏感性分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用快速辐射传输模式CRTM研究了微波地表发射率和微波亮温对地表参数和云参数的敏感性问题。首先利用实测的云南思茅地面和探空资料,通过CRTM正演了12个微波通道的地表发射率和亮温,与AMSR-E卫星亮温资料进行对比,分析了模拟亮温的正演误差,研究了地表参数对微波地表发射率模拟的敏感性,并重点分析了微波亮温对地表和云雨参数的敏感性。结果表明,地表参数中土壤湿度、地表温度和植被覆盖度三者对CRTM模拟亮温影响较大,而模拟微波地表发射率主要受土壤湿度和植被覆盖度的影响;有云雨存在时,降水云比非降水云的影响大。6种云中,雨云对模拟的影响最大。晴空条件下,大部分通道的正演亮温误差在3 K以内,垂直极化较水平极化误差小。低频通道比高频通道受地表参数影响大,受云雨影响小,垂直极化比水平极化更稳定。其中10.65 V通道几乎不受云雨影响,但对地表参数非常敏感。 相似文献
9.
利用热带测雨卫星(TRMM)的测雨雷达(PR)、微波辐射计(TMI)和闪电成像仪(LIS)资料分析2012年8月25日甘肃省一次较强冰雹过程。结果表明,本次过程受3个分散的β中尺度对流系统影响,对流云像素点约为层云的1/2,对流云平均降水率是层云的8.2倍。冰雹云回波顶高度近13 km,回波强度大于55 dBZ的最大高度为7.5 km左右,降水率大于45 mm·h^-1的云层厚度约7 km。降水廓线反映出降水率垂直分布不均匀,对流降水中50、10 mm·h^-1的降水率随着高度的升高先增加后减小,在9 km左右减小明显。此次冰雹过程的闪电发生临近处6 km雷达反射率高于40 dBZ,85 GHz极化修正亮温低于210 K。 相似文献
10.
TRMM测雨雷达和微波成像仪对两个中尺度特大暴雨降水结构的观测分析研究 总被引：40，自引：16，他引：40
文中利用TRMM卫星的测雨雷达和微波成像仪探测结果,研究了1998年7月20日21时(世界时)和1999年6月9日21时发生在武汉地区附近和皖南地区的两个中尺度强降水系统的水平结构和垂直结构,以及TMI微波亮温对降水强弱和分布的响应。研究结果表明:这两个中尺度强降水系统中对流降水所占面积比层云降水面积小,但对流降水具有很强的降水率,它对总降水量的贡献超过了层云降水。降水水平结构表明,两个中尺度强降水系统由多个强雨团或雨带组成,它们均属于对流性降水;降水垂直结构分析表明,强对流降水的雨顶高度可达15km,强对流降水主体中存在垂直方向和水平方向非均匀降水率分布区,层云降水有清晰的亮度带,层云降水的上方存在多层云系结构。降水廓线分布表明:对流降水廓线与层云降水廓线有明显的区别,并且降水廓线清晰地反映了降水微物理过程的垂直分布。整个中尺度强降水系统中对流降水与层云降水的区别还反映在标准化的总降水率随高度的分布。微波信号分析表明:TMI85 GHz极化修正亮温,19.4与37.0,19.4与85.5,37.0与85.5 GHz的垂直极化亮温差均能较好地指示陆面附近的降水分布。 相似文献
11.
Summary High spatial resolution data from an airborne microwave imaging radiometer operating at 92 and 183 GHz (0.32 and 0.16 cm wavelengths) are compared with ground-based radar data for a series of observations of precipitating convective systems. An inverse relationship between microwave brightness temperature (T
B
) and radar-derived rain rate (RR) is observed. Differences in the empirical curves between midlatitude and tropical cloud systems are related to the differing microphysical and dynamical environments.ColdT
B
features in the aircraft images are collocated with high reflectivity values in the radar data. Over a water back-ground, which has a low surface emissivity at these frequencies, small convection produces an increase inT
B
at 92 GHz due to emission by liquid water in the cloud. As the convection deepens and ice forms,T
B
at both frequencies decreases rapidly with increasing rain rate. The large decrease inT
B
with increasing storm intensity is due to scattering of upwelling radiation by precipitation-sized ice particles within the clouds. With high rain rates, there is little difference betweenT
B
observed over both land and water backgrounds.TheT
B
features in the aircraft imagery are qualitatively similar to radar echoes in plan position indicator (PPI) images. Areas of extremely coldT
B
(<150 K) coincide with high radar reflectivities. The highest correlations between microwave and radar features with regard to location, intensity, and shape occur more frequently with mid-to upperlevel echoes rather than low-level reflectivity features.With 12 Figures 相似文献
12.
首先统计分析了FY-3A卫星MWHS(Micro Wave Humidity Sounder,微波湿度计)2010年1月整月和8月28日—9月6日Level-1b全球观测亮度温度T_O和背景场(NCEP GFS 6 h预报场)用辐射传输模式(美国通用辐射传输模式CRTM 2.0版本)模拟的亮度温度T_B随扫描角的分布特征,发现通道3和4的观测随仪器扫描角有抖动、不连续现象。同时沿着仪器扫描线在星下点两测存在观测不对称现象,而且权重函数峰值越接近地面的通道该不对称现象越明显。在统计观测增量T_O-T_B随扫描角和纬度变化的基础上,定量给出了不同纬度带内(每隔5个纬度)MWHS通道3、4和5的扫描角偏差订正系数,该系数可直接提供给各种资料同化系统同化FY-3A MWHS资料时使用。 相似文献
13.
欧亚北部冬季增雪“影响”我国夏季气候异常的机理研究:欧洲冬季增雪的重要作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在作者前期研究(穆松宁和周广庆, 2012)的基础之上, 本文主要利用了EOF分析和相关分析, 对欧亚北部冬季新增雪盖面积(Total Fresh Snow Extent, 记为TFSE)与我国夏季气候异常之间"隔季相关"的机理进行了更进一步的探讨, 主要目的在于寻找TFSE气候效应的冬季增雪面积关键区。结果表明, 虽然欧洲中纬冬季增雪面积(文中均以TFSE-1表示)与我国夏季气候异常的关系不很显著, 但其变化维系了上述"隔季相关"的物理途径, 其变化对TFSE的气候效应而言起关键作用, 但是, 亚洲中纬冬季增雪面积(文中均以TFSE-2表示)的贡献尚不清楚;另外, 对TFSE的气候效应而言, 起作用的实际上是欧亚中纬冬季增雪面积(文中均以TFSE-1-2表示), 其不但与我国夏季气候异常具有更显著的"隔季相关", 而且这种"隔季相关"还具有和TFSE非常相似的、但更为清晰的物理途径, 因此, 在气候预测的意义上, TFSE-1-2可替代TFSE。 相似文献
14.
By use of the moving T test to do research on the interdecadal climate jump of the Northern Hemisphere sea level pressure.500 hPa height and North Pacific sea surface temperature,we found that in recent 50 years an obvious interdecadal climate jump existed at the late 1970s to the early 1980s.There is significant difference before and after the jump in terms of the Northern Hemisphere sea level pressure,500 hPa height and North Pacific sea surface temperature.Furthermore,the focus is then placed on the effect of the jump on temperature and rainfall in China. 相似文献
15.
利用1998-2013年TRMM月降水量产品与新疆同期的105个气象站地面观测降水量,运用逐步回归与BP神经网络方法,选取1998-2010年数据建立新疆地区的降水订正模型,并利用2011-2013年月降水量进行检验。结果表明:加入地形因子对TRMM月降水量产品订正效果明显,整体上两种模型对TRMM月降水量产品订正的相关系数从最初的0.66分别提高到0.75和0.80,相对误差由10.75%分别降低为4.88%和3.19%;月尺度上,TRMM月降水量产品相对误差为-5.68%~54.44%,经逐步回归模型订正后为-4.26%~32.57%,而BP神经网络模型订正后为-5.33%~24.48%,表明BP神经网络模型订正效果更好;从综合时间技巧评分ST看,订正后TRMM月降水量产品在各月的效果均有不同程度提高,逐步回归模型订正后提高0.01~0.49,BP神经网络模型订正后提高0.03~0.70。因此,基于逐步回归模型与BP神经网络模型订正的TRMM降水量产品均能够准确、定量地再现降水分布,为TRMM降水量产品质量改进提供一种较实用的参考方法。 相似文献
16.
C. Prabhakara G. Dalu R. Suhasini J. J. Nucciarone G. L. Liberti 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1992,47(2-4):177-199
Summary Microwave radiometer brightness temperature (T
b) measurements obtained from satellites over the oceans in dual polarization, at frequencies ranging from 6.6 to 85 GHz, reveal information about the rain and precipitation sized ice. These multifrequency measurements are composited from observations made by the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I). TheT
b measurements at 37 GHz, having a field of view (fov) of about 30 km, show relatively strong emissions due to rain, reaching values as large as 260 K over the tropical and mid-latitude rainbelts. Only marginal effects due to scattering by ice above the rain clouds are revealed. At frequencies below 37 GHz, where the fov is much larger than 30 km and the extinction is weaker,T
b is significantly smaller than 260 K. Additional information content about rain, at these low frequencies, is not appreciable. On the other hand, at 85 GHz (fov 15 km), where the extinction is very strong, the sea surface below the clouds is often masked and scattering due to ice above the rain clouds is vividly noticed. However, these high frequency measurements do not yield direct information about rain below the clouds.Recognizing the above merits inherent in the 37 GHz observations the SMMR and SSM/I data at this frequency are utilized to develop and empirical method to retrieve rain rate over oceans. In this method it is assumed that over an oceanic area, the statistics of the observedT
b must be derivable from the statistics of the corresponding rain rates. Furthermore, the underestimation of rain rate, arising from the inability of the radiometer to respond sensitively to rain above a given threshold is empirically rectified with the help of two parameters that depend on the total water vapor content in the atmosphere. Rain rates deduced over the oceans around Japan using the SSM/I data, when compared with those measured by radars that are calibrated against rain gauges, show a good correlation; there is, however, a systematic overestimation. Seasonal mean maps of the rainfall over the global oceans based on SMMR data compare favorably with climatological rain maps over the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans developed by Dorman and Bourke (1979, 1981).With 16 Figures 相似文献
17.
Water vapor motion signal extraction from FY-2E longwave infrared window images for cloud-free regions: The temporal difference technique 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The aim of this study is to calculate the low-level atmospheric motion vectors （AMVs） in clear areas with FY-2E IR2 window （11.59-12.79 μm） channel imagery,where the traditional cloud motion wind technique fails.A new tracer selection procedure,which we call the temporal difference technique,is demonstrated in this paper.This technique makes it possible to infer low-level wind by tracking features in the moisture pattern that appear as brightness temperature （TB） differences between consecutive sequences of 30-min-interval FY-2E IR2 images over cloud-free regions.The TB difference corresponding to a 10％ change in water vapor density is computed with the Moderate Resolution Atmospheric Transmission （MODTRAN4） radiative transfer model.The total contribution from each of the 10 layers is analyzed under four typical atmospheric conditions：tropical,midlatitude summer,U.S.standard,and midlatitude winter.The peak level of the water vapor weighting function for the four typical atmospheres is assigned as a specific height to the TB ＂wind＂.This technique is valid over cloudfree ocean areas.The proposed algorithm exhibits encouraging statistical results in terms of vector difference （VD）,speed bias （BIAS）,mean vector difference （MVD）,standard deviation （SD）,and root-mean-square error （RMSE）,when compared with the wind field of NCEP reanalysis data and rawinsonde observations. 相似文献
18.
Kerandi Noah Misati Laux Patrick Arnault Joel Kunstmann Harald 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2017,130(1-2):401-418
This study investigates the ability of the regional climate model Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) in simulating the seasonal and interannual variability of hydrometeorological variables in the Tana River basin (TRB) in Kenya, East Africa. The impact of two different land use classifications, i.e., the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the US Geological Survey (USGS) at two horizontal resolutions (50 and 25 km) is investigated. Simulated precipitation and temperature for the period 2011–2014 are compared with Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), Climate Research Unit (CRU), and station data. The ability of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Climate Research Unit (CRU) data in reproducing in situ observation in the TRB is analyzed. All considered WRF simulations capture well the annual as well as the interannual and spatial distribution of precipitation in the TRB according to station data and the TRMM estimates. Our results demonstrate that the increase of horizontal resolution from 50 to 25 km, together with the use of the MODIS land use classification, significantly improves the precipitation results. In the case of temperature, spatial patterns and seasonal cycle are well reproduced, although there is a systematic cold bias with respect to both station and CRU data. Our results contribute to the identification of suitable and regionally adapted regional climate models (RCMs) for East Africa.
相似文献19.
The analysis of time series of the Linke turbidity factors is performed for the atmosphere mass m = 2 (T
2) and atmospheric aerosol optical thickness for the wavelength λ0 = 0.55 μm (AOT) from the data of 14 actinometrical stations of Central Siberia and Trans-Baikal territory. It is shown that
over the period from 1976 to 2006, the increased atmospheric transparency is observed in the region. Quantitative estimates
of changes in multiyear mean annual variations of T
2 and AOT at different periods of averaging and for different time periods are derived. 相似文献
20.
Sensitivity of evapotranspiration of cotton and sorghum in west Texas to changes in climate and CO2 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Summary In regions such as west Texas where water is scarce, changes in the water balance may have a significant impact on agricultural production and management of water resources. We used the mechanistic soil-plant-atmosphere simulation model ENWATBAL to evaluate changes in soil water evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) in cotton and grain sorghum that may occur due to climate change and elevated CO2 in west Texas. Climatic and plant factors were varied individually, and in combination, to determine their impact onE andT. Of the climatic factors,E was most sensitive to changes in vapor pressure, andT to changes in irradiance. Simulations suggest that if warming is accompanied by higher humidity, the impact of climate change may be minimal. However, if the climate becomes warmer and less humid,ET may increase substantially. Simulations also suggest that enhanced growth due to elevated CO2 may have a greater impact onET than climatic change.With 9 Figures 相似文献