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1.
大气和海洋是影响地球气候系统的两个重要因素，它们之间的相互作用是海洋和大气研究的重要课题，海气耦合模式则是研究海气相互作用的重要工具，而海气耦合模式重点考虑的参数是海气通量。针对传统的大尺度海气耦合模式缺少湍流尺度分析的问题，本文使用并行大涡模拟海气耦合模式（The Parallelized Large-Eddy Simulation Model，PALM），在小尺度上探究风速对海气通量及湍流动能收支（Turbulence Kinetic Energy Budget，TKE Budget）的影响，设置了5、10和15m/s三种地转风速度对大气边界层（Atmospheric Boundary Layer，ABL）和海洋混合层（Oceanic Mixed Layer，OML）进行海气耦合模拟。研究表明：海气通量的分布与风速大小密切相关，风速越大，净热通量和浮力通量相对越大，由于温度上升导致海水蒸发加剧，使得大气的淡水通量增大；海洋湍流动能收支各项在近海面处受风速影响较大，且随着深度加深而逐渐减弱。本研究初步展示了小尺度海气耦合模式在海气通量研究中的应用，对进行小尺度海气相互作用研究具有一定的意义。 相似文献
2.
关于海气耦合模式气候漂移及敏感性的一点探讨 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文从概念性的大气或海洋系统及海气耦合系统出发,通过简单的理论分析指出:用观测气候场作为边界条件来调试大气或海洋模式并非最佳选择;海气耦合漂移是由两部分组成的,其中一部分源于未耦合模式模拟得到的气候状态与观测气候状态之间的系统误差,而另一部分则源于海气系统的非线性相互作用;海面“通量修正”可以消除因模式气候与观测气候之间的系统误差而引起的那部分漂移,但仍保留了海气系统的大部分非线性相互作用项.本文最后利用中国科学院大气物理研究所发展的海气耦合模式进行了敏感性试验,指出耦合漂移受到模式海洋的垂真发辨的率、海洋温盐扩散方案、海气耦合强度等诸多因素的影响. 相似文献
3.
2006年夏季珠江口外海域船基海气通量观测资料质量评估 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
2006年夏季在珠江口外海域进行了143个站位的海气通量船基观测.设计了一个剔除船速的滤波器及资料处理程序,对观测资料进行了处理.通过对垂向观测风速的平均值、湍流功率谱、观测通量值的计算,得出该次观测方法是不可取的.设备安置在船舷外,气流绕过船体时形成上升气流并干扰了湍流场,测得的垂向平均风速不为零,一般存在0.2-1.0m·s-1的垂向平均风速,无量纲湍流功率谱在惯性次区不符合f-2/3次律,通过涡动相关法计算的动量通量远大于块体动力学公式的计算结果.今后的船基通量观测需要选取好设备安装位置及安装高度. 相似文献
4.
海气热通量算法的改进及应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
COARE模型是国际上常用的计算海气热通量的算法,其风速适用范围可达20m/s,但未包含飞沫等高风速下的影响因子,将其直接扩展到20m/s以上风速的海况存在不合理性。本文提出了适合各种风速条件下的包含飞沫影响的海面动力粗糙度长度参数化方案,并利用该方案改进了COARE 3.0模型。利用南海浮标的观测数据,根据改进的COARE 3.0模型计算了海气热通量,分析了飞沫对海气热通量的影响。结果表明,在0～20m/s风速范围内,感热通量与潜热通量主要由海气温差和海气湿差决定,与波龄的相关性很小,飞沫对热通量无显著影响。当风速大于20m/s,感热通量和潜热通量与海气温差和海气湿差的相关性减小,与波龄的相关性增加,潜热通量与波龄呈现负相关。考虑飞沫的效应后,总热通量明显增加,飞沫所增加的感热通量平均可占界面感热通量的38.89%,飞沫所增加的潜热通量平均占界面潜热通量的39.19%。 相似文献
5.
本文以2006年9月日本以南海域的台风YAGI为例,应用黑潮延伸体附近的KEO浮标观测资料,并结合卫星遥感等融合资料,分析海洋飞沫在台风不同发展阶段对海气界面间热量通量和动量通量的影响。首先,定量地分析台风期间海洋飞沫对海气热通量的影响。结果表明,在台风YAGI过境期间,海洋飞沫能够显著地加剧海气界面间的热量交换,尤其是潜热交换。海洋飞沫增加的热通量随着风速的增强而增大,随着波龄的增大而减小。随后,通过动量分析表明,在台风YAGI过境期间,海洋飞沫显著地增强了由大气向海洋的动量转移。当风速达到台风量级后,考虑海洋飞沫所增加的动量通量与界面动量通量大小相当,同时,在此风速条件下,海洋飞沫在海气界面形成极限饱和悬浮层,抑制风到海表面的动量转移,导致海气界面间总的动量通量的增长率随之减小。 相似文献
6.
我国东部沿海一次局地海雾抬升成云过程分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用洪家站L波段雷达探空资料、高分辨率海气耦合模式再分析资料、静止气象卫星云图和地面观测资料,分析了一次黄东海海雾抬升为低云,使海雾消散的过程。发现近海面偏南风速突然增强,海洋大气边界层(MABL)中机械剪切加强,湍流混合层向上发展,是导致海雾抬升转化为低云的主要原因。近海面风速突然增加与高空急流北抬、平均层槽脊振幅加大、槽前正涡度平流输入诱使地面低压系统发展、地面气压梯度力增大有关。近海面气温升高对海雾消散也有作用,气温升高的原因是暖平流、绝热下沉和海气界面热通量的综合效应。其中,东海海洋锋(STF)冷区的下沉气流可能对边界层内的绝热下沉增温和低云的形成高度有重要的影响。该研究为海雾消散预报提供了新的思路。 相似文献
7.
基于2016-02-01—2016-05-21在南海博贺海洋气象观测平台观测的实验资料,首先利用整体空气动力学算法分别计算海气界面处感热通量与潜热通量,同时利用涡动相关法计算液滴蒸发层处总的感热通量与潜热通量。然后比较海气界面处热通量与液滴蒸发层处热通量的值,并利用差比法分别对2处感热通量和潜热通量进行做差计算。结果表明:液滴蒸发层处热通量与海气界面处热通量存在明显差异。通过与海洋飞沫引起的热通量值比较,结果表明液滴蒸发层处热通量与海气界面处热通量的差值由海洋飞沫作用引起;且在中低风速条件下,海洋飞沫引起的热通量与风速呈正相关;相比感热通量而言,潜热通量随着风速的变化更为显著。 相似文献
8.
海洋飞沫方案改进对台风“威马逊”强度预报的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文采用分粒径段组合方式改进海气耦合模式海洋飞沫方案,并利用耦合模式对1409号台风"威马逊"进行数值模拟,分析了海洋飞沫方案改进对台风结构、强度以及海气动量通量、热量通量模拟结果的影响。结果显示,耦合模式中海洋飞沫方案可通过改变海表面粗糙度影响海气动量与热量通量;海洋飞沫还可以通过沫滴向大气输送感热和水汽而直接影响海气热通量,进一步影响台风的强度。模拟结果显示改进后海洋飞沫方案的台风强度更接近观测。改进海洋飞沫方案后粗糙度的计算结果小于原始方案,相应地海气热通量以及下垫面耗散作用也弱于后者,海表面风场是海气热交换与下垫面耗散共同作用的结果。 相似文献
9.
海气湍流热通量(潜热和感热)是研究海气相互作用和大洋环流的关键要素, 认识其变化机理对理解“海洋动力过程及气候效应”有重要意义。然而, 受观测手段和计算能力两方面的限制, 过去对海气湍流热通量日变化研究存在“特征认识较粗、机制理解较疏”的现象。本文探讨了在不同边界层稳定性下海气湍流热通量日变化研究中的问题与难点, 并讨论了“不同边界层稳定性下海气湍流热通量日变化过程和机理”这一关键科学问题。本文提出, 可基于海洋浮标、平台和波浪滑翔机等综合观测数据和高时空分辨率再分析资料, 利用块体算法和脉动分离方法, 揭示全球海气湍流热通量的精细化日变化特征和决定因素, 以及海气湍流热通量日变化强度(日内小时级变化的标准差)与极端天气过程和气候事件的动力关联。同时, 为更精准认识日变化过程, 在技术上可通过耦合高频海表流速和校正边界层物理参数观测高度等方式提升海气湍流热通量估算的精确度。本文提出可将多时空尺度海气湍流热通量变化维度转换到边界层稳定性上, 以便集中认识其日变化特征和机理, 支撑全球海气能量平衡的科学认识。 相似文献
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Direct measurements of the air-sea CO2 flux by the eddy covariance technique were carried out in the equatorial Indian Ocean. The turbulent flux observation system
was installed at the top of the foremast of the R/V MIRAI, thus minimizing dynamical and thermal effects of the ship body.
During the turbulent flux runs around the two stations, the vessel was steered into the wind at constant speed. The power
spectra of the temperature or water vapor density fluctuations followed the Kolmogorov −5/3 power law, although that of the
CO2 density fluctuation showed white noise in the high frequency range. However, the cospectrum of the vertical wind velocity
and CO2 density was well matched with those of the vertical velocity and temperature or water vapor density in this frequency range,
and the CO2 white noise did not influence the CO2 flux. The raw CO2 fluxes due to the turbulent transport showed a sink from the air to the ocean, and had almost the same value as the source
CO2 fluxes due to the mean vertical flow, corrected by the sensible and latent heat fluxes (called the Webb correction). The
total CO2 fluxes including the Webb correction terms showed a source from the ocean to the air, and were larger than the bulk CO2 fluxes estimated using the gas transfer velocity by mass balance techniques. 相似文献
12.
Paul A. Hwang 《Journal of Oceanography》2005,61(1):91-107
Depending on the choice of reference wind speed, the quantitative and qualitative properties of the drag coefficient may vary. On the ocean surface, surface waves are the physical roughness at the air-sea interface, and they play an important role in controlling the air-sea exchange processes. The degree of dynamic influence of surface waves scales with wavelength. Drag coefficient computed with the reference wind speed at an elevation proportional to the wavelength (for example, U
λ/2) is fundamentally different from the drag coefficient computed with the wind speed at fixed 10 m elevation (U
10). A comparison has been carried out to quantify the difference in wind stress computation using several different parameterization functions of the drag coefficient. The result indicates that the wind stress computed from U
10 input using a drag coefficient referenced to U
λ/2 is more accurate than that computed with drag coefficient functions referenced to U
10. 相似文献
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This study presents an analysis of the CTD data and the turbulent microstructure data collected in 2014, the turbulent mixing environment above the Atlantic Water(AW) around the Chukchi Borderland region is studied.Surface wind becomes more efficient in driving the upper ocean movement along with the rapid decline of sea ice,thus results in a more restless interior of the Arctic Ocean. The turbulent dissipation rate is in the range of4.60×10~(–10)~(–3.31×10~(–9) W/kg with a mean value of 1.33×10~(–9) W/kg, while the diapycnal diffusivity is in the range of1.45×10~(–6)–1.46×10~(–5)m~2/s with a mean value of 4.84×10~(–6) m~2/s in 200–300 m(above the AW). After investigating on the traditional factors(i.e., wind, topography and tides) that may contribute to the turbulent dissipation rate, the results show that the tidal kinetic energy plays a dominating role in the vertical mixing above the AW. Besides, the swing of the Beaufort Gyre(BG) has an impact on the vertical shear of the geostrophic current and may contribute to the regional difference of turbulent mixing. The parameterized method for the double-diffusive convection flux above the AW is validated by the direct turbulent microstructure results. 相似文献
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Global air-sea surface carbon dioxide transfer velocity and flux estimated using 17 a altimeter data and a new algorithm 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The global distributions of the air-sea CO2 transfer velocity and flux are retrieved from TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason altimeter data from October 1992 to December 2009 using a combined algorithm. The 17 a average global, area-weighted, Schmidt number-corrected mean gas transfer velocity is 21.26 cm/h, and the full exploration of the uncertainty of this estimate awaits further data. The average total CO2 flux （calculated by carbon） from atmosphere to ocean during the 17 a was 2.58 Pg/a. The highest transfer velocity is in the circumpolar current area, because of constant high wind speeds and currents there. This results in strong CO2 fluxes. CO2 fluxes are strong but opposite direction in the equatorial east Pacific Ocean, because the air-sea CO2 partial pressure difference is the largest in the global cceans. The results differ from the previous studies calculated using the wind speed. It is demonstrated that the air-sea transfer velocity is very important for estimating air-sea CO2 flux. It is critical to have an accurate estimation for improving calculation of CO2 flux within climate change studies. 相似文献
17.
2008年南海季风爆发前后西沙海域海气通量变化特征 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
基于2008年4至5月在南海西沙永兴岛进行的海气通量观测试验资料和NCEP资料,应用COARE3.0通量算法计算了海气通量,分析了季风爆发前后西沙海域天气变化特点和海气通量对南海季风爆发的响应。结果表明:2008年南海季风首先于5月第1候在南海南部爆发,受热带气旋等因素的影响,北部海区季风爆发推迟到5月18日。季风爆发和热带气旋活动对西沙海域的风速和海气通量影响较大,其中热带气旋的影响更强烈。热带气旋来临之前,潜热通量、感热通量以及动量通量均较小;在气旋活动及此后的季风爆发时期,大风使潜热通量和动量通量显著增强,感热通量则在降水期间变化明显;动量通量的最大值出现在热带气旋活动期间,其在此过程中的均值是观测初期均值的3倍以上。在整个观测过程中,潜热通量明显大于感热通量,后者是前者的16∶1。不同类型天气过程中,潜热通量的日变化相似,而感热通量的日变化有差异。湍流交换系数与风速有较好的相关关系。 相似文献
18.
The mean seasonal variability of turbulent heat fluxes in the tropical Atlantic Ocean is examined using the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution(WHOI) flux product.The most turbulent heat fluxes occur during winter seasons in the two hemispheres,whose centers are located at 10°~20°N and 5°～15°S respectively.In climatological ITCZ,the turbulent heat fluxes are the greatest from June to August,and in equatorial cold tongue the turbulent heat fluxes are the greatest from March to May.Seasonal variability of sensible heat flux is smaller than that of latent heat flux and mainly is dominated by the variations of air-sea temperature difference.In the region with larger climatological mean wind speed(air-sea humidity difference),the variations of air-sea humidity difference(wind speed) dominate the variability of latent heat flux.The characteristics of turbulent heat flux yielded from theory analysis and WHOI dataset is consistent in physics which turns out that WHOI's flux data are pretty reliable in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. 相似文献
19.
《Oceanologica Acta》1999,22(5):499-515
Water column pCO2 and air-sea CO2 fluxes were studied during an 18-month period (May 1994–September 1995) in a coastal embayment affected by upwelling, located in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula (Ria de Vigo and adjacent shelf). Overall, the region acted as a net annual atmospheric CO2 sink, with magnitude ranging from 0.54 mgC m−2d−1 in the Ria estuary to 22 mgC m−2d−1 offshore. During moderate upwelling and upwelling relaxation conditions the sampling area was a sink for atmospheric CO2. By contrast, during winter conditions and during intense upwelling the flux reversed towards the atmosphere. The relative influence of physical and biological processes on pCO2 was evaluated using two different approaches: firstly, statistical analysis of physico-chemical correlations, and secondly, a thermodynamic analysis in the oceanic CO2 system. Both methods yielded consistent results, showing that the main processes controlling seasonal and spatial pCO2 variability were the production and remineralization of organic matter, explaining ca. 70 % of the total variability. In the inner part of the embayment, air-sea CO2 exchange was mainly modulated by CO2 partial pressure gradient, whereas in the adjacent shelf, wind speed largely contributed to CO2 fluxes between the ocean and the atmosphere. 相似文献