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1.
At present,the understanding of the dynamics of denitrifiers at different dissolved oxygen(DO)layers under organic carbon consumption within the surface sediments remains inadequate.In this study,high-throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR targeting nirS gene were used to analyze the denitrifier abundance dynamics,community composition,and structure for aerobic(DO 0.5-6.9 mg/L),hypoxic-anoxic(DO 0-0.5 mg/L),and anoxic(DO 0 mg/L)layers in surface sediments under organic carbon consumption.Based on the analysis of nirS gene abundance,the values of denitrifying bacteria decreased with organic carbon consumption at different DO layers.When the bacterial species abundance at the genus level were compared between the high-carbon and low-carbon sediments,there was significant increase in 6 out of 36,7 out of 36 and 6 out of 36 genera respectively for the aerobic,hypoxic-anoxic and anoxic layers.On the other hand,14 out of 36,9 out of 36 and 15 out of 36 genera showed significant decrease in bacterial species abundance respectively for the aerobic,hypoxic-anoxic and anoxic layers.Additionally,14 out of 36,20 out of 36,and 15 out of 36 genera had no change in bacterial species abundance respectively for the aerobic,hypoxic-anoxic,and anoxic layers.This indicates that the carbon utilization ability of different denitrifiers on each DO layers was generally different from each other.Diversity of denitrifying bacteria also presented significant differences in different DO layers between the high-and low-carbon content sediment layers.Moreover,under the high-carbon and low-carbon content,the abundance of nirS gene showed a high peak within the hypoxic-anoxic regions,suggesting that this region might be the main distribution area for the denitrifying bacteria within the surface sediments.Furthermore,community of unique denitrifiers occurred in different DO layers and the adaptive changes of the denitrifier community followed the organic carbon consumption.  相似文献   

2.
Nitrification is a key step in the global nitrogen cycle.Compared with autotrophic nitrification,heterotrophic nitrification remains poorly understood.In this study,Halomonas venusta MA-ZP17-13,isolated from seawater in shrimp aquaculture (Penaeus vannamei),could simultaneously undertake nitrification and denitrification.With the initial ammonium concentration at 100 mg/L,the maximum ammonium-nitrogen removal rate reached98.7%under the optimal conditions including C/N concentration ratio at 5.95,p H at 8.93,and Na Cl at 2.33%.The corresponding average removal rate was 1.37 mg/(L·h)(according to nitrogen) in 3 d at 11.2°C.By whole genome sequencing and analysis,nitrification-and denitrification-related genes were identified,including ammonia monooxygenase,nitrate reductase,nitrite reductase,nitric oxide dioxygenase and nitric oxide synthase;while no gene encoding hydroxylamine oxidase was identified,it implied the existence of a novel nitrification pathway from hydroxylamine to nitrate.These results indicate heterotrophic bacterium H.venusta MA-ZP17-13 can undertake simultaneous nitrification and denitrification at low temperature and has potential forNH_4~+-N/NH3-N removal in marine aquaculture systems.  相似文献   

3.
Ammonia oxidation plays a significant role in the nitrogen cycle in marine sediments. Seasonal and spatial distribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) and betaproteobacteria(β-AOB) in surface sediments from the East China Sea(ECS) were investigated using ammonia monooxygenase α subunit(amo A) gene. In order to characterize the community of AOA and β-AOB, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR) was carried out in this study, along with environmental parameters. The abundance of β-AOB amo A gene(2.17×106–4.54×107 copy numbers per gram wet weight sediment) was always greater than that of AOA amo A gene(2.18×105–9.89×106 copy numbers per gram wet weight sediment) in all sampling stations. The q PCR results were correlated with environmental parameters. AOA amo A gene copy numbers in April were positively related to temperature and nitrite concentration(p0.05). β-AOB amo A gene copy numbers in August correlated negatively with salinity(p0.01), and correlated positively with ammonium concentration(p0.05). With the increase of salinity, the amo A gene copy ratio of AOB to AOA had a tendency to decrease, which suggested β-AOB dominated in the area of high level ammonium and AOA preferred high salinity area.  相似文献   

4.
The spatial distribution of ammonia-oxidizing Betaproteobacteria ( β AOB) was investigated by FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) and DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) techniques in the sediment off the Changjiang River Estuary.Sediment samples were collected from eight stations in June before the formation of hypoxia zone in 2006.The abundance of β AOB ranged from 1.87 × 10 5 to 3.53 × 10 5 cells/g of sediment.β AOB abundance did not present a negative correlation with salinity,whereas salinity was implicated as the primary factor affecting nitrification rates.The DGGE profiles of PCR-amplified amo A gene fragments revealed that the β AOB community structure of sample S2 separated from other samples at the level of 40% similarity.The variations in composition of β AOB were significantly correlated with the salinity,temperature,absorption ability of sediments and TOC. The statistical analysis indicates that the β AOB abundance was a main factor to influence nitrification rates with an influence ratio of 87.7% at the level of 40% biodiversity similarity.Considering the good correlation between β AOB abundance and nitrification estimates,the abundance and diversity of β AOB community could be expected as an indirect index of nitrification activity at the study sea area in summer.  相似文献   

5.
A study was carried out to investigate the grazing pressure of heterotrophic nanoflagellates(HNF) on bacteria assemblages in the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) area in October, 2006. The results show that the HNF abundance ranges from 303 to 1 388 mL-1, with a mean of 884 mL-1. The HNF biomass is equivalent to 10.6%–115.6% of that of the bacteria. The maximum abundance of the HNF generally occurred in the upper 30 m water layer, with a vertical distribution pattern of surface layer abundance greater than middle layer abundance, then bottom layer abundance. The hydrological data show that the YSCWM is located in the northeastern part of the study area, typically 40 m beneath the surface. A weak correlation is found between the abundances of HNF and bacteria in both the YSCWM and its above water layer. One-way ANOVA analysis reveals that the abundance of HNF and bacteria differs between inside the YSCWM and in the above water mass. The ingestion rates of the HNF on bacteria was 8.02±3.43 h-1 in average. The grazing rate only represented 22.75%±6.91% of bacterial biomass or 6.55%+4.24% of bacterial production, implying that the HNF grazing was not the major factor contributing to the bacterial loss in the YSCWM areas.  相似文献   

6.
The community composition,abundance and culturablity of heterotrophic bacterioplankton in the Dapeng Bay of the South China Sea were investigated by morphological method,bacterial cultivation and biochemical methods over an annual cycle.Aeromonas and Pseudomonas were the predominant genera among the Gram-negative bacteria.The bacterioplankton abundance fluctuated from 2.07×10 8 to 2.44×10 9 cells/dm 3 ,and culturable bacteria abundance ranged between 0.1×10 6 and 16.07×10 6 CFU/dm 3 .The Culturablity of heterotrophic bacteria ranged between 0.01% and 1.31%.The relationship between bacterial culturablity and the environmental factors was also studied in different sites of the Dapeng Bay.Throughout the bay,a significantly positive relationship was evidenced between bacterial culturability and temperature,meanswhile bacterial culturability was significantly inversely related with salinity.The positive relationship was shown at the central bay while a negative relationship was observed at the bay mouth and there was no significant correlation at top bay between bacterial culturablity and chlorophyll a of sea water.A positive relationship was found between culturability and DIN all the bay,but DIP showed a significantly negative relationship with bacterial culturability only at the mouth of the bay.  相似文献   

7.
Planktonic bacteria are abundant in the Chukchi Borderland region. However, little is known about their diversity and the roles of various bacteria in the ocean. Seawater samples were collected from two stations K2S and K4S where sea ice was melting obviously. The analysis of water samples with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) showed that DMSP-degrading bacteria accounted for 13% of the total bacteria at the station K2S. No aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria were detected in both samples. The bacterial communities were characterized by two 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Sequences fell into four major lineages of the domain Bacteria, including Proteobacteria (Alpha, Beta and Gamma subclasses), Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. No significant difference was found between the two clone libraries. SAR11 and Rhodobacteraceae clades of Alphaproteobacteria and Pseudoalteromonas of Gammapro-teobacteria constituted three dominant fractions in the clone libraries. A total of 191 heterotrophic bacterial strains were isolated and 76% showed extracellular proteolytic activity. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the isolates fell into Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. The most common genus in both the bacterial isolates and protease-producing bacteria was Pseudoalteromonas. UniFrac data showed suggestive differences in bacterial communities between the Chukchi Borderland and the northern Bering Sea.  相似文献   

8.
A sediment core MD05-2902 was collected from the deep-sea basin of the Xisha Trough. The vertical distribution and diversity of bacteria in the core was investigated through ten sub-sampling with an interval of 1 m using bacterial 16 S rRNA gene as a phylogenetic bio-marker. Eighteen phylogenetic groups were identified from 16 S rRNA gene clone libraries. The dominant bacterial groups were JS1, Planctomycetes and Chloroflexi, which accounted for 30.6%, 16.6%, and 15.6% of bacterial clones in the libraries, respectively. In order to reveal the relationship between biotic and abiotic data, a nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis was performed. The result revealed that the δ15N, δ13C, total organic carbon and total organic nitrogen possibly influenced the bacterial community structure. This study expanded our knowledge of the biogeochemical cycling in the Xisha Trough sediment.  相似文献   

9.
This study investigated differences in the community structure and environmental responses of the bacterial community in sediments of the Bohai Sea.Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology and real-time PCR were used to assay the bacterial 16S rRNA genes in the surface sediments of 13 sampling stations in the Bohai Sea.The results showed that sediments at the majority of the 13 sampling stations were contaminated by heavy metal mercury.The main phyla of bacteria recorded included Proteobacteria(52.92%),Bacteroidetes(11.76%),Planctomycetes(7.39%),Acidobacteria(6.53%)and Chloroflexi(4.97%).The genus with the highest relative abundance was Desulfobulbus(4.99%),which was the dominant genus at most sampling stations,followed by Lutimonas and Halioglobus.The main factors influencing bacterial community structure were total organic carbon,followed by depth and total phosphorus.The content of lead,cadmium,chromium,copper and zinc had a consistent effect on community structure.Arsenic showed a negative correlation with bacterial community structure in most samples,while the impact of mercury on community structure was not significant.The bacterial community in sediment samples from the Bohai Sea was rich in diversity and displayed an increase in diversity from high to low latitudes.The data indicated that the Bohai Sea had abundant microbial resources and was rich in bacteria with the potential to metabolize many types of pollutants.  相似文献   

10.
Research of interaction mechanism between Chlorella vulgaris and two bacterial strains(Z-QD08 and Z-QS01)were conducted under laboratory conditions.Growth rates of bacteria and C.vulgaris were tested under co-culture conditions to evaluate the effects of concentrations of C.vulgaris and bacteria on their interactions.To test whether the availability of inorganic nutrients,vitamins and trace metals affects the interactions between C.vulgaris and bacteria,experiments were performed with or without the culture medium filtrate of C.vulgaris or bacteria.The results showed that the growth of C.vulgaris was promoted at low concentrations of bacteria(5×106cells/ml),and expressed a positive correlation with the bacteria density,whereas opposite trend was observed for treatments with high bacteria density(10×106cells/ml and 20×106cells/ml).The growth rate of bacteria decreased with the increasing concentrations of C.vulgaris.The growth of bacteria Z-QD08 was inhibited by C.vulgaris through interference competition,while the mechanism for interaction between bacteria Z-QS01 and C.vulgaris was resource competition.The influence of cell density on the interaction between microalgae and bacteria was also discussed.These experiments confirm some elements of published theory on interactions between heterotrophic bacteria and microalgae and suggest that heterotrophic bacteria play an important role in the development of blooms in natural waters.  相似文献   

11.
为获得反硝化脱氮效率较好的菌株,实验从海水螺旋藻培养体系中分离获得一株嗜碱兼性好氧反硝化菌, 通过观察细菌形态以及16S rRNA基因序列的同源性分析, 鉴定该菌株为海杆菌属, 命名为Marinobacter sp. B3。为明确该海杆菌的反硝化性能及氮转化途径, 研究开展了溶解氧(DO), 碳氮摩尔比(C/N), pH和温度等不同单因素对反硝化性能影响实验和氮平衡实验。单因素影响实验结果表明, 当硝酸钾(KNO3)作为唯一氮源, NO3--N的初始浓度为100 mg/L, 盐度32, 振荡速度为150 r/min (初始DO质量浓度是5.6 mg/L), C/N=10, pH=8.0±0.2, 温度为35 °C时, 可获得最大脱氮效果。氮平衡实验结果得出, 在好氧环境下, 有20.11%的NO3--N转化为胞内氮, 5.58 mg/L的NO3--N转化为其他形态(NO2--N、NO4+-N和有机氮), 74.72%转化为N2释放; 厌氧环境下, 有26.65%的NO3--N转化为胞内氮, 72.86%的NO3--N转化为气态产物释放。最终实验结果表明, Marinobactersp. B3在好氧和厌氧条件下, 48 h对NO3--N的去除率分别为99.89%和93.80%, 具有较好的反硝化脱氮能力, 且在好氧条件下NO3--N去除效率更高, 在海水工厂化循环水养殖尾水处理方面具有良好的应用前景。  相似文献   

12.
赵珍  王宝杰  刘梅  蒋克勇  王雷 《海洋科学》2021,45(11):54-61
采用在模拟池塘中投放过硫酸氢钾复合物（KMPS）进行对比实验的方法,探究KMPS对养殖底质硝化作用的影响。通过对氨氮和亚硝态氮含量的检测,探究对不同时期氮素转化的影响,低频率高剂量投放组中的氨氮和亚硝态氮含量显著降低,而高频率低剂量组中氨氮和亚硝态氮的含量显著上升。高频率低剂量KMPS的投放使氨氧化古菌（AOA）和氨氧化细菌（AOB）丰度降低,而低频率高剂量KMPS的投放不会造成丰度降低,而且还表现出部分时期AOB丰度的上升。进一步对群落结构进行分析发现KMPS的投放使AOA群落中Nitrosopumilu属相对丰度降低,Nitrososphaera属的相对丰度上升,这种相对丰度的变化与KMPS的投放方式无关;但AOB群落受到KMPS投放方式的影响,低频率高剂量的KMPS投放下AOB群落优势属相对丰度显著提高。以上结果均说明低频率高剂量KMPS的投放起到了促进底质硝化作用的效果。同时,可为KMPS用于对虾养殖池塘底质改良开辟一个新的途径。  相似文献   

13.
为了高效进行水体脱氮,本实验从形成于凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖水体的生物絮团中分离到一株具产絮能力的脱氮菌xt1,经16S r RNA基因测序与生理生化分析确定菌株xt1为短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)。在此基础上,本文研究了该菌的脱氮特性。结果表明:菌株xt1最佳碳源为葡萄糖,以其为底物对氨氮、硝态氮去除率分别达95.56%和57.40%。以蔗糖为碳源亦具较高脱氮率,对氨氮、硝态氮去除率分别达69.95%和49.50%;该菌能利用有机氮加速生长,添加0.25%、0.5%、1%和2%的蛋白胨能促进OD600,分别达到0.925、1.034、1.103和1.314,均高于未加蛋白胨下的生长,且氨氮去除率均超过90%,硝态氮去除率均超过88%;该菌能适应20—200mg/L无机氮浓度;该菌能以NH4+-N、NO2–-N或NO3–-N为唯一氮源进行异养硝化-好氧反硝化,反应84h去除率分别达到94.16%、47.60%和91.17%。其中,该菌的硝化形式是将氨氮转化为气态氮脱除,其硝态氮反硝化形式是先将硝态氮转化为亚硝氮,再以气态氮脱除。在进行异养硝化-好氧反硝化同时,菌株xt1体现絮凝特性,絮凝率最高分别达到82.28%、73.15%和75.60%;此外,添加该菌于养殖水体中能加速生物絮团形成,同时提高脱氮率。各项结果表明,菌株xt1可作为水产养殖水体脱氮的备选菌株。  相似文献   

14.
Nitrification in a closed prawn-culture system was well established and followed the classical oxidation sequence of ammonia via nitrite to nitrate. Ammonia levels were in the range 4,8–68,7 μg-at N·??1 nitrite 0,15–891 μg-at N·??1 and nitrate approached a maximum of 9 898 μg-at N·??1 after 22 weeks. Marine nitrifying bacteria were enumerated by the most probable number (MPN) technique. The maximum MPN estimate of either group of nitrifying bacteria in the filter was 1,73 × 107·cm?3 while the maximum MPN estimate of their counterparts in the culture water was approximately 500 times lower. To establish mean incubation times for the accurate enumeration of nitrifying bacteria, incubations were carried out over a period of 130 days. Maximum estimates of MPN of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were obtained after an incubation period of 20 days with a mean of 15 days. Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria required a maximum of 65 days with a mean incubation period of 30,3 days.  相似文献   

15.
海水人工湿地系统脱氮效果与基质酶活性的相关性   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
利用海水人工湿地系统处理海水养殖外排水,分析了人工湿地对不同形态氮的净化效果,探讨了人工湿地表层基质酶活性变化及其对系统脱氮效果的影响。选取互花米草作为人工湿地植物,煤渣、珊瑚石和细砂作为人工湿地基质,实验期间连续进水,系统运行稳定。研究结果表明:海水人工湿地系统对氨氮(NH4-N)、亚硝态氮(NO2-N)、硝态氮(NO3-N)、总氮(TN)和可溶性有机氮(DON)去除效果显著,去除率分别为(99.6±0.7)%、(99.9±0.0)%、(98.2±2.0)%、(92.6±1.5)%和(86.1±4.8)%。人工湿地表层基质下行池脱氢酶、硝酸还原酶和脲酶的酶活性均高于上行池,下行池对污染物的去除效果更好。脱氢酶活性与海水人工湿地系统氨氮的去除有关;硝酸还原酶活性影响着海水人工湿地硝态氮的去除;脲酶活性与人工湿地总氮和硝态氮的去除存在明显相关趋势。下行池硝酸还原酶和脲酶的酶活性间具有显著相关性(r=0.76, P0.05)。人工湿地微生物种类丰富,下行池微生物多样性高于上行池,植物根部微生物多样性最高,提高了系统脱氮的效率。上述研究结果将有助于阐明海水人工湿地系统中不同形态氮的迁移转化机理。  相似文献   

16.
为分析凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）海水养殖过程中水体细菌群落多样性变化,本研究采用Illumina测序技术对福建漳浦县凡纳滨对虾海水养殖中后期水体样品进行16S rRNA基因高通量测序,同时进行水质参数测定。结果表明,养殖过程中,氨氮（NH4+-N）、化学需氧量（COD）值波动较大,其他水质参数值波动较小。检测到的细菌种群归属于19个门、35个纲、80个目、135个科、254个属,说明该养殖水体中细菌群落具有高度的多样性。变形菌门和拟杆菌门是养殖期间主要优势类群,不同养殖时期细菌组成存在一定的波动,但没有明显的变化规律。蓝细菌在第67天、115天表现出高丰度,且其丰度在养殖期间变化较大（比例变化为0.7%~63.9%）。此外,益生菌和潜在致病菌丰度在养殖期间很低。冗余分析（Redundancy analysis,RDA）表明,对细菌群落影响最大的水质因子是化学需氧量与硝酸盐浓度比值（COD/NO3-）和COD;降低溶氧可以增加细菌丰富度。总之,本研究初步揭示了对虾养殖中后期水体微生物的演替规律,发现水质因子对养殖水体微生物组成具有显著影响,研究结果为凡纳滨对虾健康养殖提供一定的参考意义。  相似文献   

17.
A closed system, supplied with water from the Indian Ocean and stocked with the prawn Penaeus monodon, was used to identify and study the cultural characteristics of the associated marine nitrifying bacteria. This system provided the ideal environment for the development of nitrifying bacteria, which was monitored by assaying for the oxidation of either ammonia or nitrite. As these organisms grow very slowly, enrichment and fed-batch cultures were prepared to obtain pure cultures. The nitrifying bacteria are chemolithotrophs and can only be identified by observing their arrangement of internal or cytomembranes with the aid of the transmission electron microscope. All five listed genera of marine nitrifying bacteria were observed, namely Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus, which oxidize ammonia to nitrite, and Nitrobacter, Nitrococcus and Nitrospina, which oxidize nitrite to nitrate. Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter winogradskyi represented the dominant organisms in enrichment cultures and were also obtained in pure culture. Examination of the colonial morphology indicated the lack of distinct characteristics that could aid in their identification. A simple, effective method of observing the growth of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria microscopically, based on the breakdown of magnesium ammonium phosphate, is also described.  相似文献   

18.
This study investigates the biogeochemical processes that control the benthic fluxes of dissolved nitrogen (N) species in Boknis Eck – a 28 m deep site in the Eckernförde Bay (southwestern Baltic Sea). Bottom water oxygen concentrations (O2−BW) fluctuate greatly over the year at Boknis Eck, being well-oxygenated in winter and experiencing severe bottom water hypoxia and even anoxia in late summer. The present communication addresses the winter situation (February 2010). Fluxes of ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3−) and nitrite (NO2−) were simulated using a benthic model that accounted for transport and biogeochemical reactions and constrained with ex situ flux measurements and sediment geochemical analysis. The sediments were a net sink for NO3− (−0.35 mmol m−2 d−1 of NO3−), of which 75% was ascribed to dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium (DNRA) by sulfide oxidizing bacteria, and 25% to NO3− reduction to NO2− by denitrifying microorganisms. NH4+ fluxes were high (1.74 mmol m−2 d−1 of NH4+), mainly due to the degradation of organic nitrogen, and directed out of the sediment. NO2− fluxes were negligible. The sediments in Boknis Eck are, therefore, a net source of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN = NO3− + NO2− + NH4+) during winter. This is in large part due to bioirrigation, which accounts for 76% of the benthic efflux of NH4+, thus reducing the capacity for nitrification of NH4+. The combined rate of fixed N loss by denitrification and anammox was estimated at 0.08 mmol m−2 d−1 of N2, which is at the lower end of previously reported values. A systematic sensitivity analysis revealed that denitrification and anammox respond strongly and positively to the concentration of NO3− in the bottom water (NO3−BW). Higher O2−BW decreases DNRA and denitrification but stimulates both anammox and the contribution of anammox to total N2 production (%Ramx). A complete mechanistic explanation of these findings is provided. Our analysis indicates that nitrification is the geochemical driving force behind the observed correlation between %Ramx and water depth in the seminal study of Dalsgaard et al. (2005). Despite remaining uncertainties, the results provide a general mechanistic framework for interpreting the existing knowledge of N-turnover processes and fluxes in continental margin sediments, as well as predicting the types of environment where these reactions are expected to occur prominently.  相似文献   

19.
We have elucidated the seasonal and spatial variation in the potential denitrifying activity in estuarine and coastal lagoonal sediments in Lakes Shinji and Nakaumi, Japan. The denitrifying activity increased from summer through autumn and was positively correlated with the temperature of the overlying water at all sites except one, where the bottom was always more reductive than at the other sites and there was no NO3 − as a substrate for denitrification from spring to autumn. Moreover, the relationship between the denitrifying activity and the distance from the sea showed different trends in estuarine and lagoonal sediments. These spatial differences indicate that different factors regulate the denitrification in estuarine and lagoonal sediments. Denitrifying activity in estuarine sediment was regulated by the discharge of freshwater containing NO3 − or organic matter, while in the lagoonal sediments the occurrence of nitrification via the intrusion of oxic seawater into the reductive sediment appears to be a key requirement for the process of denitrification. Therefore, the denitrifying activity in the lagoonal sediment appears to be greater near the sea. Water intrusion is one of the key factors controlling denitrification in coastal marine ecosystems by affecting the supply of substrate available for denitrification.  相似文献   

20.
Rates of net nitrification were calculated for four large (13 m3) estuarine-based microcosms that had been subjected to inorganic nutrient enrichment. Calculated rates were based on two years of weekly nitrate and nitrite measurements and ranged from a maximum of 0·55 μmol NO2+3− produced l−1 day−1 in the control tank (no enrichment) to over 13 μmol NO2+3− produced l−1 day−1 in the most enriched tank (receiving 18·6 μmol NH4 l−1 day−1). Almost all NO2+3− production was pelagic, little was benthic. Net NO3− production or net NO2− production dominated the net nitrification rates during different seasons. Good correlations were found between various oxidation rates and substrate concentrations. The calculated net nitrite production rates were 10 to 1000 times higher than previously reported rates for open ocean systems, demonstrating the potential importance of nitrification to estuarine systems.  相似文献   

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