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1.
长江、黄河和辽河水系中华绒螯蟹野生和养殖群体遗传变异的微卫星分析 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：14
我国中华绒螯蟹(以下简称河蟹)养殖主要集中在长江、黄河和辽河流域,经过多年的人工养殖、跨流域引种和增殖放流等活动可能会对其遗传特性造成一定的影响,因此本研究利用29个微卫星标记对3个水系的野生和养殖群体进行了遗传特征分析。结果表明:(1)6个群体均表现出较高的遗传杂合度水平(Ho=0.702—0.744),香农信息指数(I)显示6群体的遗传多样性水平依次为:长江野生长江养殖黄河野生辽河养殖黄河养殖辽河野生。(2)分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示,来源于种群内个体间和个体内部的变异分别为14.02%和85.88%,群体间的遗传分化处于较低水平(FST0.05);(3)瓶颈效应和遗传结构分析显示,所有群体近期均经历过有效种群的降低,且6种群内个体的遗传组成混杂。综上所述,三水系野生和养殖群体均具有较高的遗传多样性,长江和黄河野生群体的遗传多样性略高于养殖群体;三水系河蟹野生群体的遗传分化与地理距离具有一定的相关性,长江养殖群体、黄河野生及养殖群体间的遗传分化较小可能与其跨流域引种及养殖群体逃逸造成其种质混杂有关。 相似文献
2.
为了评估长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas) 2个壳长性状(掌心形)快速生长选育群体(LY2-K4、LY2-K7)、1个壳高性状(速生型)快速生长选育群体(LY2-K11)和6个野生群体(QHD、LS、HD、ZH、WD、KTD)的遗传多样性和遗传结构, 用21对多态性丰富的微卫星引物对9个长牡蛎群体的269个个体进行了遗传分析。结果显示: 21个微卫星位点共检测出了460个等位基因(Na),平均等位基因数为21.905; 21个微卫星位点的多态信息含量(PIC)均大于0.5, 具有高度遗传多态性; 选育群体LY2-K11的遗传多样性最低(Na=13, I=2.128,He=0.831, PIC=0.825), 野生群体KTD的遗传多样性最高(Na=29,I=3.112, He=0.941, PIC=0. 938); 189个群体位点组合有66%偏离哈代-温伯格平衡, 表明这些群体存在一定程度的杂合子缺失; 9个群体间的遗传分化指数(Fst)为0.012~0.064, 处于较低的遗传分化水平; AMOVA分析显示遗传变异主要来自于个体内; PCoA分析结果与UPGMA聚类树一致, LY2-K11群体单独聚为一类, QHD和HD群体聚为一类, 其他6个群体聚为一类。综上所述, 长牡蛎3个选育群体和6个野生群体遗传多样性均较高, 遗传分化水平较低; 选育群体LY2-K11多样性略有下降, 选育过程中应保证亲本的数量及质量, 防止因近交衰退造成遗传多样性降低, 苗种抗逆性变差。该结果将为长牡蛎新品种的选育和野生种质资源的保护提供科学指导。 相似文献
3.
为研究洪泽湖河蚬种群遗传多样性及其遗传结构, 采用线粒体细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ基因(COI) 作为分子标记, 采用PCR 扩增洪泽湖4 个河蚬群体(顾勒河GLH、临淮LH、蒋坝JB 和高良涧GLJ) 的COI 基因片段并进行了序列测定和分析。结果表明, 614bp 长度的核苷酸片段中, 碱基A+T 的平 均含量为65.0%, 明显高于G+C 的含量(35.0%).共检测到73 个多态位点, 多态位点比例为11.9%, 77 个个体中共获22 个单倍型(GenBank 登录号: KM659000-KM659021), 其中包括3 个共享单倍型, 4 个群体的平均单倍型多样性指数h 为0.889, 平均核苷酸多样性指数π 为0.04499, 平均核苷酸差异 数K 为27.622, 其中蒋坝群体的遗传多样性最高, 顾勒河群体的遗传多样性最低。22 个单倍型间的 Kimura 2-paramter 遗传距离为0.002-0.100, 平均遗传距离为0.0514.NJ 法构建的分子系统树显示 22 个单倍型聚为2 个分支。4 个群体间的遗传距离达0.03729-0.04969, 基于群体间遗传距离构建的 NJ 系统树中, 高良涧群体和顾勒河群体聚为一支, 蒋坝群体和临淮群体聚集为一支。AMOVA 分析 表明, 洪泽湖河蚬四群体间总遗传分化系数Fst 为0.06325(P>0.05), 93.67%遗传变异存在于群体内部, 6.33%变异存在于群体间。中性检验结果和歧点分布图显示, 洪泽湖河蚬种群大小保持稳定, 未经历 明显的种群扩张。 相似文献
4.
采用55个随机引物对西施舌(Coelomactra antiquata)5个群体, 即长乐(CL)、启东(QD)、连云港(LYG)、胶南(JN)和北海(BH)群体进行RAPD 扩增。用PopGen(Version1.32)软件进行遗传多样性分析。结果共筛选出12个重复性好的引物, 得到88条清晰稳定的条带, 扩增片段在100 bp～3 000 bp之间, 其中引物S299扩增的600 bp片段为长乐群体特有。多态位点比例为62.07%～78.26%(JN、LYG、BH、QD、CL群体分别为78.26%、77.05%、72.58%、70.05%、62.07%), Shannon指数为0.210 5～0.312 3。群体间遗传距离为0.068 3～0.223 9,其中长乐群体与其余4个群体间的遗传距离为0.182 7～0.223 9, 4个非长乐群体的遗传距离为0.068 3～0.136 7。群体间遗传分化系数(Fst)为 0.313 01(P<0.05), 表明在整个遗传变异中群体间占31.30%。CL群体与QD, BH, JN, LYG群体间的遗传分化系数(Gst)分别为0.364 9,0.344 8, 0.325 0, 0.309 0;而非长乐群体之间的遗传分化系数为0.148 2～0.240 3;以上数据显示长乐群体遗传分化最大。聚类结果显示, 启东和胶南群体首先聚为一支, 然后与北海群体聚在一起, 再和连云港群体相聚; 而长乐群体则单独形成一支。 相似文献
5.
为比较中国不同海域口虾蛄(Oratosqilla oratoria)群体的遗传特性, 作者对采自皮口、绥中、青岛和广州4 个海域的口虾蛄群体的线粒体COI基因序列进行扩增和测序, 比较并分析了其遗传多样性和系统进化关系。获得585bp 的口虾蛄线粒体COI基因序列, 发现变异位点54 个, 占总位点数的9.2%。COI基因序列A+T 含量(64.8%)显著高于G+T 含量(35.2%), 符合节肢动物线粒体DNA 碱基组成的特点。转换与颠换的平均比值是7.84, 碱基替换未达到饱和。100 个样本的线粒体COI基因序列共定义35 个单倍型, 单倍型多样性(Hd)为0.9162, 平均核苷酸多样性(π)为0.0203。4 个群体均具有高的单倍型多样性和低的核苷酸多样性的特点, 说明4 个海域口虾蛄的遗传多样性均处于中等水平, 但广州海域的遗传多样性水平最高。AMOVA 分析表明, 来自于群体间的遗传差异(84.53%)明显高于来自群体内的差异(15.47%)。遗传分化系数(Fst)表明皮口、绥中、青岛3 个海域间几乎没有发生分化(Fst<0), 而广州海域口虾蛄遗传分化较大。从GenBank 上下载了19 条粤东海域口虾蛄的同源序列与本实验获得序列共同构建NJ 系统发育树, 结果显示皮口、绥中、青岛聚为一支, 广州和粤东(深圳和汕尾)聚为另一支。单倍型系统发育树和单倍型进化网络关系图均显示出广州海域口虾蛄群体较大的遗传分化。 相似文献
6.
凡纳滨对虾的主要选育目标分为两个方面: 一是培育具有较强抗病、抗逆性的“高抗系”(GK),二是培育具有快速生长特性的“快大系”(KD)。然而, 国内缺少针对这两个选育群体的遗传多样性特别是基因组近交水平的调查分析研究。基于液相芯片“黄海芯1号”(55 K SNP)的基因分型数据, 首次分析了GK (1 064尾个体)和KD (564尾个体)选育群体的遗传结构和遗传多样性, 调查了连续性纯合片段(ROH)的基因组分布特征, 并重点评估了两个群体的基因组近交水平。PCA及进化树分析表明GK及KD群体可明确分层, 亲缘关系热图表明KD群体内个体间的亲缘关系比GK群体更近。GK群体包括的家系数量更多, 导致其遗传多样性高于KD群体; 两群体间的Fst为0.09, 存在中等遗传分化。GK和KD群体每个ROH的平均长度分别为(1.70±0.34) Mb和(1.65±0.38) Mb, 每个样本ROH的平均数量分别为1.98±1.30和2.07±1.37。GK和KD群体0.8~1.25 Mb长度的ROH占比分别为11.41%和19.17%, 表明KD群体的选育历史比GK群体更长。两个群体>2.25 Mb长度的ROH片段占比分别为10.26和9.74%, 表明两个群体短期内未发生近亲交配。七种基因组近交系数评估结果表明, KD群体的近交水平高于GK群体。不依赖基础群体等位基因频率的FROH和FHOM方法可准确地评价育种群体的真实近交水平, 而FVR1、FYA1和FLH1等依赖基础群体等位基因频率的方法可以用来比较群体及个体间的相对近交水平。上述结果为准确地评估育种群体的近交水平和优化育种方案提供了重要参考依据。 相似文献
7.
大黄鱼野生与养殖群体遗传结构的比较研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用垂直板型不连续聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术对福建野生与养殖大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)4个群体(湄洲野生群体、宁德野生群体、宁德养殖群体、连江养殖群体)的遗传结构进行了比较研究。结果表明,4个大黄鱼群体的平均每位点有效等位基因数为1.1250～1.1293,多态位点百分数为12.50%～18.75%,观察杂合度为0.1250,期望杂合度为0.0636～0.0677。湄洲湾野生群体的遗传多样性高于养殖群体。4个大黄鱼群体间的遗传分化很低,4个大黄鱼群体间遗传距离在0.0000～0.0001,平均遗传距离为0.0005,遗传分化系数(Fst=0.0004)低,基因流(Nm=609.6667)大。 相似文献
8.
采用高通量测序法从单环刺螠基因组中开发微卫星标记,并通过一个秦皇岛单环刺螠野生群体对其进行多态性评价,利用获得的多态性引物对秦皇岛、烟台、潍坊、青岛、大连5个不同海区的野生单环刺螠群体进行了遗传多样性及遗传结构分析。结果表明:本实验设计的50个微卫星标记能稳定扩增的有38个,其中22个微卫星位点在5个群体中均表现为高多态性,等位基因数(Na)介于24—44之间,多态信息含量(PIC)介于0.921—0.967之间。5个群体总的平均有效等位基因数(N_e)范围为6.629—8.850,平均观测杂合度(Ho)和平均期望杂合度(He)范围分别为0.790—0.912、0.851—0.896,大连群体的杂合度最大(H_e=0.8962),潍坊群体的最小(H_e=0.8510),其中有12个微卫星位点在不同群体中出现显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡的现象。平均遗传分化指数(FST)表明,群体分化水平处于中等分化水平(FST值为0.0880—0.1136);聚类分析显示烟台群体先与青岛群体聚为一支,再与秦皇岛群体聚类,然后跟潍坊群体聚为一支,大连群体单独聚为一支;遗传距离模式(IBD)显示单环刺螠群体的地理距离与遗传距离间不存在显著的线性关系。本研究开发的22对微卫星标记可以用于单环刺螠遗传结构分析研究,为下一步单环刺螠种质资源保护和人工繁育提供参考依据。 相似文献
9.
用10 对AFLP 选择性扩增引物, 对4 种壳色华贵栉孔扇贝(Chlamys nobilis)选育系的F1代群体(每种壳色30 个, 共120 个个体)进行了遗传多样性分析, 共扩增出414 个位点, 多态性位点352 个, 比例为85.02%; 紫顶枣褐、枣褐、紫白、橘黄4 种壳色群体多态性位点比例分别为72.83%、86.04%、83.47%、67.35%; Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)分别为0.3071、0.3494、0.3358、0.3077; Shannon’s 信息指数(I)分别为0.4607、0.5139、0.4987、0.4525。4 个群体间的平均遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.1739, 遗传杂合度(He)为0.3954, 遗传距离(D)变化范围在0.1194～0.1720 之间; 聚类分析表明, 4 种壳色选育系间的亲缘关系由近及远依次为紫白、枣褐、橘黄和紫顶枣褐壳色。研究表明, 四种壳色选育系均具有较高的遗传多样性, 各壳色群体间存在一定分化, 继续选育潜力大。 相似文献
10.
基于线粒体DNA控制区的黄姑鱼养殖群体与野生群体比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2021,(8)
黄姑鱼(Nibea albiflora)是我国重要的经济鱼类。由于受到过度捕捞和环境污染等因素的影响,野生黄姑鱼资源量急剧下降。为了解黄姑鱼野生群体与养殖群体的种质资源现状,本研究扩增了2个野生群体和2个养殖群体的线粒体DNA控制区高变区部分序列,同时结合NCBI数据库中部分已发表序列进行分析。研究显示:173个黄姑鱼个体共检测到62个单倍型,其中养殖群体仅7个;养殖群体和野生群体之间仅存在1个共享单倍型;养殖群体单倍型多样度(0.416 0～0.712 3)明显低于野生群体(0.913 0～0.992 6)。基于线粒体DNA控制区单倍型构建的网络图未发现明显的谱系结构。群体间遗传分化指数F_(ST)显示,黄姑鱼养殖群体间以及养殖群体与野生群体间产生了较大的遗传分化。AMOVA分析结果显示,群体内部遗传变异占绝大部分。黄姑鱼野生群体的历史动态分析结果暗示,其可能经历过近期群体扩张事件。综合上述结果,黄姑鱼养殖群体遗传多样性显著降低,有必要开展黄姑鱼遗传多样性监测工作,并采用科学的人工繁育方法,保护黄姑鱼的优质种质资源。 相似文献
11.
The genetic structure of populations of the sea cucumber Stichopus (Apostichopus) japonicus was investigated using 10 microsatellite markers. In all, 152 individuals from five natural populations were collected from Aomori, Japan (JA and JR), Yosu, South Korea (KY), Dalian, China (CD) and Vladivostock, Russia (RV). A total of 145 alleles were found at 10 loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 9 at PSC03 to 20 at SCZ06, with an average of 14.5. Average Ho and He ranged from 0.260 (JR) to 0.434 (JA) and from 0.654 (RV) to 0.778 (KY), respectively. No significant differences at A, Ho and He were found, indicating similar genetic diversity in the five populations. A single allele was found at the PSC05 locus in the RV population. Of the 50 loci, 42 significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, all showing heterozygote deficiency. The genetic distances were all relatively great, ranging from 0.497 (between JA and KY) to 1.029 (between KY and JR). This suggests the five populations are genetically distinct. Cluster analysis indicated that JA, KY and CD form one branch and RV and JR another in the UPGMA tree. A hypothesis is proposed for the evolution of the Japanese red sea cucumbers and the genetic relationship among the populations. 相似文献
12.
M. M. Walker 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):393-397
Development, settlement, and subsequent metamorphosis on several substrata were observed in cultures of Evechinus chloroticus larvae. The period from fertilisation to metamorphosis ranged between 30 and 63 days for larvae collected from spawnings induced at 3 different times. Newly settled sea urchins collected from the field grew about 1 mm per month in aquaria. Correlation of the larval life span with the growth rate of newly settled sea urchins suggested that the earliest spawning could occur was mid‐November. This finding corroborates the results of previous histo‐logical studies of the gonads of adult sea urchins in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. 相似文献
13.
鉴于舟山沿海日本囊对虾秋苗养殖成活率显著低于春季和夏季人工养殖苗种之实际,深入开展适合于本地沿海养殖的日本囊对虾秋苗的优质亲体的选种研究显得十分必要。为此,作者采用聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析等方法定量研究了舟山近海日本囊对虾野生群体和露天池塘越冬养成群体间的形质特征差异。结果表明:两者在本研究所涉18项形质评价指标中的相似性指数仅为11.11%,欧氏距离为4.243(P0.01);经主成分分析,提取到的5个特征值均大于1的主成分,累计贡献率达85.27%,其中第1主成分为以营养生理状况指数、额剑上缘锯齿数以及腹部肌肉发达程度为主导的体质强壮因子,第2主成分为以寻食视野与胸腔空间大小为主导的捕食运动功能因子,后3个主成分为以尾节肌肉发达程度为主导的避敌运动功能因子;采用逐步判别法,以判别贡献率较大的9项形质评价指标为自变量,所建Fisher分类函数方程组可清晰区分日本囊对虾野生群体和越冬养成群体,其中野生群体的判别准确率P1、P2分别为99.33%和96.13%,越冬养成群体的判别准确率P1、P2分别为96%和99.31%,两者综合判别准确率为97.67%。因此,日本囊对虾秋苗野生亲本形质特征的选择,应以秋苗越冬养成群体为参照。 相似文献
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John D. Cubit Donald M. Windsor Ricardo C. Thompson Jeff M. Burgett 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1986,22(6)
This paper examines fluctuations in water level over a Caribbean reef flat at Punta Galeta, Panamá. In an analysis of approximately ten years of records, the mean diurnal range of the tides was 24·5 cm and varied <2 cm from year to year. Daily mean water levels varied erratically over a range of approximately 30 cm. Monthly mean water levels fluctuated seasonally over a range of about 10 cm and were consistently higher than those at the regional tidal reference station at Cristóbal. On days with more wave action, water levels at Galeta increased relative to those at Cristóbal, suggesting that waves were ‘pumping’ water onto the reef flat. The monthly mean water levels at the two sites were not correlated, indicating that tidal data from conventional stations in deeper water cannot be extrapolated to reef flats, except as estimates of minimum potential water levels.Most of the reef flat was within 6 cm vertical span just below mean lower low water. The highest elevations within this range were exposed above water level for an average of 918 hours per year, as compared with 144 hours per year at the lowest elevation. Most exposures lasted less than 10 hours, with a modal duration of 3–5 hours; however, exposures longer than 12 hours occurred at nearly all elevations in all years. Exposures of the reef flat were most frequent between February and June and between August and November, a pattern apparently caused by a combination of seasonal oscillations of regional sea levels, the annual pattern of the solstitial tides, and waves generated by seasonal trade winds.The fluctuations in water levels apparently affected the abundances of some species of sea urchins on the reef flat. Populations of Lytechinus variegatus and Diadema antillarum declined or disappeared from the reef flat during seasons of repeated subaerial exposures, but recolonized the habitat in periods of higher water levels. Although they are reported to suffer heavy mortality during emersion, Echinometra lucunter and E. viridis did not exhibit reductions in abundance that were synchronous with the seasonal exposures of the reef flat. 相似文献
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不同地理种群大黄鱼染色体核型的比较研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea(Richardson)),隶属于鲈形目(Perciformes),石首鱼科(Scieani-dae),黄鱼属(Pseudosciaena),是我国重要的海水养殖种类.近年来,经过长期的人工繁育和人工养殖,大黄鱼的性状有了较大的变化.主要表现为个体小型化,性成熟提前,抗病力下降等.目前有关大黄鱼遗传背景的研究还十分缺乏,相关的研究仅见于国内学者对养殖、野生大黄鱼的染色体核型、同工酶酶谱、不同群体遗传多样性水平的研究[1~7],这些研究多是针对我国沿海3个大黄鱼地理种群之一的闽粤东族进行的. 相似文献
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In order to characterize the seasonal, bathymetric, and spatial distribution of the species, Palaemon adspersus, Palaemon elegans, and Crangon crangon, shrimps were sampled with a beam trawl in four stations at depths between 1 and 30 m from February 2002 to January 2004 on the Sinop Peninsula coasts of the southern Black Sea. One-way analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) results demonstrated that the caridean composition was significantly different (p < 0.001) between seasons and between sampling areas. No significant relationship of the caridean composition was evident between depth zones ranging from 1 to 30 m. These three carideans occurred together in 28.5% of the sampling occasions. Different seasonal migration pattern was evident for all the three species. Palaemon adspersus migrated inshore during relatively higher water temperatures, whereas C. crangon density decreased in the shallow waters during the same period, and P. elegans population was mostly observed at depth zones of 5–10 m and was only observed in the 30 m depth zone in winter. The abiotic factors that characterize the coexistence of these three carideans were primarily determined by the habitat types and bottom structures. 相似文献
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应用17个EST-SSR位点分析表明,马氏珠母贝印度种群和三亚种群的平均FST值为0.486,两个种群的分化程度高;三亚种群的等位基因数为1—6,有效等位基因数为1.0—3.3;印度种群的等位基因数为2—7,有效等位基因数为1.1—3.3;三亚种群和印度种群的平均有效等位基因数分别是1.8和1.9;三亚种群和印度种群的等位基因丰度分别为3.16和3.39;印度种群无论是期望杂合度(HE)还是观察杂合度(HO)都高于三亚种群,印度种群的期望杂合度和观察杂合度分别是0.42和0.16;三亚种群的期望杂合度和观察杂合度分别是0.38和0.15;三亚种群与印度种群的Nei’s遗传距离为1.119。两个种群都保持了中等水平遗传多样性。由于两个种群高度的遗传分化和保持丰富的遗传多样性为开展两个种群间杂交及获得杂种优势奠定了基础。 相似文献
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Large‐scale connectivity of Grapsus grapsus (Decapoda) in the Southwestern Atlantic oceanic islands: integrating genetic and morphometric data 
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下载免费PDF全文 Mariana M. Teschima Patrícia R. Strӧher Carina R. Firkowski Marcio R. Pie Andrea S. Freire 《Marine Ecology》2016,37(6):1360-1372
The degree of connectivity among island populations can influence their demography and affect their level of genetic differentiation. In this study we investigated genetic and morphometric differences among four populations of Grapsus grapsus (Linnaeus 1758), in Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (0°55′ N, 29°20′ W), Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (3°50′ S, 32°24′ W), Rocas Atoll (3°50′ S, 33°49′ W) and Trindade Island (20°30′ S, 29°20′ W) from 2003 to 2011. Morphometric results indicated the existence of two distinct groups based on the morphology of their chelae (Trindade Island/Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago versus Fernando de Noronha/Rocas Atoll). In addition, genetic variation in a fragment of the mitochondrial control region revealed substantial differentiation between Trindade and the other islands, with Trindade Island showing only exclusive haplotypes. The congruence of the genetic and morphologic analyses suggests the occurrence of a divergent population in Trindade Island as well as high connectivity among the three remaining equatorial islands. This is the first study to assess the level of morphologic differentiation and genetic connectivity of a species among all four Southwestern Atlantic oceanic islands. Our results provide valuable insight into understanding connectivity through surface ocean currents and suggest that the unstable current system of this area could be responsible for different dispersal patterns. We also suggest that the design of Brazilian marine protected areas should be adjusted to provide stronger protection for Trindade Island as it harbors unique genetic and morphologic variation in G. grapsus. 相似文献
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