共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
D.G. Bowers K.M. Braithwaite W.A.M. Nimmo-Smith G.W. Graham 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011,91(3):341-350
A correct understanding of the way in which light interacts with suspended particles is essential for quantitative interpretation of satellite visible band imagery of turbid shelf seas and estuaries. In this paper we describe new optical observations at 90 stations in the tidally energetic waters along the south and west coasts of Britain. The cross sectional area of the particles in suspension has been measured with a LISST laser diffraction instrument. Light scattering and absorption coefficients have been determined by applying Kirk’s method to radiometric measurements at 6 wavelengths. Results show that the scattering coefficient increases linearly with particle cross sectional area A per unit volume of water with a slope (scattering efficiency) of 1.96 (standard error 0.08) at 665 nm. Particle absorption coefficients aP also increase with particle cross sectional area but at the most turbid stations, particle absorption per unit area (aP/A) is observed to increase with the mean size of the particles in suspension. The particles are mostly mineral flocs which become more opaque as they grow larger and the photon path length through them increases. The implication of these results for remote sensing is that reflectance in the red part of the spectrum, which mainly depends on light scattering, is proportional to the cross sectional area of particles in suspension. Reflectance measurements in the green and blue parts of the spectrum, where particle absorption becomes more important, depend on the diameter of the particles as well as their cross sectional area. We show that simultaneous measurements of reflectance in the red and green parts of the spectrum can be used to derive both the area and size of the particles in suspension. 相似文献
2.
The data of the color satellite ocean scanners SeaWiFS and MODIS-Aqua provide evidence that a sharp increase in the backscattering
coefficient of the suspended particles occurred within a considerable part of the Barents Sea during the last decade in July–September.
Judging from all the indications, this increase can be attributed to the coccolithophorid bloom. In 2004, we were able to
directly substantiate this attribution. Water samples for determining the phytoplankton concentration were collected in the
course of observations from onboard the R/V Professor Stokman in the western Barents Sea during the fast growth of the backscattering coefficient of the suspended particles according
to the satellite data. They revealed the high concentration of the coccolithophorids and coccoliths. The satellite data indicate
the strong variability of the areas of the bloom in time and space. We were able to show the interrelation of the backscattering
coefficient of the suspended particles and the sea surface temperature. 相似文献
3.
The Mackenzie River estuary serves as an avenue for suspended particles to pass seaward. The horizontal distribution of surface suspended particles is compartible with the distribution of low-salinity surface waters. The water structure in the shelf area is highly stratified in summer due to a thin upper layer of low-salinity which has a high concentration of suspended particles. The concentration of suspended particles decreases with depth, but near the bottom a turbid layer had often been observed. It is likely that bottom current energy high enough to erode and maintain in suspension the bottom sediments below 15m in diameter does occur over this shelf area. 相似文献
4.
Suspended Particles: Their Role in Estuarine Biogeochemical Cycles 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
Suspended particles are instrumental in controlling the reactivity, transport and biological impacts of substances in aquatic environments, and provide a crucial link for chemical constituents between the water column, bed sediment and food chain. This article reviews the role of suspended particles in the chemical and biological cycling of trace constituents (trace metals, organo-metallic compounds and hydrophobic organic micropollutants; HOMs) in estuaries, with particular emphasis on the effects of and changes to particle reactivity and composition.The partitioning (or distribution coefficient,KD ) and bioavailability of chemical constituents, and assimilation efficiency (AE) of such by bivalve suspension feeders, are identified as key parameters requiring definition for accurate biogeochemical modelling, and the discussion centres around the determination of and controls on these parameters. Particle-water interactions encompass a variety of physical, biological, electrostatic and hydrophobic effects, and are largely dependent on the character and concentration of suspended particles and salinity. The salinity-dependence results from the competing and complexing effects of seawater ions for trace metals, and the compression of water in the presence of dissolved seawater ions and consequent salting out of neutral solute (HOMs, organo-metallic compounds and some trace metal complexes). The extent of biological solubilization of chemical constituents from suspended particles is dependent on the nature of chemical components of the gastro-intestinal environment and their interactions with ingested particles, and the physiological (e.g. gut passage time) and chemical (e.g. redox conditions and pH) constraints imposed on these interactions. Generally, chemicals that associate with fine, organic-rich particles (or, for some HOMs, fine inorganic particles), and desorb at pH 5–6 and/or complex with digestive enzymes or surfactants are most readily solubilized in the gut. The extent of assimilation of solubilized chemical is then determined by its ability to pass the gut lining and partition into cytosolic material.In practice, KD and AE are determined experimentally by means of radiotracers added to contained suspensions or mesocosms, while operational measurement of bioavailability relies on in vitro chemical or biological (enzymatic) extraction of particles. What is lacking, however, and is identified as an ultimate goal of future research, is the ability to predict these parameters from theoretical principles and thermodynamic constants. Since many of the inherent interactions and mechanisms are controlled by particle composition and reactivity, a more immediate objective would be better characterization of the biogeochemical properties of suspended particles themselves. This includes chemical resolution of the bulk organic matter, definition of the abundance and synergistic effects of component sorbent phases, and determination of the effects of particle-seawater ion interactions on the reactivity of the particle surface. 相似文献
5.
Purine and pyrimidine bases in marine environmental particles collected in Harima-Nada, the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography.Purines and pyrimidines concentrations varied from 0.3 to 9.3 μg l−1 (n=20) for suspended matter, and 0.3 to 0.6 mg g−1 (n=10) for sinking particles. A good correlation was found between chlorophyll a and purine+pyrimidine bases in suspended matter, indicating that these bases contained in suspended matter originated from phytoplankton.A comparison between several compositional data of the suspended matter and the sinking particles, namely CN ratio, composition of purines and pyrimidines, and percentages of the nitrogen bases relative to total particulate organic nitrogen, demonstrates that the sinking particles were different from suspended matter. Also, from the variety of purine and pyrimidine concentrations of marine particle samples, it was estimated that the decomposition rate of these bases seemed more rapid than decomposition rates of amino acids reported in our earlier study. 相似文献
6.
n-Alkanes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analysed on suspended particles from surface waters of the Changjiang Estuary to assess the sources and fate of river-borne material in a meso-tidal riverine system. The n -alkane and PAH assemblages indicated prevailing terrestrial and anthropogenic inputs. Measurements performed at several stations within the estuary showed lower concentrations in the North than in the South Channel. These observations were in agreement with the dynamics and flow pattern of the Changjiang in this part of the estuary. Concentrations measured at a tidal series station over two tidal cycles exhibited a significant increase in flooding of more saline waters. Total suspended particles were also higher, reaching their maximum value (1·9 g l-1) at high tide during the first flood. These findings were attributed to the landwards transport of the turbidity maximum zone from the outer estuary, as the Taiwan Warm Current funnels into the Changjiang River mouth. Saltier and less turbid waters with a more pronounced marine character could reach the tidal series site at the final stage of the second flood. During the ebb, suspended n-alkane and PAH concentrations were lower but their compositional features remained similar to those during the flood. A high total suspended particle concentration was observed during the ebb, presumably due to the Huang Pu waters flushing. The n -alkane and PAH content of the particles during such an event pointed out stronger contamination of the waters after crossing the highly populated and industrialized area of Shanghai. Flux calculations based on current meter data indicated significant differences between flood and ebb transports. 相似文献
7.
The vertical distributions of suspended particles in Osaka Bay were measured by using anin situ beam attenuation meter. The concentration of suspended particles near the bottom increases rapidly toward the bottom where size of sediment is in a range of silt. The settling velocity of suspended particles near the bottom was measured with the use of a settling tower in the laboratory. The settling velocity of the suspended particles with diameter from 10 to 100m is 2×10–3cm s–1 to 5×10–2cm s–1. The density of the particles ranges from 2.0 to 1.1 and decreases with increasing particle diameter. 相似文献
8.
A batch sorption technique for the determination of particle–water interactions of hydrophobic organic micropollutants under simulated estuarine conditions is described. Results are presented for the behaviour of 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (2,2′,5,5′-TCB) in river and sea waters, both in the presence and absence of estuarine suspended particles. Adsorption onto particles in sea water was enhanced compared with adsorption in river water owing to salting out of the compound, and possibly of the particulate organic matter, in the presence of high concentrations of dissolved ions. The particle–water distribution coefficient, KD, decreased from about 120×103 to 10×103 ml g−1, and from about 150×103 to 20×103 ml g−1, in river water and sea water, respectively, over a particle concentration range of 10–1000 mg l−1. Incomplete recovery of compound from the reactor walls is partly responsible for a particle concentration effect, while artefacts relating to inadequate sediment and water phase separation were ruled out following further experiments. The particle concentration effect, which is replicated in many field studies of hydrophobic organic micropollutants, including 2,2′,5,5′-TCB, is incorporated into a simple partitioning model and is discussed in the context of the likely estuarine behaviour of such compounds. 相似文献
9.
悬浮颗粒物及粒径是水质重要参数,其分布特征研究有助于加深对海洋生态环境的了解。利用2013年6月和2013年11月LISST-100观测数据,研究了黄、渤海区域悬浮物粒径和浓度的分布情况,浓度分布整体上呈现近岸高远岸低的状况,粒径分布呈现近岸细远岸粗的特征,季节分布特征明显;通过典型断面分析,悬浮物粒径和浓度随着水深变化明显,连续站数据分析结果表明大风对底层颗粒物的再悬浮作用显著,潮流对悬浮物的时空分布有着重要影响;水体衰减系数随着体积浓度变化明显;此外,还研究了悬浮颗粒物粒径Junge分布在黄、渤海区域的适用性。 相似文献
10.
Time-series measurements of temperature, salinity, suspended matter and beam attenuation coefficient () were measured at four hour intervals for about two days in June/ July 1982 in the middle shelf region and the coastal region of the southeastern Bering Sea. Current meters were also moored at the same locations.Depth-time distributions of indicated that profiles of suspended matter resulted from a combined process of resuspension of underlying sediments and sinking of suspended particles. Average-values for all measurements for particles revealed that the upward transport of particles due to resuspension formed a boundary layer, with a thickness apparently related to scalar speed. The average-profiles of the particle volume concentration were assumed to result from a balance between the sinking and diffusive flux of particles under a steady state, and the upward fluxes were calculated. Within the boundary layer, values of the upward fluxes of particulate organic matter linearly decreased with the logarithm of distance from the bottom. Fluxes of organic carbon at the upper edge of the boundary layer were 0.375 gC·m–2·day–1 in the middle shelf region (18 m above the bottom, bottom depth=78m) and 0.484gC·m–2·day–1 in the coastal region (25 m above the bottom, bottom depth=33m), and fluxes of nitrogen in both regions were 0.067 gN·m–2·day–1. The flux of organic carbon obtained in the middle shelf region (18 m above the bottom) agreed approximately with the flux (0.416 gC·m–2·day–1) calculated by substituting primary production data into the empirical equation of Suess (1980). 相似文献
11.
《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2006,53(11):1742-1761
The natural isotope 234Th is used in a small-scale survey of particle transport and exchange processes at the sediment–water interface in the Benguela upwelling area. Results from water and suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples from the uppermost and lowermost water column as well as the underlying sediment of three stations are compared. The stations are situated in different sedimentological environments at 1200–1350 m water depth at the continental slope off Namibia. Highly differing extent and particle content of the bottom nepheloid layer (BNL) are determined from transmissometer data. Three models are presented, all explaining the 234Th depletion of the BNL and 234Th excess of the surface sediment that were observed. While the first model is based solely on local resuspension of surface sediment particles, the second evaluates the influence of vertical particle settling from the surface waters on the 234Th budget in the BNL. The third model explains 234Th depletion in the BNL by sedimentation of particles that were suspended in the BNL during long-range transport. Particle inventory of the BNL is highest at a depocenter of organic matter at 25.5°S, where strong deposition is presently taking place and lateral particle transport is suggested to predominate sediment accumulation. This is supported by the high settling flux of particles out of the BNL into the sediments of the depocenter, exceeding the vertical particle flux into sediment traps at intermediate depth in the same area by up to an order of magnitude. High particle residence/removal times in the BNL above the depocenter in the range of 5–9 weeks support this interpretation. Comparison with carbon mineralization rates that are known from the area reveals that, notwithstanding the large fraction of advected particles, organic carbon flux into the surface sediment is remineralized to a large extent. The deployment of a bottom water sampler served as an in situ resuspension experiment and provided the first data of 234Th activity on in situ resuspended particles. We found a mean specific activity of 86 disintegrations per minute (dpm) g−1 (39–339 dpm g−1), intermediate between the high values for suspended particles (in situ pump: 580–760 dpm g−1; CTD rosette: 870–1560 dpm g−1) and the low values measured at the sediment surface (26–37 dpm g−1). This represents essential information for the modeling of 234Th exchange processes at the sediment–water interface. 相似文献
12.
基于Chirp数据和Biot-Stoll模型反演南海北部陆坡海底表层沉积物物理性质 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
浅地层剖面是基于声学信号(频率在几百至几千赫兹)在沉积物中的传播得到可反映沉积地层结构的数据，海底反射系数与沉积物物理性质密切相关。Biot-Stoll声波传播理论模型可以预测海底沉积物的物理性质，构建反射系数等声学参数与物理参数之间的关系，但在不同的海域采用不同的参数所获得的效果不同。为此，本文基于南海北部陆坡海底表层沉积物的实测物理参数，利用Biot-Stoll模型建立研究区海底反射系数和沉积物物理性质之间的关系，结果表明模型计算值与样品实测值吻合度总体较好，偏差在0.1%～4.9%之间，并建立了频率3.5 kHz时海底反射系数与沉积物孔隙度、密度、平均粒径之间的关系方程，且方程拟合度较高，可决系数R2均大于0.99。在对典型Chirp剖面数据计算其海底反射系数的基础上，反演了海底表层沉积物的孔隙度、密度、颗粒平均粒径等物理性质，其中反演孔隙度、密度、平均粒径与实测孔隙度、密度、平均粒径相对误差均小于5%，结果与实测值基本相符，表明该反演方法在南海北部陆坡区的应用是可行的。 相似文献
13.
利用改性粘土去除藻华生物是目前有害藻华应急处置最常用的方法。本文研究了六种铝盐改性粘土(PAC-MC、PAFC-MC、PAFCs-MC、AC-MC、AS-MC、PAS-MC)对藻华生物球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)、东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)的去除效率,考察了悬浮液pH、改性粘土颗粒表面电位及粒径分布等因子对去除效率的影响。结果显示:不同赤潮生物由于生物特征不同,其去除效率存在较大差异,PAC-MC、PAFC-MC、PAFCs-MC对东海原甲藻有较高的去除效率,但对于球形棕囊藻去除能力较差;AC-MC、AS-MC、PAS-MC对两种藻华生物均有较好的去除效果,但对水体酸碱扰动较大,在pH敏感水域应注意用量;对于同一种改性粘土,提高铝离子含量、增加改性粘土浓度有利于除藻效率的提升;自絮凝程度越低、表面正电性越强(或负电性越弱)、悬浮液pH值越低的改性粘土,除藻能力越强。本研究进一步为改性粘土应急处置有害藻华提供了参考。 相似文献
14.
The deficit of 234Th relative to its radioactive parent 238U in the surface ocean can yield reliable estimates of vertical Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) fluxes to deeper waters, but only when coupled with an accurate ratio of POC concentration to activity of 234Th on sinking matter. Assuming a simple partitioning of suspended phytoplankton mass between single cells and flocs, we calculate the ratio of the POC flux estimated from 234Th deficit to the actual POC flux (p ratio, Smith, J.N., Moran, S.B., Speicher, E.A., in press. The p-ratio: a new diagnostic for evaluating the accuracy of upper ocean particulate organic carbon export fluxes estimated from 234Th/238U disequilibrium. Deep-Sea Research I.). The p ratios are calculated under the assumption that particle surface area is correlated with 234Th activity and particle volume is correlated with POC concentration. The value of the p ratio depends on the relative contributions of single cells and flocs to the vertical flux. When large single cells make up a significant fraction of the vertical flux, p ratios are less than one, meaning POC fluxes estimated from 234Th deficits underestimate actual POC fluxes. When large single cells are abundant but do not sink fast enough to contribute to vertical POC flux, p ratios are greater than one (up to 3 × overestimate). Factor analysis of the model indicates that altering the extent of flocculation in suspension and changing the density and maximum size of phytoplankton cells have the greatest effects on the p ratio. Failure to measure the properties of flocs when characterizing the ratio of POC to thorium on sinking matter potentially leads to large overestimation of the POC flux (over 20 ×). Failure to characterize the POC to thorium ratio of large particles, by, for example, destruction of phytoplankton cells in pumps, can lead to underestimation of POC flux. Estimates of POC flux should be most reliable in highly flocculated suspensions populated by small cells and rapidly sinking flocs. These conditions are often associated with intense phytoplankton blooms. 相似文献
15.
基于2003—2018年中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS)卫星遥感影像资料,结合2018年春季、夏季和冬季大面站悬浮体取样分析结果,构建了表层悬浮体浓度遥感反演模型;在此基础上,分析了山东半岛东北部海域年际和月份表层悬浮体浓度时空分布规律,探讨了表层悬浮体浓度变化的主控因素和水体结构季节变化及其对悬浮体分布输运的影响。结果表明:山东半岛东北部海域表层悬浮体总体呈近岸高远岸低的分布特征,东部成山头区域悬浮体浓度较高且向海扩散较远,西部威海湾及外侧海域悬浮体浓度较低且扩散范围小于东部。研究区悬浮体浓度季节性变化显著但对应季节年度变化较小,冬季悬浮体浓度达到最大,春秋季次之,夏季最低。研究区春季、秋季和冬季表层悬浮体浓度主要受控于北向风浪和潮流,而夏季悬浮体浓度主要受潮流控制。夏季,温跃层阻碍了悬浮体垂向扩散,导致表层悬浮体浓度极低;冬季,研究区东部成山头附近水平分布的弱温跃层虽然会在一定程度上抑制悬浮体的再悬浮,但再悬浮扩散仍是造成研究区高悬浮体浓度的主要因素。山东半岛东北部存在类似"夏储冬输"的特征,海底沉积物再悬浮物质及成山头附近悬浮体的水平扩散是研究区悬浮体的主要来源。 相似文献
16.
Noboru Okami Motoaki Kishino Shigehiko Sugihara Sanae Unoki 《Journal of Oceanography》1982,38(4):208-214
By using the two-flow optical model, the variation in the irradiance reflectance of the ocean just below the surface has been calculated for varying water optical properties, for the interpretation of remotely-sensed ocean color data. The input variables used in our model are the concentration of phytoplankton (chlorophyll-a), the absorption coeffiicient of yellow substance, the particle scattering coefficient, the ratio of the back-scattering coefficient to the total scattering coefficient of particles, and the ratio of the absorption to scattering coefficients for particles.The irradiance reflectance increases monotonically with the ratio of the back-scattering coefficient to the total scattering coefficient. Spectral changes occur in the irradiance reflectance for increases in chlorophyll-a concentration and yellow substance as well as the ratio of the absorption to scattering coefficients.Because slightly different mathematical expressions have been derived by other investigators using the two-flow model, an evaluation of the resulting calculation differences is presented and discussed. 相似文献
17.
The wave transmission and reflection characteristics of a rigidly fixed surface and submerged horizontal plate were investigated experimentally in detail for a wide range of incident wave steepnesses and for different depths of submerge of the plate in deep water conditions in regular water wave fields. The experiments were conducted at the Ocean Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India, in a wave flume 10 m long, 0.3 m wide and in a constant water depth of 0.8 m. The horizontal plate is 0.22 m thick and 1.2 m in length, covering the enrire width of the flume. From the present investigation, it is found that for a rigid surface plate, the coefficient of transmission is a minimum and the coefficient of reflection is a maximum, but the maximum value of the coefficient of energy loss occurs for plates submerged closer to the still-water level (SWL) and not for the surface plate. It is also found that the value of the coefficient of reflection increases with the increase in the value of the Reddy-Neelamani (RN) number, the ratio of horizontal water particle excursion at the bottom of the plate in its absence to the length of the plate. The coefficient of transmission is found to decrease rapidly with increase in the value of RN number up to 0.1. The wave transmission is only 5% for RN from 0.1 to 0.2. It is also found that for RN number greater than 0.04, the minimum energy dissipation is consistently about 60% of the incident wave energy. 相似文献
18.
We demonstrate the possibility of determination of the spectral characteristics of absorption and backward scattering of light
in the Black Sea according to the data of a SeaWiFS satellite device. We use specially selected data of observations obtained under favorable atmospheric conditions. It is shown
that the results of calculations performed by using different methods are almost identical and weakly depend on the model
parameters of the spectral course of the coefficients of absorption of light by yellow substance and its scattering by suspended
particles. 相似文献
19.
In situ particle size spectra and density of particle aggregates in a dredging plume 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
An in situ laser particle sizer, the LISST-100, was used to describe the spatial variation of beam attenuation coefficient, in situ particle size spectra and aggregate densities in a dredging plume in the sound Øresund between Denmark and Sweden. The results proved that the above mentioned parameters varied significantly within the investigated length of the plume (approximately 2 km). It is shown how the small single primary particles aggregate and change the in situ particle size spectra into a slightly better sorted and coarser size distribution, and at the same time how the mean density of particles/aggregates decreases significantly. This shift in the state in which the particles exist in the water effectively changes the optical response of the mass of particles suspended in the water. It is shown that adequate correlations between mass concentrations and beam attenuation coefficients can only be obtained if parameters describing the in situ quality and state of the mass of particles, e.g. standard deviation of the size spectra and volume concentration, is included in the regression. From the spatial variation in mean density and in situ particle size, it was possible to calculate the spatial difference in settling velocity. It was found that the difference in settling velocity was only about a factor of 1.7, because increasing in situ particle size was counter-balanced by decreasing mean density. Furthermore, the time-scale of flocculation within the plume was found to be in the order of 50 min. 相似文献
20.
T. Nakatsuka T. MasuzawaJ. Kanda H. Kitazato Y. ShirayamaM. Shimanaga A. Yamaoka 《Progress in Oceanography》2003,57(1):31-45
Temporal variations of sinking particle flux, together with their organic chemical properties, were monitored in the deep basin of Sagami Bay, Japan, using sediment traps with very high time resolutions from March 1997 to August 1998. At a height of 350 m above the bottom (about 1200 m water depth), the averaged total mass flux was more than 1000 mg/m2/day, which is about 10 times higher than those obtained for open ocean regions near Sagami Bay. While large amounts of phytodetritus, derived from phytoplankton blooms in the surface water, were transported downward in spring, the following extraordinary patterns in the temporal variability of sinking particle flux were also observed: (1) A sustained large flux of sinking particles during low productive periods from summer to winter in 1997. (2) An episodic increase of sinking particle flux in June 1998. (3) A difference in the temporal variability of sinking particles between the spring bloom periods of 1997 and 1998. The content of total organic carbon (TOC) and the stable carbon isotopic ratio (δ13C) of TOC demonstrated that the large fluxes observed in (1) and (2) could be attributed to the resuspension of phytodetritus deposited on the sea floor during the spring bloom period, and the abrupt erosion of surface sediment on the continental slope, respectively. The concentration of suspended particles in the deep water column affect the apparent flux of sinking particles. At the same time, sinking particles exported from surface waters during the spring bloom both decrease and increase suspended particle concentration through scavenging and rebound processes, respectively. Finally, the apparent difference in sinking particle flux between 1997 and 1998, (3), could be explained by differences in the extent of the scavenging process, which depend on the flux and quality of exported particles from the surface waters. 相似文献