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1.
温室效应和全球气候变化已经影响到南、北极地区,极地气温升高对于极地生物链的基础部分产生巨大影响.南极生物链中的关键初级生产力是微藻,南极冰藻是极好的生态指示种.南极冰藻在高于生长适宜温度下生长受到抑制,抵抗高温胁迫的机制和能力制约着南极冰藻的生存,南极冰藻生存威胁到极地生态的生物多样性和极地生物链的完整性.持续低温环境进化过程对极端适冷微藻热适应机理的影响是理解极地气候变化对南极冰藻生态影响的依据.  相似文献   

2.
在全球变暖背景下,北极海冰覆盖面积持续减少,对全球的温盐环流、海洋生物化学过程和气候变化产生了深远的影响,研究北极古海冰的变化可以使我们对北极环境有全面的认识,更准确地预测其未来的变化规律。近十年来,一种新发展的海冰生物标志物IP_(25)(Ice Proxy with 25 carbon atoms)被广泛用于北极及亚北极的海冰重建。IP_(25)是北极冰藻产生的一种高度分化的单不饱和类异戊二烯(HBIs),能够稳定地保存在海洋沉积物中。自从IP_(25)被发现以来,越来越多的研究者对其指示海冰变化的应用进行了深入的研究。本文首先总结了重建古海冰的传统指标和限制性并介绍了IP_(25)指示海冰的原理、由定性到定量的发展以及存在的局限性。然后归纳了利用IP_(25)重建北极地区海冰分布和变化的实例研究,涵盖了北冰洋中心、陆架边缘海、河口以及亚北极地区不同空间海域,跨越了近现代、全新世、第四纪以及中新世不同时间尺度。其中,近现代的海冰重建结果与海冰的卫星观测数据取得了很好的相关性,为古海冰的重建提供了基础;古海冰的重建为数值模拟古气候以及预测未来海冰变化趋势提供了重要依据。  相似文献   

3.
南极冰藻极端环境适应性的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
南极冰藻对南极海冰生态系统初级生产力的直接贡献率超过20%,是地球上能够在海冰中旺盛生长的罕见的生物群落.单细胞的南极冰藻,在低温、低光照和高盐度的海冰盐囊中能够生存是其在生理、代谢和遗传上进行了复杂的适应性改变,通过产生特殊的冰活性物质、不饱和脂肪酸、色素蛋白复合物等来适应这种极端环境.同时,尽管南极臭氧层被破坏甚至出现巨大空洞,紫外线辐射显著增强,但对南极冰藻的影响并不明显.南极冰藻中的抗辐射活性物质可能起着重要作用,这些抗辐射物质往往结构新颖且活性强,能消除或减轻紫外线的伤害.  相似文献   

4.
北极快速气候变化越来越深刻影响着北极地区以及全球的环境变化,已成为当今地球科学研究的重大前沿科学问题。北极东北陆架作为世界上最宽广平坦的陆架,既是北冰洋季节性海冰形成的主要源区,又是现代海冰变化最强烈的区域,对气候变化敏感,响应强烈,属于环境脆弱地区。通过全面分析近年来国际上在末次冰消期以来快速气候变化背景下北极东北陆架环境响应的研究进展和存在的主要问题,阐述了沉积物“源—汇”过程、海冰演化历史、碳循环以及快速气候变化事件等方面取得的研究成果,发现东北陆架地区沉积物和有机碳来源复杂,时空变化强烈,气候和环境变化过程与海冰演化息息相关。未来的研究应加强现代过程的长期连续观测,重视地质记录中气候环境演变信号的精确解译,深化数值模拟技术和大数据的挖掘与使用,开展不同时间尺度北极快速气候变化及其驱动机制研究,并加强北极快速气候变化对中纬度地区特别是对东亚以及我国环境变化影响的研究。  相似文献   

5.
北极海冰输出研究综述   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
北极海冰对全球气候变化起重要的指示作用。除了海水冻结和融化过程以外,通过弗拉姆海峡(Fram Strait)的海冰输出也是影响北极海冰质量变化的重要动力机制。观测数据中的多源卫星遥感数据(尤其是辐射计观测数据)在获取大尺度连续观测方面具有独特的优势,在研究北极海冰输出面积通量变化方面有着广泛应用。本文总结了北极弗拉姆海峡、其他通道(S-FJL、FJL-SZ、加拿大群岛、Nares海峡通道)海冰输出面积或体积通量,着重介绍了弗拉姆海峡不同年龄海冰输出情况,并总结和分析了影响北极海冰输运的大尺度大气活动模态。最后,本文阐明北极海冰输出方面现有研究的不足之处以及未来的突破方向。  相似文献   

6.
南极微生物低温酶的研究进展   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
南极微生物 ,包括细菌、酵母及丝状真菌等 ,不但在南极的生态系统及物质的生物地球化学循环中扮演了重要角色 ,在基础研究和开发应用方面也具有广阔的前景。由于南极独特的地理位置及气候特征 ,形成了一个干燥、酷寒、强辐射的自然环境 ,生存于其中的微生物必然具备了相应独特的分子生物学和生理生化特性 ,如嗜盐和耐盐、嗜冷和适冷等特性。南极生物学研究的重点多侧重于生态和环境方面 ,即使进入20世纪90年代后期仍是如此 ,但随着EASIZ(南极海冰区生态学研究)计划和CS EASIZ(南极海冰区近岸和陆架系统生态学研究)计划…  相似文献   

7.
海冰在极地海洋中是个较为独特的生境,海冰卤道系统中的光照强度、温度、盐度和生存空间随着季节更替发生显著变化[1].春天,在北极新冰和多年冰的底部冰藻旺发,随后浮游植物生产力上升[2,3].  相似文献   

8.
海冰的广泛分布是南大洋最显著的自然环境特征,冬季海冰的覆盖面积高达20×10~6平方公里,夏季减少为4×10~6平方公里。南极海冰的存在和消长将对包括水柱中的初级产量直至以海冰作为栖息地的海鸟以及企鹅和海豹等哺乳动物的整个南极生态系统产生极其重大的影响。海冰本身也支持了一个高生产力、以冰藻(生长在冰中的藻类)为中心的生物群落,它将提供20%以上的南大洋生源碳产量,在南大洋  相似文献   

9.
泛北冰洋海区存在水温升高、入流水增加、海冰面积和厚度减少等不同于其他大洋的环境变化,其浮游生态系统对全球变暖的响应逐渐受到重视。入流水为北冰洋陆架海和海盆带来的大西洋和太平洋的浮游生物种类无法成功繁殖建立本地种群。随着入流水流量的增加,外来浮游生物种类的分布区域向北扩展,促进了浮游生物跨洋输送。由于大西洋入流水流量较大,海盆区域太平洋种类和大西洋种类之间的分界线有向美亚海盆移动的倾向。海冰覆盖面积和厚度减少使得冰藻水华重要性下降,海区由底栖食物链为主转化为浮游食物链为主,造成浮游植物粒径结构变小,光合作用中脂肪/蛋白质比例、脂肪酸组成产物变化,并影响食物链结构和传递、有机物沉降,使水体原生动物的重要性增加;海冰变化引起的光环境变化会导致浮游动物的分布深度和昼夜垂直迁移幅度增加。泛北冰洋海区的浮游生物组成和食物网结构逐渐北方化,其中太平洋扇区正在太平洋化,大西洋扇区正在大西洋化。若持续发展,可能会导致北方浮游生态系统逐步侵占北冰洋浮游生态系统。泛北冰洋浮游生态系统的变化在不同的海区有不同的特点,中长期策略性的观测是必要的。国内外许多研究人员正对北极生态系统开展长期监测,以强化泛北冰洋海区浮游生态系统变化的研究。其中太平洋和大西洋入流水的路径是重点监测区域之一,在白令海、楚科奇海、波弗特海和美亚海盆区进行长期持久的船基调查有助于趋势性深入研究。  相似文献   

10.
北极快速变化的生态环境响应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
北冰洋由于其特殊的地理位置,成为全球变化响应最为敏感的地区。本文聚焦北极海冰变化幅度最大的西北冰洋,从营养盐、叶绿素、浮游植物群落和沉积碳埋藏等变化来讨论海洋生态环境对北极快速变化的响应。尽管太平洋北向流和北极周边河流输入加强可以增加西北冰洋上层营养盐储库,但由于夏季硅藻旺发向沉积物迁出大量生源元素,使得上层营养盐相对亏损,部分海域存在显著的氮限制和硅限制。随海冰减退,尽管夏末海盆区浮游植物呈现小型化趋势,但西北冰洋总体上浮游植物现存量和初级生产力呈现增高的趋势;伴随叶绿素极大层下移、北扩,以硅藻为代表的生物泵过程得以更高效的运转。在沉积物埋藏的有机碳中,除原先北冰洋生态系统占据重要比份的冰藻外,硅藻等藻类的有机碳埋藏也逐渐增加。西北冰洋海洋初级生产力的增加不仅促进了生物泵的运转和碳的埋藏,而且给海洋生态系统提供了更多的食物来源。北极海域目前已成为全球碳源汇格局变化最大、海洋生态系统改变最显著的地区之一。  相似文献   

11.
The sea-ice export out of the central Arctic through the Fram Strait is a key variable in the Arctic climate system. Satellite data provide the only basis for mapping ice features with a high spatial and temporal resolution in polar regions. An automatic drift algorithm has been employed and optimized to monitor the sea-ice drift velocity in the Greenland Sea with AVHRR data. The combination of the ice drift and the spatial ice distribution provides an insight into the ice transport processes along the coast of Greenland. The combination with sea-ice thickness measurements allows an estimation of the spatial distribution of the sea-ice mass flux. The seasonal and spatial variability of the mass flux allows further predictions of the meridional melting and freezing processes along the East Greenland Current. This investigation covers the years 1993 and 1994. Seasonal and spatial distributions of the sea-ice drift were derived. The derived absolute values in this study are in good agreement with estimates proposed by other authors.  相似文献   

12.
北冰洋西伯利亚陆架海是北极气候快速变化最为显著的海域之一,而沉积硅藻作为极地海洋生态系统的重要组成部分,对环境变化具有敏感的响应。对楚科奇海、东西伯利亚海和拉普捷夫海表层沉积物开展了硅藻组成鉴定,利用典型对应分析方法分析了硅藻属种与1986~2015年环境变量之间的关系。结果表明,夏季和秋季海冰密集度、表层海水盐度是影响研究区表层硅藻分布特征最主要的因素。此外,根据表层站位与环境变量的典型对应分析,可将西伯利亚极地海域划分为4个区域,分别为海冰硅藻组合带、暖水硅藻组合带、沿岸硅藻组合带和混合硅藻组合带。这些表层站位的分区与相应区域的海流模式有明显的相关性,海冰硅藻组合带仅分布于研究区北部的高纬度地区;暖水硅藻组合带位于受白令水和太平洋海水的分支——阿拉斯加沿岸水影响为主的区域;拉普捷夫海南部的沿岸硅藻组合带则受到河流径流和西伯利亚沿岸流的强烈影响;混合硅藻组合带受极地冷水、海冰覆盖、太平洋暖水和陆地径流的共同影响。  相似文献   

13.
Due to its strong influence on heat and moisture exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere, sea ice is an essential component of the global climate system. In the context of its alarming decrease in terms of concentration, thickness and duration, understanding the processes controlling sea-ice variability and reconstructing paleo-sea-ice extent in polar regions have become of great interest for the scientific community. In this study, for the first time, IP25, a recently developed biomarker sea-ice proxy, was used for a high-resolution reconstruction of the sea-ice extent and its variability in the western North Pacific and western Bering Sea during the past 18,000 years. To identify mechanisms controlling the sea-ice variability, IP25 data were associated with published sea-surface temperature as well as diatom and biogenic opal data. The results indicate that a seasonal sea-ice cover existed during cold periods (Heinrich Stadial 1 and Younger Dryas), whereas during warmer intervals (Bølling-Allerød and Holocene) reduced sea ice or ice-free conditions prevailed in the study area. The variability in sea-ice extent seems to be linked to climate anomalies and sea-level changes controlling the oceanographic circulation between the subarctic Pacific and the Bering Sea, especially the Alaskan Stream injection though the Aleutian passes.  相似文献   

14.
The rapid decrease in Arctic sea ice cover and thickness not only has a linkage with extreme weather in the midlatitudes but also brings more opportunities for Arctic shipping routes and polar resource exploration, both of which motivate us to further understand causes of sea-ice variations and to obtain more accurate estimates of seaice cover in the future. Here, a novel data-driven method, the causal effect networks algorithm, is applied to identify the direct precursors of September sea-ice extent covering the Northern Sea Route and Transpolar Sea Route at different lead times so that statistical models can be constructed for sea-ice prediction. The whole study area was also divided into two parts: the northern region covered by multiyear ice and the southern region covered by seasonal ice. The forecast models of September sea-ice extent in the whole study area(TSIE) and southern region(SSIE) at lead times of 1–4 months can explain over 65% and 79% of the variances, respectively,but the forecast skill of sea-ice extent in the northern region(NSIE) is limited at a lead time of 1 month. At lead times of 1–4 months, local sea-ice concentration and sea-ice thickness have a larger influence on September TSIE and SSIE than other teleconnection factors. When the lead time is more than 4 months, the surface meridional wind anomaly from northern Europe in the preceding autumn or early winter is dominant for September TSIE variations but is comparable to thermodynamic factors for NSIE and SSIE. We suggest that this study provides a complementary approach for predicting regional sea ice and is helpful in evaluating and improving climate models.  相似文献   

15.
Journal of Oceanography - In the seasonal ice zone (SIZ), sea-ice algae have been hypothesized to influence phytoplankton species composition in seawater after melting from sea ice. However,...  相似文献   

16.
1Introduction Seaiceplaysanimportantroleinmoderating heatandmoistureexchangesbetweentheatmosphere andtheoceanathighlatitudes.Seaicealsointeracts withthebroaderclimatesystembythepositiveice albedofeedback(Curryetal.,1995),whichamplifies projectedclimatewarmingatthehighlatitudes,andby theoceanicfeedbackinvolvingicegrowthandmelt, whichinfluencesglobalthermohalinecirculation(i.e., theNorthAtlanticDeepWaterandtheAntarcticBot- tomWater)(Walsh,1983;Barryetal.,1993). Recently,theimplementationofas…  相似文献   

17.
1Introduction Theoccurrenceofseaiceisoneofthemostim- portantcharacteristicsoftheArcticOcean.Mostofsea iceispackice.Thepermanentpackiceareaisaswide as7.8×106km2,morethanhalfofthemaximumice coveringarea.Studieshaveshownthatthepackicebi- oticcommunityplaysasignificantroleinthearctic marineecosystem.Previousstudieshaveshownthat highprimaryproductionoccursinthearcticseasand theprimaryproductioninseaicecontributesabout onefourthofthetotal(Legendreetal.,1992;Chenet al.,2002).Studiesinrecentyearsh…  相似文献   

18.
高分3号星载合成孔径雷达极地海冰自动检测方法研究   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0  
随着全球变暖等一系列气候变化的发生,极地海冰成为人们日益关注的焦点。由于不受光线和云雨影响,合成孔径雷达(SAR)可以进行全天时全天候的观测。高分3号是我国高分系列卫星中的一颗星载合成孔径雷达成像卫星,具有多种成像模式,可以在全球获取SAR数据。全天时全天候的工作特性和高空间分辨率的优势,使得高分3号星载SAR在极地海冰遥感监测中发挥重要的作用。本文基于高分3号水平-垂直(Horizontal-Vertical,HV)极化数据,提出了一种基于支持向量机的无需人工干预的海冰检测方法,实现海水和海冰的自动分离。利用该方法得到的海冰和海水分离结果同辅以人工解译的半监督分类结果相比较为吻合,为高分3号服务于极区海冰监测奠定了良好的基础。  相似文献   

19.
Retrieving the antarctic sea-ice concentration based on AMSR-E 89 GHz data   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Sea-ice concentration is a key item in global climate change research.Recent progress in remotely sensed sea-ice concentration product has been stimulated by the use of a new sensor,advanced microwave scanning radiometer for EOS(AMSR-E),which offers a spatial resolution of 6 km×4 km at 89GHz.A new inversion algorithm named LASI(linear ASI) using AMSR-E 89GHz data was proposed and applied in the antarctic sea areas.And then comparisons between the LASI ice concentration products and those retrieved by the other two standard algorithms,ASI(arctic radiation and turbulence interaction study sea-ice algorithm) and bootstrap,were made.Both the spatial and temporal variability patterns of ice concentration differences,LASI minus ASI and LASI minus bootstrap,were investigated.Comparative data suggest a high result consistency,especially between LASI and ASI.On the other hand,in order to estimate the LASI ice concentration errors introduced by the tie-points uncertainties,a sensitivity analysis was carried out.Additionally an LASI algorithm error estimation based on the field measurements was also completed.The errors suggest that the moderate to high ice concentration areas(>70%) are less affected(never exceeding 10%) than those in the low ice concentration.LASI and ASI consume 75 and 112 s respectively when processing the same AMSR-E time series thourghout the year 2010.To conclude,by using the LASI algorithm,not only the seaice concentration can be retrieved with at least an equal quality as that of the two extensively demonstrated operational algorithms,ASI and bootstrap,but also in a more efficient way than ASI.  相似文献   

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