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1.
泛北冰洋海区存在水温升高、入流水增加、海冰面积和厚度减少等不同于其他大洋的环境变化,其浮游生态系统对全球变暖的响应逐渐受到重视。入流水为北冰洋陆架海和海盆带来的大西洋和太平洋的浮游生物种类无法成功繁殖建立本地种群。随着入流水流量的增加,外来浮游生物种类的分布区域向北扩展,促进了浮游生物跨洋输送。由于大西洋入流水流量较大,海盆区域太平洋种类和大西洋种类之间的分界线有向美亚海盆移动的倾向。海冰覆盖面积和厚度减少使得冰藻水华重要性下降,海区由底栖食物链为主转化为浮游食物链为主,造成浮游植物粒径结构变小,光合作用中脂肪/蛋白质比例、脂肪酸组成产物变化,并影响食物链结构和传递、有机物沉降,使水体原生动物的重要性增加;海冰变化引起的光环境变化会导致浮游动物的分布深度和昼夜垂直迁移幅度增加。泛北冰洋海区的浮游生物组成和食物网结构逐渐北方化,其中太平洋扇区正在太平洋化,大西洋扇区正在大西洋化。若持续发展,可能会导致北方浮游生态系统逐步侵占北冰洋浮游生态系统。泛北冰洋浮游生态系统的变化在不同的海区有不同的特点,中长期策略性的观测是必要的。国内外许多研究人员正对北极生态系统开展长期监测,以强化泛北冰洋海区浮游生态系统变化的研究。其中太平洋和大西洋入流水的路径是重点监测区域之一,在白令海、楚科奇海、波弗特海和美亚海盆区进行长期持久的船基调查有助于趋势性深入研究。 相似文献
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本文利用1951?2021年哈德莱中心提供的海冰和海温最新资料以及美国国家海洋和大气管理局气候预报中心提供的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析探讨了北极海冰70余年的长期变化特征,进而研究了其快速减少与热带海温场异常变化之间的联系,揭示了在全球热带海洋海温场变化与北极海冰之间存在密切联系的事实。结果表明,北极海冰异常变化最显著区域出现在格陵兰海、卡拉海和巴伦支海。热带不同海区对北极海冰的影响存在明显时滞时间和强度差异,热带大西洋的影响相比偏早,印度洋次之,太平洋偏晚。热带大西洋、印度洋和中东太平洋海温异常影响北极海冰的最佳时间分别是后者滞后26个月、30个月和34个月,全球热带海洋影响北极海冰的时滞时间为33个月。印度洋SST对北极海冰的影响程度最强,其次是太平洋,最弱是大西洋。全球热带海洋对北极海冰的影响过程中,热带东太平洋和印度洋起主导作用。当全球热带海洋SST出现正（负）距平时,北极海冰会出现偏少（多）的趋势,而AO、PNA、NAO对北极海冰变化起重要作用,是热带海洋与北极海冰相系数的重要“纽带”。而AO、PNA和NAO不仅受热带海洋SST的影响,同时也受太平洋年代际振荡PDO和大西洋多年代际AMO的影响,这一研究为未来北极海冰快速减少和全球气候变暖机理的深入研究提供理论支撑。 相似文献
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为了研究全球变暖背景下不同海域海温的变化特征,利用1854-2008年共155 a的全球海温数据资料——ERSST V2,通过对全球年平均海温方差的空间分布进行分析,发现全球海温变化较大的海域主要分布在赤道东太平洋海域,北半球太平洋中纬度海域,北半球大西洋中纬度海域,非洲西南端海域;赤道与中纬度地区海温变化较剧烈,太平洋较大西洋和印度洋海温变化更剧烈.海温变化方差值较大的区域多为具有较明显海温变化模态的区域.在不同的时期,全球海温方差的空间分布也是不同的.随着全球气候变暖,海温方差值较大的区域越来越多,而且海温的振荡模式也发生了改变,其高频振荡部分有所增强.通过观察方差值较大区域其海温振荡模式在全球的分布情况,可以发现:在低纬度地区高频振荡模式占主要地位,而在中高纬度地区则主要是低频振荡模式. 相似文献
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与太平洋和印度洋不同，全球变暖下热带大西洋变化的研究较少。本文使用地球系统模型CESM（Community Earth System Model），发现全球变暖后热带大西洋在秋季的升温类似大西洋尼诺（Atlantic Niño）的正位相，即大西洋西部增暖幅度小于东部；在夏季类似大西洋尼诺的负位相，即大西洋西部增暖幅度大于东部。利用覆盖（overriding）技术，分离了风应力、风速和CO2的直接热效应对海洋升温的作用，探讨了大西洋尼诺本身和全球变暖作用下类似大西洋尼诺正位相（下文简称“类大西洋尼诺升温”）的形成机制。结果表明，这两种情况下的形成机制基本相同，风应力的变化是导致大西洋东部暖异常的主要机制。但两者之间也存在区别：1）全球变暖下海表温度的季节变化振幅减小，而大西洋尼诺时变化不大；2）全球变暖下西风异常主要集中在大西洋东部，而大西洋尼诺时主要集中在大西洋中部；3）除风应力外，CO2的热效应对类尼诺升温的变化也有一定影响。 相似文献
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黃海和东海的浮游有孔虫 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
一、前言 浮游有孔虫是一种大洋性的浮游原生动物,具石灰质壳。广泛分布于世界各大洋的抱球虫软泥(Globigeeina ooze)即由浮游有孔虫的遗骸大量沉积所构成。在太平洋有36％,印度洋有54％,大西洋有67％的海底是被这种软泥所复盖。远在白垩纪,这种软泥就开始累积起来了。到了第三纪,那些出现于白垩纪的浮游有孔虫种属绝大部分趋于 相似文献
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北冰洋浮游生物空间分布及其季节变化的模拟 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
低营养级浮游生物生态动力过程对环境变化的响应非常敏感。随着全球气候变化加剧，北冰洋正在经历快速的环境变化。厘清北冰洋低营养级浮游生物季节分布与变化特征是探究北冰洋生态系统对环境快速变化响应的前提，也是评估北极海区固碳能力的重要依据。基于此，本文构建了海洋–海冰–生物地球化学循环模型，并对北冰洋叶绿素浓度以及浮游生物结构的时空变化特征进行了模拟，结果表明:(1)北冰洋表层叶绿素浓度的峰值主要出现在5月，且太平洋一侧叶绿素浓度高于大西洋一侧；随着海水层化，表层受营养盐限制的海区呈现次表层叶绿素浓度最大值现象，且由陆架向海盆，次表层叶绿素浓度最大值层逐渐加深；9月，叶绿素浓度高值重回水体上层，太平洋一侧海区表层叶绿素浓度呈现较为明显的次峰值。(2)由于太平洋和大西洋入流营养盐浓度及结构的不同，北冰洋表层浮游生物群落结构存在明显空间差异。太平洋一侧，硅藻和中型浮游动物占优，硅藻在5月和9月出现生物量峰值，微型浮游植物在3月、5月和6月维持相对较高生物量；而大西洋一侧，在早春－春末夏初－夏秋经历了微型浮游植物－硅藻－微型浮游植物的演替，总体而言，微型浮游植物和微型浮游动物占优。此外，两侧海区浮游动物浓度峰值相较浮游植物滞后约半月。 相似文献
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红拟抱球虫Globigerinoides ruber是一种浮游有孔虫,有粉红色和白色两种类型。据美国哥伦比亚大学拉蒙特—多赫蒂地质观测站的汤普森和马维骅等人的研究,粉红色的红拟抱球虫在上新世和更新世的一段时期内,曾经出现在环球的暖水带里。在现代大西洋和地中海的浮游有孔虫动物群中,它仍然占有很大的比例;但在太平洋和印度洋,距今12万年前就已经同时消失了。 太平洋和印度洋的水体中和现代沉积物中都没有粉红色的红拟抱球虫,只是在更新世和较老的沉积物中有所发现。布勒尼曼和雷习格报道,在赤道太平洋西部深海钻探项目62区的更新世岩芯中,有粉红色的红 相似文献
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《海洋预报》2018,(6)
用Non-Boussinesq POP模式和1986—2005年SODA再分析资料的海表面温度、盐度和风应力,模拟了1986—2005年间的全球海平面变化,并根据RCP4.5和RCP8.5两种代表性浓度排放情景下未来气候变化趋势的预测,对未来一个世纪的海平面变化进行预估,在仅考虑热膨胀的前提下,得到了如下结论:(1)在过去20 a间,全球平均海平面高度上升了56 mm,上升较大的海域主要为西北太平洋、南太平洋中部和南大西洋;(2)到2100年,RCP4.5情景下全球平均海平面上升0.36 m,RCP8.5情景下全球平均海平面上升0.43 m;(3)未来海平面变化较大的海域包括西北太平洋、西南太平洋、西南大西洋和印度洋,南大洋、北大西洋和赤道太平洋海平面变化相对较小。 相似文献
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We examine the effect of a northward shift in the position of the southern hemisphere subpolar westerly winds (SWWs) on the vertical and horizontal distribution of temperature and salinity in the world ocean. A northward shift of the SWWs causes a latitudinal contraction of the subpolar gyres in the southern hemisphere (SH). In the Indian and Pacific, this leads to subsurface warming in the subtropical thermocline. As the southern margins of the gyres move into latitudes characterised by warmer surface air temperature (SAT), the layers at mid-depth below 400 m depth become ventilated by warmer water. We characterize the approximation of the ventilated thermocline in our coarse resolution model using a set of passive tracer experiments, and illustrate how the northward shift in the SWWs causes an equatorward shift in the latitude of origin of water ventilating layers deeper than 400 m in the Indian and Pacific, leaving the total surface ventilation of the upper 1200 m unchanged. In contrast, the latitudinal constraint on the Antarctic Circumpolar Current posed by the Drake Passage causes a cooling and freshening throughout the Atlantic thermocline; here, subsurface thermocline water originates from higher latitudes under the wind shift. On longer timescales Atlantic cooling and freshening is reinforced by a reduction in North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation and surface salinification of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. In effect, the latitude of zero wind stress curl in the SWWs regulates the relative importance of the “cold water route” via the Drake Passage and the “warm water route” associated with thermocline water exchange via the Indian Ocean. Thus, a more northward location of the SWWs corresponds with a reduced salinity contrast between the Indian/ Pacific Oceans and the Atlantic. This results in reduced NADW formation. Also, a more northward location of the SWWs facilitates the injection of cool fresh Antarctic Intermediate Water into the South Atlantic subtropical gyre. Beyond these changes, on a millennial timescale, the deep ocean warms throughout the water column in response to the wind shift. Global salinity stratification also becomes less stable, as more saline water remains at the surface and accumulates in the Indian and Pacific thermocline. The freshening of the deep ocean reflects a reduced stirring of the global ocean due to reduced net circulation arising from a misalignment between the westerlies and the topographically constrained ACC. Our results lend support to the idea that a more equatorward location of the SWW maximum during glacial climates contributed to cooler and fresher conditions in the Atlantic, inhibiting NADW. 相似文献
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Recent global warming caused by humans and the prediction of a reduced Atlantic Ocean meridional overturning circulation in the future has increased interest in the role of the overturning circulation in climate change. A schematic diagram of the overturning circulation called the “Great Ocean Conveyor Belt,” published by Wallace Broecker in 1987, has become a popular image that emphasizes the inter-connected ocean circulation and the northward flux of heat in the Atlantic. This seems a good time to review the development of the conveyor belt concept and summarize the history of overturning circulation schematics.In the 19th century it was thought that symmetric overturning circulation cells were located on either side of the equator in the Atlantic. As new hydrographic measurements were obtained, circulation schematics in the early 20th century began to show the inter-hemispheric overturning circulation in the Atlantic. In the second half of the 20th century schematics showed the global ocean overturning circulation including connections between the Atlantic and the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Some recent schematics of the overturning circulation show its complexities, but as more information is included these schematics have also become complex and not as easy to understand as the simple Broecker 1987 version. However, these complex schematics, especially the quantitative ones, represent valuable syntheses of our developing knowledge of the overturning circulation. 相似文献
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基于非结构网格半隐式跨尺度海洋模式（semi-implicit cross-scale hydroscience integrated system model,SCHISM）,作者采用非结构三角网格,对全球大洋潮波进行数值模拟。通过调和分析,将196个潮位站的实测数据与模拟结果进行比较验证,两者符合良好,M2、K1分潮同潮图的形态也与TPXO8、FES2014b和NAO.99b模型给出的相似。根据模拟结果,给出了M2、S2、K1、O14个主要分潮的同潮图。结果表明,太平洋中存在8个M2分潮无潮点,大西洋中存在4个M2分潮无潮点,印度洋中存在3个M2分潮无潮点。总体上来说,M2分潮在北太平洋和北大西洋东岸附近海域的振幅大于西岸附近海域的振幅,而在南太平洋和南大西洋情况相反。S2分潮分布特征与M2分潮类似,但振幅较小。太平洋中存在5个K1分潮无潮点,大西洋中存在3个K1分潮无潮点,印度洋中存在2个K1分潮无潮点。K1分潮的振幅普遍较小,在大部分海域不超过30 cm,在北太平洋和南极洲附近海域,由大洋向近岸有增加的趋势。太平洋中存在4个O1分潮无潮点,大西洋和印度洋中各存在2个无潮点。O1分潮在大部分海域不超过20 cm,在北太平洋和南极洲附近海域,由大洋向近岸有增加的趋势。最后,讨论了本模型与对比模型之间误差存在的原因。 相似文献
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海表盐度是研究海洋变化及其气候效应重要的物理量。本文将2018年SMAP卫星的月均、日均海表盐度产品分别与Argo月均网格化产品、实时散点盐度数据进行比较,评定其精度,并分析全球海表盐度分布特征。结果表明：SMAP卫星月均产品RMSE为0.17,BIAS为0.11,STD为0.17,R为0.98,t检验呈显著相关;SMAP卫星日均产品RMSE为0.28,BIAS为0.23,STD为0.26,R为0.81,相较月均产品,精度较低。SMAP卫星月均产品偏差在中纬度海域较小,在高纬度海域较大;SMAP卫星日均产品偏差在太平洋海域为-0.6~0.6,在地中海海域超过1.0。全球海表盐度在25.0~40.0之间,沿纬度方向呈带状分布,其中大西洋海表盐度普遍高于太平洋和印度洋。 相似文献
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A long-term warming pattern of global subsurface ocean was detected separately from other natural variations. Three dominant modes were extracted: a long-term warming mode, a mode related to the El Niño/Southern Oscillation, and a mode related to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. The long-term warming mode explained 78 % of the global mean temperature variance from the surface to a depth of 300 m, and the other two modes could explain most of the residual variance. Subsurface warming associated with the long-term warming mode was strong in the subtropics. In contrast, there was a local minimum of warming in the northern hemisphere subarctic ocean, and warming was suppressed in subsurface waters south of the equator. Atmospheric changes associated with the long-term warming mode showed negative (positive) sea level pressure anomalies at high (middle) latitudes in both hemispheres, and an intensification and/or a poleward expansion of mid-latitude westerlies. Wind stress curl changes were negative in the subtropics and positive in the subarctic of the northern hemisphere; changes that were consistent with the strong warming in the subtropics and the local minimum of warming in the subarctic. Warming of Southern Ocean subsurface waters coincided with southward migration and intensification of westerly winds, whereas surface warming to the south of 50°S was suppressed, probably by strengthened northward Ekman transport. Positive wind stress curl off the equator with weakening of the tropical easterly winds in the Pacific and Indian Oceans was consistent with the subsurface negative temperature anomaly there. 相似文献
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本文分析了采集自太平洋、印度洋和大西洋的表层海水溶解硅酸盐的δ30Si值,结果表明,太平洋表层海水的δ30Si值为0.45‰～2.91‰,平均值为(1.52±0.59)‰;印度洋表层海水的δ30Si值为0.98‰～2.30‰,平均值为(1.52±0.36)‰;大西洋表层海水的δ30Si值为0.90‰～2.23‰,其平均值为(1.55±0.35)‰。硅同位素在各大洋表层,主要表现出与大洋表层环流和经向翻转流的相关性,其分布特征受表层水体中的生物活动以及表层洋流运动导致的不同水团之间的混合的影响,且混合作用可能对开放大洋表层水体的δ30Si分布具有显著的影响。 相似文献
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Compared to the Pacific Ocean, tsunamis are rare both in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. However, the December 26, 2004, tsunami demonstrated that, no matter how rare they may be, when a major tsunami occurs, it could be very disastrous. The most basic information in tsunami warning center requires are charts showing tsunami travel times to various locations around the rim of the ocean. With this in mind, a tsunami travel time atlas for the Atlantic Ocean is in preparation. The Caribbean Sea is also included in this Atlas, as it is more or less a part of the Atlantic Basin. 相似文献
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Compared to the Pacific Ocean, tsunamis are rare both in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. However, the December 26, 2004, tsunami demonstrated that, no matter how rare they may be, when a major tsunami occurs, it could be very disastrous. The most basic information in tsunami warning center requires are charts showing tsunami travel times to various locations around the rim of the ocean. With this in mind, a tsunami travel time atlas for the Atlantic Ocean is in preparation. The Caribbean Sea is also included in this Atlas, as it is more or less a part of the Atlantic Basin. 相似文献
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Measurements of the concentration of thallium in seawater collected from numerous ocean locations ranged from 12 to 16 ng kg−1. Variations between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, between the northern and southern hemispheres of the Pacific Ocean, and between surface and deep waters of both the Pacific and Atlantic oceans were comparable with the precision of the analyses. This relatively constant distribution indicates that the element's cycle in seawater may be similar to those of the alkali metals which are its principal biogeochemical analogues. 相似文献