共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 140 毫秒
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《海洋技术学报》2021,(4)
随着超滤技术在海水淡化预处理的应用推广,其性能检测和质量控制已引起广泛关注。截留性能是判断超滤膜质量优劣的主要指标,科学、准确测量截留性能对超滤膜研发、生产及应用具有重要意义。本文以葡聚糖为超滤膜截留性能测试基准物,研究了总有机碳法测定水溶液中的葡聚糖浓度,并计算超滤膜对葡聚糖的截留率。结果表明,水溶液中的葡聚糖浓度与总有机碳测试峰面积呈良好线性关系,相关系数R达到0.999以上,回收率为89.1%～108%,相对标准偏差为0.3%～2.7%,超滤膜截留率测试结果与现行标准中规定的浊度法一致。方法具有操作简便、重现性好、灵敏度高、稳定可靠等优点,适用于超滤膜截留性能测试。 相似文献
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中国近海沉积物中钍同位素的分布 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文对采自中国7个近岸海域的沉积物中钍(铀)同位素的分布进行了研究。发现表层沉积物中,~(230)Th/~(232)Th)_(A.R.)均小于1.0且呈均匀分布的态势。但~(230)Th/~(232)Th)_(A.R.)的数值及其深度分布特征与深海沉积物截然不同。~(230)Th/~(232)Th)_(A.R.)与水深呈良好的正相关。钍系不平衡普遍存在,其特征是~(228)Th/~(232)Th)_(A.R.)<1.0,据此推测了沉积物中可溶化学物质与上覆海水发生交换的深度。研究了沉积物中~(232)Th的含量、比度和~(232)Th/~(238)U)_(C.R.)的分布特征。从~(234)Th_(ex.)的深度分布求出秀屿站的表层混合系数(0.49×10~(-6)cm~2/s)和沉积柱中~(234)Th_(ex.)的总量。 相似文献
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利用微滤和超滤技术研究了九龙江河口区表层水中铀及其同位素组成的粒级分布和地球化学行为.结果表明,溶解态(<0.4μm)中低分子量组分(<10 000 u)占主要份额,胶体态(10 000 u~0.4μm)238U所占比例不足1%,且随盐度的增加其所占份额逐渐降低.溶解态、低分子量组分和胶体态238U的比活度与盐度之间存在良好的线性正相关关系,证实它们在九龙江河口区呈现保守行为.在颗粒态(>0.4μm)中,各粒级组分238U所占份额主要受控于相应颗粒物的浓度,在盐度小于20的区域,各粒级颗粒组分238U占颗粒态的份额有如下变化次序:10~53μm>2~10μm>0.4~2μm>大于53μm,而在盐度大于30的近外海站位,该次序发生一些变化:0.4~2μm>10~53μm>2~10μm>大于53μm,最小粒级颗粒组分238U的贡献有所增加,反映了自生铀贡献的加强.九龙江河口区表层水中溶解态(包括低分子量组分和胶体态)的234U/238U)A.R.均大于1,显示出234U过剩的特征,而各粒级颗粒组分中的234U/238U)A.R.则接近于平衡值(1.0).这一现象与陆地岩石风化过程中水体对铀的淋滤释出量及234U的优先浸出有关.对232Th/238U质量比的研究显示,溶解态及其所包括的低分子量组分和胶体态的232Th/238U质量比均小于1,而颗粒态及其所包括的4个粒级组分中的232Th/238U质量比均大于1,反映了向外海输送过程中铀、钍地球化学行为的差异. 相似文献
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九龙江河口区水体中238U、234Th地球化学行为的研究 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
对采自九龙江河口区盐度介于0～21.97的10个表层水样,铀、钍同位素的测定结果表明,九龙江河口区水体中溶解态的238U含量与盐度之间存在着良好的相关关系,其相关系数可达0.972,表明九龙江河口区水体中的238U呈现保守行为.当S=0时,溶解态234U/238U放射性比值为1.19和1.55(两份水样);而当S=0.90～21.97时,该比值=1.02～1.14,分别呈现河水及河口水铀同位素组成的特征.对于颗粒态铀,其238U含量则介于0.50～9.83×10-3Bq/dm3,且随盐度的增大而呈逐步降低的趋势.九龙江河口区水体中234Th的地球化学行为属于非保守行为,不可逆稳态清除模型计算的结果表明,当盐度介于9.76～17.07时,234Th相对于化学清除的停留时间为6～19d,远低于盐度为0和21.97所对应的停留时间(分别为203d及117d),反映了在该盐度范围内,胶体絮凝沉降对溶解态234Th的快速清除作用. 相似文献
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南沙海域基于234Th-238U不平衡的颗粒态有机碳输出通量研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用234Th-238U不平衡方法研究南沙群岛海域春季真光层颗粒动力学性质,测定了4个站位水柱中颗粒态有机碳(POC)、溶解态及颗粒态234Th和238U的含量,讨论了各站位水柱中234Th/238U)A.R.的垂直分布.运用稳态箱式模型计算各站位不同水层中溶解态234Th相对于清除至颗粒物的平均停留时间和颗粒态234Th相对于迁出作用的平均停留时间.结合POC/234ThP比值,用两种方法估算出各站位的颗粒态有机碳输出通量分别为8.51-34.94和13.28-50.06mmol·(m2·d)-1.两种方法结果一致,说明234Th是表征POC循环的良好示踪剂. 相似文献
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234 Th示踪法测定北太平洋西北海域冬季真光层中颗粒态有机碳输出通量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
讨论了1997年冬季在北太平洋西北海域7个站位的表层至200m水深水柱中溶解及颗粒态234Th,颗粒态有机碳(POC)、氮(PON)及叶绿素a浓度的垂直分布剖面.溶解态、颗粒态及总的234Th的放射性在真光层中显著低于母体238U的放射性,总的234Th放射性在水深大于100m时趋于平衡.利用234Th-238U在海洋表层海水中的放射性不平衡推导出了北太平洋西北海域冬季真光层海水中234Th的平均停留时间和输出通量以及颗粒态有机碳和有机氮的输出通量.在亚北极环流区溶解态234Th的停留时间为40~50d,而在黑潮-亲潮共同影响区为20d左右.颗粒态有机碳和有机氮从真光层的输出通量范围分别为3.8~8.2和0.50~0.98mmol/(m2·d),西部海区高于东部海区,南部海区高于北部海区.在黑潮-亲潮共同影响区较高的颗粒态有机碳输出通量表明光照量及陆源营养盐物质的提供是两个决定生产力的主要因素.叶绿素a的水深分布和POC/PON的值同Redfield的比值的一致性表明这个海区的冬季颗粒物主要由浮游植物构成.北太平洋西北海域在冬季的颗粒有机碳输出通量可高于世界大洋一些海区春、夏季的颗粒有机碳输出通量. 相似文献
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大洋铁锰结壳测年的几种常用的同位素方法:成果与问题 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
同位素法测年是大洋铁锰结壳测年的主要方法。根据20多年来铁锰结壳同位素测年的实践，特别是近几年最新的一些实验、研究结果，对^10Be、U系以及^87Sr同位素等测年方法的应用情况以及存在的问题进行了总结分析。一般说来，^10Be和^230Th两种方法尽管也存在一定问题，但用于结壳测年还是比较成功；而^234U以及^87Sr两种方法不能用于结壳测年，原因是铁锰结壳中的这两种元素与海水中的元素存在交换，是一种开放系统。 相似文献
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Measurement of nuclides of uranium and thorium series of disequilibrium using γ-spectroscopy 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
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盐度对镭同位素在海南红树林沉积物解吸行为的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
天然放射性镭同位素在沉积物上的解吸行为是影响其在陆-海交换过程中的关键所在。采用沉积物室内解吸实验和现场采集间隙水测量224Ra含量两种方法,对水体盐度梯度控制镭在海南八门湾红树林沉积物的解吸行为进行了讨论。结果表明:沉积物上可交换态224Ra的最大量为0.44dpm/g,解吸比为35%。利用间隙水的224Ra含量确定镭的分配比Kd与水体盐度S呈反比例函数:Kd=8.4×102/S,与室内解吸实验的结果相比更能代表镭在沉积物上的真实解吸行为。在深度25—40cm内,湿地沉积物的224Ra处于与其母体228Th的平衡状态,但223Ra很可能处于相对其母体227Th亏损状态。 相似文献
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M. Bourquin P. van Beek J.-L. Reyss M. Souhaut M.A. Charette C. Jeandel 《Marine Chemistry》2008,109(3-4):226
In the framework of the KEOPS project (KErguelen: compared study of the Ocean and the Plateau in Surface water), we aimed to provide information on the water mass pathways and vertical mixing on the Kerguelen Plateau, Southern Ocean, based on 228Ra profiles. Because 228Ra activities are extremely low in this area (~ 0.1 dpm/100 kg or ~ 2.10− 18 g kg− 1), the filtration of large volumes of seawater was required in order to be able to detect it with minimal uncertainty. This challenging study was an opportunity for us to test and compare methods aimed at removing efficiently radium isotopes from seawater. We used Mn-fiber that retains radium and that allows the measurement of all four radium isotopes (226Ra, 228Ra, 223Ra, 224Ra). First, we used Niskin bottles or the ship's seawater intake to collect large volumes of seawater that were passed onto Mn-fiber in the laboratory. Second, we filled cartridges with Mn-fiber that we placed in tandem on in situ pumps. Finally, we fixed nylon nets filled with Mn-fiber on the frame of in situ pumps to allow the passive filtration of seawater during the pump deployment.Yields of radium fixation on the cartridges filled with Mn-fiber and placed on in situ pumps are ca. 30% when combining the two cartridges. Because large volumes of seawater can be filtered with these pumps, this yields to effective volumes of 177–280 kg (that is, higher than that recovered from fourteen 12-l Niskin bottles). Finally, the effective volume of seawater that passed through Mn-fiber placed in nylon nets and deployed during 4 h ranged between 125 and 364 kg. Consequently, the two techniques that separate Ra isotopes in situ are good alternatives for pre-concentrating radium from seawater. They can save ship-time by avoiding repeated CTD casts to obtain the large volumes of seawater. This is especially true when in situ pumps are deployed to collect suspended particles. However, both methods only provide 228Ra/226Ra ratios. The determination of the 228Ra specific activity is obtained by multiplying this ratio by the 226Ra activity measured in a discrete sample collected at the same water depth. 相似文献
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Estimating submarine groundwater discharge at a subtropical river estuary along the Beibu Gulf,China
In certain regions,submarine groundwater discharge(SGD) into the ocean plays a significant role in coastal material fluxes and their biogeochemical cycle;therefore,the impact of SGD on the ecosystem cannot be ignored.In this study,SGD was estimated using naturally occurring radium isotopes(~(223)Ra and ~(224)Ra) in a subtropical estuary along the Beibu Gulf,China.The results showed that the Ra activities of submarine groundwater were approximately 10 times higher than those of surface water.By assuming a steady state and using an Ra mass balance model,the SGD flux in May 2018 was estimated to be 5.98×10~6 m~3/d and 3.60×10~6 m~3/d based on ~(224)Ra and ~(223)Ra,respectively.At the same time,the activities of Ra isotopes fluctuated within a tidal cycle;that is,a lower activity was observed at high tide and a higher activity was seen at low tide.Based on these variations,the average tidal pumping fluxes of SGD were 1.15×10~6 m~3/d and 2.44×10~6 m~3/d with ~(224)Ra and ~(223)Ra,respectively.Tidaldriven SGD accounts for 24%-51% of the total SGD.Therefore,tidal pumping is an important driving force of the SGD in the Dafengjiang River(DFJR) Estuary.Furthermore,the SGD of the DFJR Estuary in the coastal zone contributes significantly to the seawater composition of the Beibu Gulf and the material exchange between land and sea. 相似文献
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Estimating submarine groundwater discharge around Isola La Cura, northern Venice Lagoon (Italy), by using the radium quartet 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
E. Garcia-Solsona P. Masqu J. Garcia-Orellana J. Rapaglia A.J. Beck J.K. Cochran H.J. Bokuniewicz L. Zaggia F. Collavini 《Marine Chemistry》2008,109(3-4):292
The four naturally-occurring radium isotopes (223Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra and 228Ra) were used to estimate the submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in the Isola La Cura marsh area in the northern Venice Lagoon (Italy). By determining the radium contributors to the study area (river, coastal ocean and sediments) the radium excess in the lagoon water was quantified through a mass balance model. This radium excess is attributed to a submarine groundwater discharge source and represents the most important input of radium. Possible endmembers were considered from analysis of groundwater samples (subtidal and marsh piezometers, marsh wells and seepage meters) that were enriched in Ra by one to two orders of magnitude relative to surface waters. In particular, a permeable layer at 80 cm depth in the surrounding marsh is considered to be representative of the most likely SGD source, although similar radium activities were measured in other subtidal porewater samples collected in the Isola La Cura area. The estimated SGD flux to the study area ranged from 1 · 109 to 6 · 109 L·d− 1, the same order of magnitude as the overall riverine input to the lagoon (3 · 109 L·d− 1). A major fraction of this SGD flux is likely recirculated seawater, as evidenced by the endmember salinity. The water residence time of 2 days was estimated by both using the shortest-lived radium isotope and estimating the volume of water exchanged between the lagoon and the open sea during a tidal cycle (tidal prism approach). This SGD flux could be used to estimate the input of other chemical species (metals, nutrients, etc.) via SGD which might affect the Venice Lagoon ecosystem. 相似文献
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Radium mass-balance in Jamaica Bay, NY: Evidence for a substantial flux of submarine groundwater 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
Aaron J. Beck John P. Rapaglia J. Kirk Cochran Henry J. Bokuniewicz 《Marine Chemistry》2007,106(3-4):419-441
A mass balance for the naturally-occurring radium isotopes (224Ra, 223Ra, 228Ra, and 226Ra) in Jamaica Bay, NY, was conducted by directly estimating the individual Ra contributions of wastewater discharge, diffusion from fine-grained subtidal sediments, water percolation through marshes, desorption from resuspended particles, and water exchange at the inlet. The mass balance revealed a major unknown source term accounting for 19–71% of the total Ra input, which could only be resolved by invoking a source from submarine groundwater. Shallow (< 2 m depth) groundwater from permeable sediments in Jamaica Bay was brackish and enriched in Ra relative to surface bay waters by over two orders of magnitude. To balance Ra fluxes, a submarine groundwater input of 0.8 × 109–9.0 × 109 L d− 1 was required. This flux was similar for all four isotopes, with individual estimates varying by less than a factor of 2. Our calculated groundwater flux was 6- to 70-fold higher than the fresh groundwater discharge to the bay estimated by hydrological methods, but closely matched direct flow rates measured with seepage meters. This suggests that a substantial portion of the discharge consisted of recirculated seawater. The magnitude of submarine groundwater discharge varied seasonally, in the order: summer > autumn > spring. Chemical analyses suggest that the recirculated seawater component of submarine groundwater delivers as much dissolved nitrogen to the bay as the fresh groundwater flux. 相似文献
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Delayed coincidence counters (RaDeCC), used for measuring 223Ra and 224Ra preconcentrated from water onto MnO2-impregnated acrylic fiber (“Mn-fiber”), require a standard Mn-fiber column that has a precisely known activity of 224Ra for calibration. This may be done by adding an aged 228Th standard solution to adsorb both 228Th and its daughter 224Ra quantitatively onto a Mn fiber. We used both seawater and deionized water (DIW) for testing the adsorption efficiency of Th and Ra onto Mn fibers. Our experimental results show that more than 50% of thorium (232Th and 228Th) breaks through the Mn-fiber column when DIW is used as a medium. However, near quantitative recoveries are obtained if filtered (0.45 μm) seawater is used to prepare the standard. In the case of pure DIW, the pH (initial pH 5.3) rises to > 10 after passing through the column while seawater (initial pH 7.8) changes to 7.2. Thus, the lack of thorium adsorption in DIW may be attributed to this huge increase of pH and the consequent formation of Th(OH)4 and polyhydroxyl colloids. Based on these observations, we recommend that one should use either artificial seawater or natural seawater (which has negligible 224Ra and 228Th) as a loading solution after 0.45 μm filtration. In addition, the thorium adsorption efficiency should be confirmed either by thorium analysis of the effluent solution or long-term monitoring of the supported 224Ra on the Mn fiber using the RaDeCC. Similar cautions are likely necessary for making 223Ra standards by adsorption of 227Ac onto Mn fibers. 相似文献
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Thorium speciation in seawater 总被引：1，自引：4，他引：1
P.H. Santschi J.W. Murray M. Baskaran C.R. Benitez-Nelson L.D. Guo C.-C. Hung C. Lamborg S.B. Moran U. Passow M. Roy-Barman 《Marine Chemistry》2006,100(3-4):250
Since the 1960s, thorium isotopes occupy a special place in the oceanographer's toolbox as tracers for determining rates and mechanisms of oceanic scavenging, particle dynamics, and carbon fluxes. Due to their unique and constant production rates from soluble parent nuclides of uranium and radium, their disequilibrium can be used to calculate rates and time scales of sinking particles. In addition, by ratio-ing particulate 234Th (as well, in principle, other Th-nuclides) to carbon (and other elements), and linking this ratio to the parent–daughter disequilibrium in the water column, it is possible to calculate fluxes of carbon and other elements. Most of these applications are possible with little knowledge of the dissolved chemical properties of thorium, other than its oxidation state (IV) and tendency to strongly sorb to surfaces, i.e., its “particle- or surface-activity”. However, the use of any tracer is hindered by a lack of knowledge of its chemical properties. Recent observations in the variability of carbon to 234Th ratios in different particle types, as well as of associations of Th(IV) with various marine organic biomolecules has led to the need for a review of current knowledge and what future endeavors should be taken to understand the marine chemistry of thorium. 相似文献
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Each about 400 l of seawater sample was collected in the northern North Pacific and filtered through a membrane filter. Four radioisotopes of thorium,232Th,230Th,228Th and234Th, were determined for the two FractionsF (filtrate) andP (particles on the filter). In the percentages of FractionP in the subsurface water,230Th was significantly larger than other 3 isotopes, and232Th was significantly smaller than other 3 isotopes. The former finding can be explained by the slower rates in the reversible change between the FractionsF andP. The latter one, however, cannot be explained if thorium isotopes in the FractionF are truly dissolved with the same chemical form. This suggests that major part of the FractionF of232Th is not identical with those of other radiogenic thorium isotopes, and it should not be composed of simple dissolved ions. The removal of radiogenic234Th was related to the biological activity, but there was a deviation, between the FractionP and radioactivity deficiency of234Th in their vertical profiles. The deviation was similar to that between the chlorophylla and phaeo-pigments contents including their maximum depths. 相似文献