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1.
Large eddy simulation (LES) of the resonant inertial response of the upper ocean to strong wind forcing is carried out; the results are used to evaluate the performance of each of the two second-order turbulence closure models presented by Mellor and Yamada (Rev Geophys Space Phys 20:851–875, 1982) (MY) and by Nakanishi and Niino (J Meteorol Soc Jpn 87:895–912, 2009) (NN). The major difference between MY and NN is in the formulation of the stability functions and the turbulent length scale, both strongly linked with turbulent fluxes; in particular, the turbulent length scale in NN, unlike that in MY, is allowed to decrease with increasing density stratification. We find that MY underestimates and NN overestimates the development of mixed layer features, for example, the strong entrainment at the base of the oceanic mixed layer and the accompanying decrease of sea surface temperature. Considering that the stability functions in NN perform better than those in MY in reproducing the vertical structure of turbulent heat flux, we slightly modify NN to find that the discrepancy between LES and NN can be reduced by more strongly restricting the turbulent length scale with increasing density stratification.  相似文献   

2.
To analyse material transport in inland seas, a horizontal two-dimensional dispersion equation is derived, and the dispersion coefficient due to the combined effect of vertical turbulent mixing and vertical shear of both a steady current and a tidal current is studied. In the present study, the assumption that velocity is uniform in horizontal planes is not necessary, and velocity has a free vertical profile; thus the dispersion coefficient formulated is general, and is represented by a tensor of the second order. The properties of the dispersion coefficient in the horizontal two-dimensional dispersion model are also investigated, and it is shown that the time-averaged dispersion coefficient due to the tidal current over a tidal period is approximately half that due to the steady current, if the velocity amplitude and the vertical profile of the tidal current are the same as those of the steady current (a similar result was presented byBowden (1965) for horizontal one-dimensional models). Finally, the dispersion coefficient in Hiuchi-Nada (Hiuchi Sound) in the central part of the Seto Inland Sea is evaluated by using the model. The values of the dispersion coefficient in that region range from 103 cm2 s–1 to 105 cm2 s–1 when vertical turbulent diffusivity is taken to be 50 cm2 s–1.  相似文献   

3.
《Ocean Modelling》2008,20(3):223-239
A turbulence closure for the effect of mesoscale eddies in non-eddy-resolving ocean models is proposed. The closure consists of a prognostic equation for the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) that is integrated as an additional model equation, and a diagnostic relation for an eddy length scale (L), which is given by the minimum of Rhines scale and Rossby radius. Combining EKE and L using a standard mixing length assumption gives a diffusivity (K), corresponding to the thickness diffusivity in the [Gent, P.R., McWilliams, J.C. 1990. Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 20, 150–155] parameterisation. Assuming downgradient mixing of potential vorticity with identical diffusivity shows how K is related to horizontal and vertical mixing processes in the horizontal momentum equation, and also enables us to parameterise the source of EKE related to eddy momentum fluxes.The mesoscale eddy closure is evaluated using synthetic data from two different eddy-resolving models covering the North Atlantic Ocean and the Southern Ocean, respectively. The diagnosis shows that the mixing length assumption together with the definition of eddy length scales is valid within certain limitations. Furthermore, implementation of the closure in non-eddy-resolving models of the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean shows consistently that the closure has skill at reproducing the results of the eddy-resolving model versions in terms of EKE and K.  相似文献   

4.
Channel constrictions within an estuary can influence overall estuary-sea exchange of salt or suspended/dissolved material. The exchange is modulated by turbulent mixing through its effect on density stratification. Here we quantify turbulent mixing in Hikapu Reach, an estuarine channel in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. The focus is on a period of relatively low freshwater input but where density stratification still persists throughout the tidal cycle, although the strength of stratification and its vertical structure vary substantially. The density stratification increases through the ebb tide, and decreases through the flood tide. During the spring tides observed here, ebb tidal flow speeds reached 0.7?m?s?1 and the buoyancy frequency squared was in the range 10?5 to 10?3?s?2. Turbulence parameters were estimated using both shear microstructure and velocimeter-derived inertial dissipation which compared favourably. The rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy reached 1?×?10?6?m2?s?3 late in the ebb tide, and estimates of the gradient Richardson number (the ratio of stability to shear) fell as low as 0.1 (i.e. unstable) although the results show that bottom-boundary driven turbulence can dominate for periods. The implication, based on scaling, is that the mixing within the channel does not homogenise the water column within a tidal cycle. Scaling, developed to characterise the tidal advection relative to the channel length, shows how riverine-driven buoyancy fluxes can pass through the tidal channel section and the stratification can remain partially intact.  相似文献   

5.
Some features of tidal current ellipses near the ocean floor are estimated from the bottom-limit solutions of the tidal equations with constant eddy viscosity. It is verified that a clockwise rotating ellipse becomes broad descending through the bottom boundary, whereas a counterclockwise ellipse becomes narrow except near the critical latitude. The major axis of an ellipse near the floor is directed 45° leftward (rightward) against that of the overlying tidal flow ellipse poleward from the critical latitude in the northern (southern) hemisphere. Equatorward from the critical latitude, the major axis near the floor lines up with that of the overlying tidal current ellipse in both hemispheres. The retrograde rotating hodograph against the overlying clockwise tidal hodograph appears near the floor around the critical latitude. These features are confirmed from the numerical studies using the large eddy simulation model. The deflection of the major axis poleward from the critical latitude is a little smaller, about 19°. Furthermore, the effects of nontraditional Coriolis force resulting from the horizontal component of the earth-rotating vector on the development of turbulence were investigated. When the diurnal tidal current is directed westward, the effective vertical eddy viscosity becomes maximum with developing turbulence. While in the case of a semidiurnal tide, a northward tidal current is preferred for turbulence development.  相似文献   

6.
To account for tidal variations in the regional climate of a water basin, we propose adding up the vertical eddy diffusivity, determined by wind and thermohaline forcings, and the diapycnal diffusivity, determined from the solution to the problem of the internal tidal wave (ITW) dynamics. This approach agrees with the approximation of “weak interaction” between turbulence of various origins. Then, the hydrothermodynamics equations are integrated with and without regard for ITW-induced diapycnal diffusion until a quasistationary solution is reached. Next we compare these solutions, found by using the 3D finite-element hydrostatic model QUODDY-4. This comparison shows that the contribution of tides to the formation of the Barents Sea climate in summer is not negligible with respect to certain hydrological characteristics. We present the fields of the dynamic topography of a free surface, surface current velocities, and seawater temperature and salinity at the depth of the pycnocline in the sea to illustrate the occurrence of tidal effects.  相似文献   

7.
Measurements in the mixing zone of the Elbe estuary were performed during three consecutive tidal cycles with three types of instruments—a moored tripod with velocity and temperature/conductivity/light attenuation sensors, a profiling sonde with similar sensors lowered from an anchored vessel, and instrumented moorings. Acoustic-travel-time sensors were used for velocity measurements.Spectral analysis of 12·8 min pieces of the obtained time series gives results that are consistent with isotropic turbulence for part of the frequency space. Temporal changes of turbulent kinetic energy are correlated with tidal current velocity. A retardation is found between changes in tidal current and turbulent energy. Not all shear stress terms are in similar phase with tidal flow. Mean gradients, Reynolds stress terms, and turbulent salt flux terms are combined to determine eddy viscosity and eddy diffusion coefficients.  相似文献   

8.
Roles of horizontal processes in the formation of the density stratification in Hiuchi-Nada are investigated by means of a two-dimensional numerical model. In Hiuchi-Nada, vertically mixed and stratified regions are formed due to the regional difference of the tidal currents, and a tidal front is formed between the two regions. The horizontal mixing across the tidal front suppresses the development of the stratification, which is developed too much in the absence of the horizontal mixing. The moderate, realistic stratification cannot be realized in the model without the horizontal mixing. Density currents are formed due to the density distribution associated with the mixed and stratified states. These currents contribute to the horizontal mixing through the shear effect. Horizontal heat transfer from the outside water generates the vertical circulation and causes the stratification. This effect dominantly appears at the early and late stages of the stratified season. The stratification is initiated before the beginning of the surface heating and persists beyond the end, due to the horizontal heat transfer.  相似文献   

9.
A three-dimensional,first order turbulence closure,thermal diffusion model is described inthis paper.The governing equations consist of an equation of continuity,three components of momentum,conservation equations for salt,temperature and subgridscale energy,and an equation of state.In the mod-el,according to the hypothesis of Kolmogorov and Prandtl,the viscosity coefficient of turbulent flow ofhomogeneous fluid is related to the local turbulent energy,and the horizontal and vertical exchangecoefficients of mass,heat and momentum are computed with the introduction of subgridscale turbulenceenergy.The governing equations are solved by finite difference techniques.This model is applied to theJiaozhou bay to predict thermal pollution by the Huangdao power plant.An instantaneous tidal currentfield is computed,then the distribution of temperature increment is predicted,and finally the effect of windstress on thermal discharge is discussed.  相似文献   

10.
本文根据拉格朗日流与欧拉流自相关系数的相似关系,用渤中8号平台1987年1月和8月的实测资料,分别推算了水平扩散系数。推算结果表明:研究长时间水平扩散时,把潮流看作湍流,所求的扩散系数实际上是潮流扩散系数,其值在10~6cm~2/s范围内;研究短时间水平扩散时,把潮流看作平流,用富里叶变换的长周期合成值从实测值中扣除,所求的扩散系数消除了长周期潮流部分,可认为是湍流扩散,其值在10~4cm~2/s范围内。  相似文献   

11.
Free internal waves are considered in a Boussinesq approximation in the situation when horizontal eddy viscosity and diffusion in a vertically inhomogeneous flow are taken into account. The dispersion relation and wave damping factor are found in a linear approximation. The Stokes drift velocity is determined in the second order of smallness based on the wave amplitude. It has been indicated that the Stokes drift velocity, transverse with respect to the wave propagation direction, differs from zero if the flow-rate transverse component depends on the vertical coordinate. Vertical momentum fluxes differ from zero and can be comparable with or exceed the corresponding turbulent fluxes if eddy viscosity and diffusion are taken into account.  相似文献   

12.
渤海垂直湍流混合强度季节变化的数值模拟   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4  
渤海为极浅陆架海 ,其中湍流耗散作用显著。将三维斜压陆架海模式 HAMSOM应用于渤海 ,以渤海周边台站每天 4次的常规气象资料作为风和热驱动 ,渤海海峡开边界以 5个主要分潮调和常数计算水位强迫 ,计算了渤海 1982年水文要素和流场变化 ,并用模式以湍的局地平衡理论封闭计算出垂直湍流粘性的时空分布。结果表明 :渤海湍流混合冬强夏弱 ,变化幅度较大 ( 10～ 2 0 0 cm2 / s) ,这是风搅拌和潮混合的湍流输入在密度层化调整下的结果 ;风的作用在冬季强于潮的作用 ,而底层则由潮混合控制呈现半月周期 ;渤海湍粘性系数的空间分布十分复杂 ,这是在渤海地形和岸形轮廓限制下 ,由一定大气条件驱动的流场和密度场导致的湍流混合强度不同所致  相似文献   

13.
《Coastal Engineering》2001,42(1):53-86
A numerical model is used to simulate wave breaking, the large scale water motions and turbulence induced by the breaking process. The model consists of a free surface model using the surface markers method combined with a three-dimensional model that solves the flow equations. The turbulence is described by large eddy simulation where the larger turbulent features are simulated by solving the flow equations, and the small scale turbulence that is not resolved by the flow model is represented by a sub-grid model. A simple Smagorinsky sub-grid model has been used for the present simulations. The incoming waves are specified by a flux boundary condition. The waves are approaching in the shore-normal direction and are breaking on a plane, constant slope beach. The first few wave periods are simulated by a two-dimensional model in the vertical plane normal to the beach line. The model describes the steepening and the overturning of the wave. At a given instant, the model domain is extended to three dimensions, and the two-dimensional flow field develops spontaneously three-dimensional flow features with turbulent eddies. After a few wave periods, stationary (periodic) conditions are achieved. The surface is still specified to be uniform in the transverse (alongshore) direction, and it is only the flow field that is three-dimensional.The turbulent structures are investigated under different breaker types, spilling, weak plungers and strong plungers. The model is able to reproduce complicated flow phenomena such as obliquely descending eddies. The turbulent kinetic energy is found by averaging over the transverse direction. In spilling breakers, the turbulence is generated in a series of eddies in the shear layer under the surface roller. After the passage of the roller the turbulence spreads downwards. In the strong plunging breaker, the turbulence originates to a large degree from the topologically generated vorticity. The turbulence generated at the plunge point is almost immediately distributed over the entire water depth by large organised vortices. Away from the bed, the length scale of the turbulence (the characteristic size of the eddies resolved by the model) is similar in the horizontal and the vertical direction. It is found to be of the order one half of the water depth.  相似文献   

14.
Effects of Stokes production on summer ocean shelf dynamics   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
A two-dimensional numerical model,which is configured on the basis of Princeton ocean model（POM）,is used to study the effect of Stokes production（SP） of the turbulent kinetic energy on a density profile and Ekman transport in an idealized shelf region in summer.The energy input from SP is parameterized and included into the Mellor-Yamada turbulence closure submodel.Results reveal that the intensity of wind-driven upwelling fronts near the sea surface is weakened by the SP-associated turbulent kinetic energy input.The vertical eddy viscosity coefficient in the surface boundary layer is enhanced greatly owing to the impact of SP,which decreases the alongshore velocity and changes the distribution of upwelling.In addition,the SP-induced mixing easily suppresses the strong stratification and significantly increases the depth of the upper mixed layer（ML） under strong winds.  相似文献   

15.
A number of parameterisations for the simulation of mixing processes in the thermocline are compared and tested against the microstructure data of the PROVESS campaigns, conducted in the northern part of the North Sea during the autumn of 1998. The transport term in the turbulent kinetic energy equation is parameterised via the introduction of a third stability function Sk for turbulent energy diffusion. The formulations are compared with a simpler scheme based upon limiting conditions for turbulence variables. Improved results are obtained with a new form of Sk. The best agreement is, however, found with the simpler limiting scheme. This is explained in terms of a turbulence length scale theory for stably stratified turbulence. In agreement with previous laboratory and ocean data it is found that the ratios of the Thorpe and Kolmogorov scales to the Ozmidov length scale approach critical limiting values in the thermocline. The first of these conditions is satisfied when limiting conditions are implemented into the scheme, providing the necessary minimum value for the dissipation rate, whereas the schemes without limiting conditions fail to produce this critical ratio. The basic reason for this failure is that the Thorpe scale is overestimated, which is shown to be connected to an even larger overprediction of the dissipation rate of temperature variance. To investigate the impact of non-resolved advective processes and salinity stratification on the turbulence predictions, additional numerical experiments were conducted using a simple scheme for data assimilation. The best agreement is found again with the limiting scheme, which is able to make reasonable predictions for the dissipation rate without knowing the detailed shape of the mean stratification profile. It is shown that advective transport due to tidally and wind-driven motions has a non-negligible impact on vertical mixing. This is seen in the data and the models by periodic enhancements of turbulent mixing inside the thermocline.  相似文献   

16.
On the basis of the theoretical research results by the author and the literature published up to date, the analysis and the justification presented in this paper show that the breaking products of oceanic internal waves are not only turbulence, but also the fine-scale near-inertial internal waves (the oceanic reversible finestructure) for inertial waves and the internal solitary waves for internal tides respectively. It was found that the oceanic reversible finestructure may be induced by the effect of the horizontal component f (f = 2Ωcosφ) of the rotation vector on inertial waves. And a new instability of the theoretical shear and strain spectra due to the effect of f occurs at critical vertical wavenumber β c ≈ 0.1 cpm. It happens when the levels of shear and strain of the reversible finestructure are higher than those of inertial waves, which is induced by the effect of f along an "iso-potential-pycnal" of internal wave. If all breaking products of internal waves are taken into account, the average kinetic energy dissipation rate is an order of magnitude larger than the values of turbulence observed by microstructure measurements. The author’s theoretical research results are basically in agreement with those observed in IWEX, DRIFTER and PATCHEX experiments. An important impersonal fact is that on the mean temporal scale of thermohaline circulation these breaking products of internal waves exist simultaneously with turbulence. Because inertial waves are generated by winds at the surface, and internal tides are generated by strong tide-topography interactions, the analysis and justification in this paper support in principle the abyssal recipes Ⅱ:energetics of tidal and wind mixing by Munk & Wunsch in 1998, in despite of the results of microstructure measurements for the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and the diapycnal turbulent eddy diffusivity.  相似文献   

17.
The exchange flow structure was examined in the North Passage of Changjiang River Estuary, where a deep waterway project (DWP) was carried out to improve the navigability. Before the construction of the DWP, the friction effect played a significant role in shaping the transverse structure of the exchange flow. The turbulent eddy viscosity generated near the seabed can be transferred to the upper water column, which facilitated vertical momentum exchange. As a result, the landward inflow extended to –2 m below the water surface and the seaward outflow was concentrated on the shallow shoal on the southern side of the cross section. After the construction of the DWP, the turbulent mixing was suppressed as a result of density stratification. The friction felt by the water was constrained in the lower half of the water column and the vertical momentum exchange was reduced. Meanwhile, the channel became dynamically narrowed with a Kelvin number of 0.52. Therefore, the Coriolis played a minor role in shaping the transverse structure of the exchange flow. As a consequence, the exchange flow featured a vertically-sheared pattern, with outflow at the surface and inflow underneath. Additionally, the gravitational circulation was enhanced due to increase in along-channel density gradient and stratification. The exchange flow components associated with the lateral processes (residual currents induced by eddy viscosity-shear covariance and lateral advective acceleration) were reduced, which suggests that lateral processes played a minor role in modifying the along-channel dynamics when the estuary becomes dynamically-narrowed.  相似文献   

18.
The peculiarities of the vertical fine thermohaline structure of waters in the north-west Tropical Atlantic are considered on the data of STD surveys recorded in winter-spring 1984. The variability of the characteristics of staircase and inversion elements of stratification with depth is analysed over the horizontal as well as related to the mesoscale and large-scale dynamics of waters. The coefficients of horizontal turbulent exchange are estimated within the framework of Joyce's hypothesis on quasi-compensation of vertical and turbulent horizontal transport. The effects of double diffusion are considered to dominate in vertical transport.UDK 551.465.15Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.  相似文献   

19.
Two important nonlinear properties of seawater thermodynamics linked to changes of water density, cabbeling and elasticity(compressibility), are discussed. Eddy diffusion and advection lead to changes in density; as a result, gravitational potential energy of the system is changed. Therefore, cabbeling and elasticity play key roles in the energetics of lateral eddy diffusion and advection. Vertical eddy diffusion is one of the key elements in the mechanical energy balance of the global oceans. Vertical eddy diffusion can be conceptually separated into two steps: stirring and subscale diffusion. Vertical eddy stirring pushes cold/dense water upward and warm/light water downward; thus, gravitational potential energy is increased. During the second steps, water masses from different places mix through subscale diffusion, and water density is increased due to cabbeling. Using WOA01 climatology and assuming the vertical eddy diffusivity is equal to a constant value of 2×103 Pa2/s, the total amount of gravitational potential energy increase due to vertical stirring in the world oceans is estimated at 263 GW. Cabbeling associated with vertical subscale diffusion is a sink of gravitational potential energy, and the total value of energy lost is estimated at 73 GW. Therefore, the net source of gravitational potential energy due to vertical eddy diffusion for the world oceans is estimated at 189 GW.  相似文献   

20.
Plant-flow interactions on the surface of tidal wetlands result in flow characteristics that are profoundly different from non-vegetated flows. Reductions in mean flow velocity and turbulence, especially the vertical components, limit vertical mixing and may impact a wide range of processes including geochemical exchanges at the sediment water interface, larval recruitment and dispersion, and sediment deposition and retention. The goal of this paper is to quantify horizontal and vertical components of velocity, turbulence intensity and total turbulent kinetic energy in Spartina alterniflora canopies in southeastern North Carolina and to relate flow characteristics to particulate transport on the marsh surface. Another aim of this paper is to assess the extent to which the distribution of standing biomass affects mean flow and turbulence by comparing S. alterniflora data to other canopy types and through a series of canopy manipulations which altered canopy height and stem densities.The results of this study indicate that flow velocity, turbulence intensity, and total turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) are significantly reduced within the vegetated canopy and that this reduction is inversely related to the amount of biomass present in the water column. Within the canopy, approximately 50% of the initial mean velocity and TKE is reduced within 5 m of the canopy edge. Within the canopy, mean velocity and TKEhoriz usually exceeded vertical velocity or TKEvert and the vertical components of flow were attenuated more strongly than the horizontal. These results suggest that within the vegetation, turbulence contributes more to lateral advection than to vertical mixing. As a result, total suspended solid concentrations were shown to decrease logarithmically with distance from the canopy edge and to decrease at a faster rate in more densely vegetated regions of the canopy (i.e. lower TKEvert) as compared to areas of sparser vegetation (i.e. higher TKEvert).  相似文献   

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