共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 77 毫秒
1.
适用于短生命周期种类资源评估模型的研究现状与展望 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《海洋湖沼通报》2015,(3)
近几十年来随着传统鱼类资源衰退,短生命周期种类的资源量和捕捞产量出现了增长,并已成为世界海洋捕捞业的重要捕捞对象,为使渔业资源可持续利用,必须制定合理的渔业管理计划,实现对渔业资源的科学管理。对渔业资源进行科学的评估是制定渔业管理计划的基础,渔业资源评估模型则是进行渔业资源评估的重要工具,对短生命周期种类资源进行科学评估和管理是一个极为重要的课题。但是短生命周期种类具有生命周期短、生长快、资源丰富以及产卵种群多的特点,资源量极易受海洋环境影响的独特的生活史特征,使得世界各国对短生命周期种类资源评估和管理的研究处在发展初期。本文首先介绍了短生命周期种类的生物学特点,接着简要介绍了传统资源评估模型的分类,最后详细阐述了目前应用于短生命周期种类的资源评估模型与方法,同时,本文对渔业资源评估模型中存在的问题进行了探讨,并对其未来的发展进行了展望。 相似文献
2.
根据1996-2006年7～11月中国大陆鱿钓船在西北太平洋38°N～46°N、150°E～165°E海域的生产统计、平均渔获个体等数据,基于Pope提出的世代分析法估算了不同自然死亡系数下(M＝0.03～0.1/10 d)柔鱼冬春生西部群体7月的初始资源量,以及该群体为对象的渔业管理参考点,包括最大可持续产量(MSY)和逃逸率,并且拟合了该群体补充量与亲体量的关系,推测了2006-2020年资源量和渔获量的变化.结果表明,M为0.06/10 d为1个临界点,若实际M＜0.06/10 d则该群体处于过度开发状态;若M=0.06/10 d则该群体处于充分利用状态;若M＞0.06/10 d则该群体还有进一步开发利用的空间.补充量亲体关系表明,Beverton-Holt模型拟合效果略优于Ricker模型.要持续利用该资源,逃逸率应设在40%左右,其相应的MSY为10万t左右.文章模拟了M=0.06/10 d时不同捕捞强度下资源量变化状况,认为维持目前的捕捞努力量下,到2020年该群体的资源量都将处在稳定状态,且能保持每年9～10万t的渔获量. 相似文献
3.
为应对渔业资源的日益衰退,增殖放流成为了目前补充资源、维持资源可持续利用的主要手段之一。增殖放流实施后,渔业资源的可持续特征是学者们普遍关心,却又无法使用传统剩余产量模型有效解决的问题。本研究基于传统的Schaefer剩余产量模型,提出了一个适用于增殖放流情况下的剩余产量模型(增殖剩余产量模型),模拟分析了不同增殖放流和捕捞策略对模型的影响。该模型的形式与Schaefer剩余产量模型相似,但加入了描述增殖群体增长特征的参数—有效增殖率,以此来表示增殖放流的群体对产量产生的影响。结果显示,合理的增殖放流可以起到增加最大可持续产量的效果,使用增殖剩余产量模型能够得到合理的最大可持续产量等关键指标的估算结果。与无增殖放流情况相比,在增殖放流影响下,海域原存资源(海域原本存在的群体)达到最大可持续产量时所需的生物量较小,而可承受的捕捞努力量则有所增加。增殖剩余产量模型所反映的原存群体和增殖群体之间会产生抑制作用。在该作用影响下,不同增殖放流和捕捞策略会对模型的评估结果产生影响。与传统模型相比,该模型将增殖放流纳入最大可持续产量的评估过程,提高了增殖放流影响下最大可持续产量评估的准确性,可用于诸如海洋牧场等边界较清晰的海域内增殖定栖性种类最大可持续产量的估算。 相似文献
4.
副渔获物对渔业资源的影响及其减少方法的探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
由于渔具不同的选择性和多鱼种鱼类共栖 ,人们在对目标种类进行捕捞时 ,不可避免地产生副渔获物及其抛弃。由于渔业资源的下降和人们对海洋环境保护意识的加强 ,副渔获物及其抛弃问题日益成为人们关注的焦点。本文对世界范围内的渔业活动所产生的副渔获物进行分析 ,根据副渔获物的种类、被抛弃情况和原因以及对渔业资源的影响 ,提出了减少副渔获物和抛弃的方法。 相似文献
5.
利用元胞自动机探讨商业性CPUE与资源量之间的关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
构造1个集鱼类资源增长、渔船捕捞及鱼群分布与渔船作业间相互作用的元胞自动机模型,以探讨鱼群探捕与渔船作业可能对商业性CPUE与资源量之间关系的影响.文中分别模拟了(1) 鱼群集中或随机分布,渔船随机分布;(2) 鱼群由随机逐渐集中,渔船通过捕捞数据也逐渐集中分布,同时规定每艘船的最大捕捞量;(3) 鱼群由分散到集中再到分散,而渔船集中在鱼群分布概率最大区;(4) 渔船从随机分布到逐渐集中分布,鱼群集中分布不变等4种渔业上客观存在的情形.在渔船随机分布的情形下,不管鱼群如何分布,商业性CPUE与资源量均呈线性关系;在鱼群分布逐渐集中、渔船由于渔民经验积累也随之逐渐集中的情形下,商业性CPUE与资源量能表现出高稳性和高贫化性的特点.由于鱼群的集散或渔船进入渔区的时间长短不一,会造成商业性CPUE与资源量负相关的现象.上述模拟情况说明,在渔业资源评估中需要关注模型应用的前提条件以及模型的完善.文中还探讨了元胞自动机在渔业资源评估中应用的可行性. 相似文献
6.
东、黄海绿鳍马面鲀的资源评估 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
运用Pope-Shepherd多世代解析法推算了1977—1987年东、黄海绿鳍马面纯的各龄组资源量及捕捞死亡系数变动。结果表明,一龄以上资源量从70年代末的70余万吨逐步减少,80年代中期降到约50万吨的最低点。此后渔获物中一龄鱼比例大幅度增加。1984—1986三年中一龄鱼分别占渔获物的14.8％,53.3％。和16.2％(重量比例)。但因东、黄海主要底鱼衰退,生态系结构发生变化,马面纯幼鱼补充多于70年代,特别是1985年和1986年幼鱼补充量显著增加,出现二个较强的补充群体,使1986和1987年的2龄鱼数量有所增加。但该期间3龄以上成鱼资源量仍低于70年代水准,反映出捕捞强度过大。根据生物量曲线解析,将开捕年龄提高到3龄才能获得最佳管理效果。 相似文献
7.
莱州湾渔业资源与环境变化趋势分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
依据近30年来关于莱州湾环境典型污染物、浮游植物和渔业资源的调查资料,报道了莱州湾水环境质量、浮游植物和渔业资源的变迁规律,并简单分析了三者之间的关系;结果表明:(1)从上世纪80年代初起至本世纪初,莱州湾环境中无机氮平均含量经历了由低到高的变化,到2009年无机氮含量已超过劣四类海水水质标准;元机磷平均含量呈总体降低趋势,氮磷摩尔比在所考察的大部分时段内高于Redfield阈值(16);(2)1980年代末以来,磷是限制莱州湾浮游植物生长的限制性营养盐,莱州湾浮游植物的种类在减少,群落结构趋于简单化;(3)莱州湾渔获物种数年均减少1.5种;鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类年均减少0.7种;单位捕捞努力量渔获量年均降低10 kg/h;近海捕捞量逐年减少,仅潍坊市,近海捕捞量从1989年的18.7万t减少到2007年的1.7万t;(4)限制浮游植物生长的营养盐从氮转变为磷,莱州湾浮游植物群落已由硅藻占绝对优势演变为硅藻和甲藻共同占优势;(5)与其他因素相比,氮磷比与莱州湾近海捕捞量存在更显著的相关性;氮磷比及COD含量与渔获物种数存在显著相关性;说明海水氮磷比是决定莱州湾渔业资源量的关键因素,而资源种数受有机物污染影响较大。 相似文献
8.
荣成湾渔业资源群落结构季节变化特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
根据2009年4个季度荣成湾海域的调查资料,探讨荣成湾渔业资源种类组成和群落结构季节变化特征.结果表明,2009年荣成湾渔业资源生物96种,其中鱼类43种,无脊椎动物53种.荣成湾的优势种存在明显的季节变化:赵氏狮子鱼、细纹狮子鱼是春季的优势种,六丝矛尾鰕虎鱼在夏季优势地位最高,短吻红舌鳎是秋季和冬季的第一优势种;荣成湾无脊椎动物海蜇生物量最高,虾类丰度最高.荣成湾渔业资源量存在季节波动,夏季最高,冬季最低,除秋季外,无脊椎动物对渔业资源贡献均超过鱼类资源.不同季节荣成湾鱼类资源多样性变化不大,秋冬季无脊椎动物资源多样性显著高于春夏季.荣成湾渔业群落种类和资源量呈显著季节变异,鱼类与无脊椎动物季节变化特征不完全一致. 相似文献
9.
多目标渔业资源科学调查的分层方案设计优化 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
渔业资源科学调查常用于收集高质量的生物学和生态学数据以进行渔业资源评估与管理。渔业资源调查设计优化十分必要,其有助于在经济有效的采样努力量下提高调查估计量的精度。对于估计单鱼种资源量指数和物种多样性指数为主的多目标渔业资源调查设计,本研究应用模拟方法评价和优化了分层随机采样设计的分层方案。在不同月份,对于不同调查目标,分别比较了不同分层方案设计的表现。对于大多数指标,与简单随机采样设计相比,分层方案设计可以提高调查估计量的精度。目前采用的具有5层的分层随机采样设计表现最好。通过分层方案设计可以补偿由于采样努力量降低造成的估计量精度的下降,采样努力量的减少有助于降低调查成本、减轻调查拖网对于种群数量较低鱼种的不利影响。本研究表明对于不同的调查目标,最优化的分层方案设计不同。调查后分析有助于改善渔业资源调查的分层方案设计。 相似文献
10.
智利竹筴鱼(Trachurus murphyi)是东南太平洋重要的经济鱼类之一,其资源量受补充量影响明显,了解补充量状况对智利竹筴鱼资源可持续利用和科学管理具有重要意义。本文基于模态分析将1971?2017年间智利竹筴鱼补充量划分不同模态,运用贝叶斯模型平均法,分析海表面温度、海表面盐度、海表面高度、厄尔尼诺和太平洋年代际振荡5个环境因子在不同模态中对补充量的解释能力,并探讨模态变动对补充量预测的影响。结果表明,第1模态(1971?1980年)更多的受捕捞因素的干扰;第2模态(1981?1990年)厄尔尼诺对补充量变动的解释概率最高;第3模态(1991?2001年)解释概率最高的环境因子为太平洋年代际振荡;第4模态(2002?2015年)厄尔尼诺为解释概率最高的环境因子。对比不考虑模态变动的分析结果,两者存在明显差异,基于不同模态的分析结果对智利竹筴鱼补充量变动的解释更为合理。研究认为,智利竹筴鱼补充量变动受到多个环境因子的影响,在不同模态时期起主导作用的环境因子也不同,推测年代际太平洋年代际振荡冷暖期交替与厄尔尼诺现象可能是诱发智利竹筴鱼补充量发生模态转变的重要因素。建议在未来智利竹筴鱼资源评估与管理中,应该考虑不同的模态变化及其影响因子。 相似文献
11.
Habitat degradation and fishing are major drivers of temporal and spatial changes in fish communities. The independent effects of these drivers are well documented, but the relative importance and interaction between fishing and habitat shifts is poorly understood, particularly in complex systems such as coral reefs. To assess the combined and relative effects of fishing and habitat we examined the composition of fish communities on patch reefs across a gradient of high to low structural complexity in fished and unfished areas of the Ningaloo Marine Park, Western Australia. Biomass and species richness of fish were positively correlated with structural complexity of reefs and negatively related to macroalgal cover. Total abundance of fish was also positively related to structural complexity, however this relationship was stronger on fished reefs than those where fishing is prohibited. The interaction between habitat condition and fishing pressure is primarily due to the high abundance of small bodied planktivorous fish on fished reefs. However, the influence of management zones on the abundance and biomass of predators and target species is small, implying spatial differences in fishing pressure are low and unlikely to be driving this interaction. Our results emphasise the importance of habitat in structuring reef fish communities on coral reefs especially when gradients in fishing pressure are low. The influence of fishing effort on this relationship may however become more important as fishing pressure increases. 相似文献
12.
《Marine Policy》2017
This paper assessed the socio-economic implications of climate change and vulnerability of fishing communities known as “Koli” living in Mumbai, India. The vulnerability indicators are derived from sustainable livelihood literature and use of multi-criteria analyses and are validated with expert opinions. A survey of two hundred fishermen from five fishing villages in Mumbai was conducted to collect data. The results demonstrate that vulnerability perpetuates due to physical and financial resource constraints among the fishing community. Fishermen from Madh and Worli villages are observed to be more vulnerable and less adaptive due to their inability to use efficient mechanized boats and advanced fishing implements, such as fish finders and GPS (Global Positioning System). The divergence in the vulnerability scores among fishing villages is attributed to the coping strategies, resource availability, knowledge and the benefit derived from the local government. Fishermen have been observing the negative impacts of climate change on their fishing livelihoods. Adaptation strategies to maximize fish catch are observed in such practices as targeting different species and fishing intensively for several days. However, these practices are leading to an imbalance in the common resource pool and biased resource sharing among different groups of fishermen. 相似文献
13.
The vulnerabilities of fishing communities to climate and environmental change represent major issues for the governance of fisheries resources which have a direct effect on human security, livelihoods and rights. This paper explores the dynamics of social-ecological systems in the estuary of the Patos Lagoon in southern Brazil. The paper identifies key factors that increase and/or minimize the vulnerabilities of the fishing communities in this lagoon with the objective of understanding: (a) the degree to which fishing communities are able to build adaptive and learning capacities to minimize/reduce vulnerabilities and maintain their livelihoods; and (b) how and under what circumstances external and internal factors may influence and disrupt the social-ecological resilience in this lagoon system. Results show that fishing communities with a higher degree of self-organization are able to create ways to minimize their vulnerability to adverse climatic conditions. However, only a few communities have developed adaptive mechanisms to cope with the influence of climate on resource abundance and availability. Little external institutional support for small-scale fishing communities, erosion of their traditional resource use systems and decreasing fish stocks in recent decades have all led to a gradual increase in the vulnerability of fishing livelihoods in this lagoon. The uncertainties associated with climate are related to increasing vulnerability and influence the degree of resource conservation and exploitation. The lack of public policies to deal with the impact of climate variability on the livelihoods of fishing communities and the presence of weak institutions in resource governance represent major threats to the social security of fishers in this region. 相似文献
14.
参照渔业生物学、渔业资源解析学、数量遗传学等有关理论模型，并应用数值模拟方法，对长期选择性捕捞（重点为渔具选择性）是否参与造成了渔业资源的生物学变化（体长、性成熟等）进行某些基础性探索。设计了一个具有一定体长遗传特征的模拟鱼类种群，并利用一种具有固定选择性参数的拖网对其进行长期捕捞。结果表明，多年的持续的捕捞压力使得模拟种群中鱼类体长逐渐减小，减小的幅度随开发率的增大而增大，而终止捕捞后种群的体长并没有发生恢复的迹象，说明这种变化很可能伴随种群遗传的变化，具有自然不可逆性。 相似文献
15.
《Marine Policy》2017
Fishing is an important recreational activity for many Australians, with one in every four people participating every year. There are however many different pressures exerted on Australian fish stocks, including climate-related changes that drive changes in local fish abundances. It is inevitable that recreational fishers will need to adapt to these changes. When resource abundance alters substantially, user adaptation to the new situation is required and policies and incentives may need to be developed to encourage behaviour change. It is important to correctly anticipate fisher's response to these policies and incentives as much as possible. Improved understanding of recreational fisher's likely adaptation decisions and the nature and timing of these decisions can help avoid unintended consequences of management decisions. Based on a survey of recreational fishers in the south-east Australian climate hotspot, we identify 4 relevant dimensions to recreational fisher's behavioural adaptation. There are differences in adaptation timing (early, late, and non-adaptors). Non-adaptors are characterised by greater cultural attachment to fishing and stronger perceptions of the factors that influence abundance change. The fisher's preferred adaptation responses and the timing of the behavioural response differs between decreasing versus increasing fish abundance. Insight into perspectives and expectations on how recreational fishers might adapt to changes is useful to develop a set of behavioural incentives that appeal to different groups but remain efficient and effective in their implementation. Such knowledge can create new pathways to achieve meaningful and targeted adaptation responses for different types of recreational fishers. 相似文献
16.
Interdecadal variability of anchoveta abundance and overcapacity of the fishery in Peru 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Pierre Fron Marilú Bouchon Christian Mullon Christian García Miguel
iquen 《Progress in Oceanography》2008,79(2-4):401
Paleontological and historical stock abundance estimates indicate that pelagic fish populations inhabiting upwelling ecosystems undergo large interdecadal variations in abundance with amplitudes equal to, if not larger than, the interannual variability. The interdecadal variability is characterized by periods of high and low abundance, termed “pseudo-cycles”, because of their irregular periodicity. Fisheries targeting small pelagic fish suffer from overall overcapitalization, like many other fisheries, but also from an additional overcapitalization problem: a phase displacement between rapid fish population decreases and a slower disinvestment which follows. This lag produces economic hardship.Here we document the fish:fishery relationship for the Peruvian anchoveta. Anchoveta pseudo-cycles of 20 to >100 years are observed, with the present stock abundance most likely located near upper part of the cycle. Fleet overcapacity expressed as the proportion of unused present capacity is estimated at 72% and processing overcapacity at 89%. A simple bio-economic model demonstrates the risks associated with the pseudo-periodicity in fish stock abundance in conjunction with fishery investment, open access, and overcapacity: a timing bomb for the fishing sector. The lag between disinvestment and decrease in fish abundance is quantified. A reduction of the fishing and processing capacity and measures to decrease the investment lag are recommended to limit the social, economical and political tensions that will result from the expected decrease in stock abundance. Finally, some management options to reduce these risks are discussed. 相似文献
17.
Relationship between deep-sea fish distributions and oceanic conditions of the East China Sea 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Shen Jin''ao 《海洋学报(英文版)》1994,13(4):535-550
Ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｄｅｅｐ－ｓｅａｆｉｓｈｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄｏｃｅａｎｉｃｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅＥａｓｔＣｈｉｎａＳｅａ￥ＳｈｅｎＪｉｎ＇ａｏ（ＲｅｃｅｉｖｅｄＮｏｖｅｍｂｅｒ１７，１９９３；ａｃｃｅｐｔｅｄ... 相似文献
18.
Katja Enberg Christian Jørgensen Erin S. Dunlop Øystein Varpe David S. Boukal Loïc Baulier Sigrunn Eliassen Mikko Heino 《Marine Ecology》2012,33(1):1-25
The interest in fishing‐induced life‐history evolution has been growing in the last decade, in part because of the increasing number of studies suggesting evolutionary changes in life‐history traits, and the potential ecological and economic consequences these changes may have. Among the traits that could evolve in response to fishing, growth has lately received attention. However, critical reading of the literature on growth evolution in fish reveals conceptual confusion about the nature of ‘growth’ itself as an evolving trait, and about the different ways fishing can affect growth and size‐at‐age of fish, both on ecological and on evolutionary time‐scales. It is important to separate the advantages of being big and the costs of growing to a large size, particularly when studying life‐history evolution. In this review, we explore the selection pressures on growth and the resultant evolution of growth from a mechanistic viewpoint. We define important concepts and outline the processes that must be accounted for before observed phenotypic changes can be ascribed to growth evolution. When listing traits that could be traded‐off with growth rate, we group the mechanisms into those affecting resource acquisition and those governing resource allocation. We summarize potential effects of fishing on traits related to growth and discuss methods for detecting evolution of growth. We also challenge the prevailing expectation that fishing‐induced evolution should always lead to slower growth. 相似文献
19.
《Marine Policy》2017
A detailed understanding of fishing activity in Scottish waters is required to inform marine spatial planning. Larger fishing vessels are fitted with Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) offering spatial information on fishing activity. VMS does not cover smaller vessels (under 15 m), which fish predominantly in inshore waters where the competition for space is often greatest. To improve knowledge of the distribution of fishing activity and value of fisheries in Scotland's inshore waters, Marine Scotland conducted a participatory fisheries mapping project, known as ScotMap. The data were collected during face-to-face interviews with 1090 fishermen of Scottish registered commercial fishing vessels under 15 m in overall length and relate to fishing activity for the period 2007–2011. Interviewees were asked to identify the areas in which they fish, estimate the contribution these areas make to vessel earnings, and to provide associated information. The majority of interviews relate to creel fishing. The data collected were aggregated to provide mapped outputs of the monetary value, relative importance to fishermen and the usage of the seas around Scotland (number of fishing vessels and number of crew). ScotMap outputs provide information on the locations of inshore fishing activities and the economic importance of different sea areas at a much higher spatial resolution than was previously possible. Outputs have informed marine policy development, provide a valuable resource for marine spatial planning in Scotland and illustrate how participatory mapping can generate useful resources on the location and importance of inshore fishing areas. 相似文献
20.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(1):851-862
Harders were fished commercially in the Western Cape even prior to the settlement of Dutch colonialists in 1652. The principal means of exploitation has remained the beach seine, but gill (drift and set) nets and purse-seines have also been used. Yields have increased from about 37 000 fish in 1652 to mostly between 5,5 and 9,1 million fish in recent years. Population biology and ecology of the resource are largely unknown, but the existing information about stock identity and structure, distribution, feeding, growth, reproduction and seasonal availability is synthesized. Provisional data are presented on mesh selectivity of gill nets for harders. Management of the resource has been aimed at protecting juveniles, monitoring catches, limiting and phasing out of large-scale purse-seine fishing, limitation of excessive participation in the fishery, enforcement of human presence during fishing operations, and encouragement to diversify fishing effort. Despite the limited scientific knowledge of the resource, appropriate management action and such fortunate resource characteristics as seasonal fluctuation in availability, natural distribution over much of the coastline and a failure of the species to shoal along with other commercially exploited pelagic species have resulted in harvests remaining within the production capacity of the stock and in prevention of growth overfishing. 相似文献