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1.
海-气界面CO2通量的估算对于碳的生物地球化学循环和全球气候变化等研究具有重要的意义,利用遥感手段是进行全球尺度海表面碳通量估算的唯一手段,但是由于不确定性的存在限制了海-气界面CO2通量遥感估算产品在决策应用上的可靠性。本文通过建立海-气界面CO2通量直接控制参量(气体交换速率k、海表面CO2溶解度S和海表面CO2分压pCO2sw)误差结构图,以通量估算的主要影响因子——海表温度(SST)为例,建立了SST在通量计算中的误差传递流程图,并采用Monte Carlo方法模拟了SST误差在通量计算中的传递规律和对最终误差的贡献。结果表明在遥感SST误差为±0.5°C并为正态分布的假设下,误差在k、S计算中的传递为指数分布和近似指数分布,而在pCO2sw模型计算中为正态分布,最终在通量FC O中的传递为指数分布;在大气CO22分压为固定值370μatm的情况下,SST对最终的通量结果带来的误差为±1.2mmol/(m2·d)左右。本文以SST为例,提供了一种通量计算中遥感参数误差传递和贡献的计算方法,可以为其它遥感获取的参量提供分析依据和参考。 相似文献
2.
海-气CO2通量估算模型中参数的可靠性是决定模型可靠性的重要因素, 也决定了模型估算结果的可靠性, 因此开展海-气CO2通量计算模型中误差传递规律与敏感性分析, 对模型参数端元因子的误差控制, 提高模型预测精度和降低不确定性十分重要。但由于模型中参数众多, 且各种参数间彼此相互影响, 使得误差传递过程与敏感性分析十分复杂困难。本文在海-气界面CO2通量观测建模过程详细分析的基础上, 以海-气界面CO2分压差的经典通量计算模型为基础, 以实测数据通量计算过程为例, 针对模型中的参数变量, 在假设参数变量的误差正态分布的前提下, 利用Monte Carlo手段分析各参数变量的误差在模型中的传递规律, 并将单因子扰动试验法用于海-气界面CO2通量建模的参数敏感性分析。模拟和分析结果表明:CO2通量计算过程中误差经模型传递后的分布规律存在正态分布、指数分布等多种形式;气体交换系数对通量计算结果的敏感性最大, 通量估算中的风速和表层海水温度是必须进行精度控制的关键参数。 相似文献
3.
秋季东海和南黄海表层海水CO_2体系各参数分布及海-气界面通量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据2007年11月在东海和南黄海海域表层海水测得的TCO2和TA数据,计算了表层海水pCO2,结合现场环境对表层海水CO2体系各参数的分布进行了讨论,探讨了pCO2与海水温度及叶绿素的相关性,利用Wanninkhof(1992)提出的通量模式并采用加权平均法估算了整个调查海域的海-气CO2的净通量。结果表明:观测海域表层海水CO2系统各参量的分布呈明显的不均匀性,在水团的混合处往往是各参量的高值或低值中心。由相关性分析可知,pCO2的分布主要受海水温度的影响,生物活动的影响较弱。受秋季较大风速的影响,调查海域表现为强的CO2源,秋季可向大气释放CO2约为556×104tC。 相似文献
4.
使用World Ocean Altas 2009提供的气候态月平均温度、盐度和磷酸盐浓度资料,以及Globalview和NCEP的大气资料,借助较为可靠的经验公式,估算了东海海表CO2分压(pCO2)和海-气CO2通量的平均分布特征和季节变化。结果表明,pCO2的空间分布形态四季大体相同,但其强度随季节变化,春、冬季低,夏、秋季高。CO2通量在东海陆架区为汇,汇的强度从NW向SE逐渐减弱;在黑潮区为源,强度从SW向NE逐渐减弱。东海整体于春、冬季为CO2的汇,夏、秋季为CO2的源。进一步分析东海pCO2和CO2通量季节变化的主要影响因子表明,东海海表pCO2变化主要受温度控制,而在陆架区,盐度和磷酸盐的作用不可忽略。东海整体CO2通量变化在4至10月由风速主导,11月至翌年3月由海表pCO2控制;陆架区CO2通量的季节变化主要由风速决定;黑潮区CO2通量的变化在夏季由风速主导,秋季由风速和pCO2共同影响。 相似文献
5.
依据2011年3月4日对胶州湾走航连续实测所得pCO2数据,结合水文、化学和生物等要素的同步实测资料,对胶州湾海域pCO2分布及其影响因素进行了初步探讨,并估算了3月海-气CO2通量。结果表明:3月胶州湾表层海水pCO2实测值在191～332μatm之间,平均值为278μatm,海-气CO2通量在-22.76～-7.13mmol·m-2·d-1,平均值为-14.2mmol·m-2·d-1,这一时期胶州湾从大气吸收约1.59×103t C,表现为大气CO2的强汇。生物活动是影响这一时期表层海水pCO2分布的主要原因。 相似文献
6.
根据2001年7月对南黄海的大面积调查,研究了南黄海夏季pCO2的分布机制,着重讨论下层海水涌升和长江冲淡水对海-气界面CO2通量的贡献,并给出了南黄海海-气界面CO2通量。研究结果表明:夏季南黄海总体上是CO2的1个弱源,大约向大气中释放45.05×104t C。夏季南黄海表层海水pCO2分布表现出了极大的不均性,其汇区主要由长江冲淡水造成,影响区域占汇区吸收CO2的99.9%;而在源区,下层海水涌升虽然面积较小却占源区释放CO2的35.2%。可见陆架边缘海区源/汇格局的地域差异非常之特别。 相似文献
7.
北黄海夏季pCO2分布及海-气CO2通量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于在2006年夏季北黄海收集的的高分辨率的表层CO2分压(pCO2)数据,结合水文和生物地球化学同步观测参数,探讨了夏季北黄海pCO2空间分布的控制因素。结果表明,夏季北黄海与大多数中低纬度陆架海类似,由于水温较高,表层pCO2较高(平均值为(463±41)μatm),整个海域相对大气CO2过饱和。表层pCO2分布具有明显的区域差异,辽南和鲁北近岸海域pCO2明显高于中部区域,辽南近岸的高pCO2主要与河流输入和水产养殖引起的生物好氧呼吸有关,而鲁北沿岸的高pCO2主要与烟台近岸的底层冷水涌升及由混合引起的高碳酸盐含量的黄河泥沙的再悬浮有关;在海区中部大部分水域,pCO2与温度之间有较好的相关性,说明温度是这一区域pCO2分布较为重要的控制因子。另外,采用Wannikhof的海-气气体交换系数估计了北黄海夏季海-气CO2通量,结果表明整个北黄海是大气CO2的源,平均释放速率为(4.00±0.57)mmol.m-2.d-1,高于南黄海夏季海-气CO2通量。 相似文献
8.
基于2012年7月对东海的调查,剖析了其水体中各形态碳(pCO2、DIC、DOC、POC)的区域分布特征,估算了海-气界面CO2的交换通量(FCO2),探讨了影响其交换的主要因素,在此基础上,结合历史资料初步分析了近十几年来该海域海-气界面CO2交换通量的变化趋势。结果表明,2012年7月长江口邻近海域相对南部陆架区具有较低的DIC浓度,而DOC与POC的浓度相对较高。调查区域表层水pCO2变化范围为96.28~577.7μatm(1atm为101 325Pa),平均值为297.6μatm,低值区出现在长江冲淡水区(30°~33°N,123°~125°E),高值区主要分布在东海陆架的南部区域。表层水pCO2主要受控于长江冲淡水的输入和混合(盐度)、台湾暖流以及生物生产等。调查海域2012年7月海-气FCO2平均为(-6.410±7.486)mmol/(m2·d),表现东海在夏季是大气CO2的汇区,区域碳汇强度由强到弱依次为:长江冲淡水区(CDW)、黄东海混合水区(YEMW)、陆架咸淡水混合区(SMW)、近岸上升流区(CUW)和台湾暖流区(TWCW),东海夏季每日吸收大气CO2(以C计)约(18.3±19.8)kt。结合历史资料分析发现,近十几年来东海夏季碳汇强度有增强趋势,CDW区的海-气界面CO2通量平均年增速为-0.814mmol/(m2·d),即海水吸收大气二氧化碳每年增加约54.6kt,是夏季东海碳汇增加的最主要贡献者。 相似文献
9.
胶州湾秋季表层海水pCO_2分布及水-气界面通量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据2007年11月31日在胶州湾走航连续观测所得pCO2数据,结合水文、化学和生物等要素的同步观测资料,对胶州湾海域pCO2分布及其影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明:秋季胶州湾表层海水pCO2实测值在315~720μatm之间,平均值为423μatm。东部海域由于有机物降解及李村河水输入的影响表现为大气CO2的源;西部海域由于浮游植物活动的影响为大气CO2的弱汇区;湾中部水交换较好的海域,浮游植物活动和有机物降解共同影响着pCO2的分布。总体来说,秋季胶州湾表现为大气CO2的弱源,海-气界面CO2交换速率在-5.94~23.15 mmol.m-2.d-1之间,平均值为2.87 mmol.m-2.d-1,由此可估算出秋季胶州湾可向大气释放940.74 tC。 相似文献
10.
利用2019年8月获得的长江口及其邻近海域表层海水pCO2的走航观测数据,结合温度、盐度、溶解氧等理化参数,初步探讨了该区域夏末表层海水pCO2的空间分布特点及控制因素。研究结果显示,整体上pCO2呈现近岸高而离岸低的特点,其中在长江冲淡水的中盐度区域出现了一个pCO2的极低值区。去除温度的影响,温度归一化后的pCO2与溶解氧饱和度具有良好的负相关关系,这表明生物过程是造成研究区域pCO2巨大空间差异的主要原因,其中高初级生产造成了中盐度区的强汇现象。同时河、海混合区断面的温度、盐度和溶解氧的分布显示水体层化致使垂直混合作用对pCO2的影响较小。整体而言,研究区域的海 气界面CO2通量为-2.0±5.2 mmol·m-2·d-1,表现为大气CO2的汇。随着环境的改变和人为活动的干扰(如长江径流量的减少),长江口及其邻近海域可能存在由大气CO2的汇转为源的风险,需要持续关注和研究。 相似文献
11.
Arne Schnack-Friedrichsen Angela M. Davis Jim D. Bennell Dei G. Huws 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(4):221-243
The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths. 相似文献
12.
Derek V. Ellis 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):51-63
This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested. 相似文献
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G. Parthiban 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):223-235
Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement. 相似文献
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海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。 相似文献
15.
The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments. 相似文献
16.
Shigehisa Nakamura 《Marine Geodesy》2000,23(1):55-61
Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone. 相似文献
17.
The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics. 相似文献
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《海洋学报(英文版)》2014,(11):161-F0003
<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology, 相似文献