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1.
《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2016,(4)
古气候变化以不同的形式记录下来,通过提取替代性指标可以恢复其演化过程,这种气候变化的过程和驱动机制的研究是预测未来气候变化的基础。不同气候载体的替代性指标不同,基于不同指标对气候变化的响应机理,按气候信息载体的类型、指标适用范围、实验测定的可行性、气候解释的惟一性以及目前研究的完善程度,将气候载体的替代性指标划分为3个等级;此外,对两极地区、青藏高原地区、暖池区、季风区等气候敏感区的气候载体的选择提出建议,并在替代性指标划分基础上,从单一气候要素解释的角度出发构建了气候信息载体的替代性指标体系;分级替代性指标及气候载体替代性指标体系可以为今后古气候研究提供良好的依据。同时,选取气候信息载体的典型性指标进行对比,总结了载体记录气候变化信息的灵敏度、载体响应气候变化的分辨率以及影响载体记录气候信息变化的因素。 相似文献
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全球气候变化背景下,海平面上升是一个潜在的重大风险,为防范气候灾害,应对极端气象海洋事件,需客观、定量地对未来极端海平面变化进行科学预测。为此,基于Copula函数和动态极值分析理论,综合考虑平均海平面变化(包括垂直陆地运动和基准的局地变化)与潮、涌、浪等其他气候变化的增水对极端海平面高度的影响,采用DREAM方法改进Bayes推断对动态极值模型的参数空间估计问题,提出一种新的模型对未来极端海平面高度变化进行预测,旨在改进传统模型存在的不确定性问题,并运用该模型对气候变化背景下厦门地区未来35年的海平面变化情景进行了模型应用和实验模拟。 相似文献
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西太平洋海区浮游植物的分布受气候变化影响,在不同时空尺度上呈现不同的变化。本研究旨在通过对历史文献及数据资料分析,建立气候变化响应概念模型来探讨Chl-a、海水表面温度(SST)及营养盐如何响应长期气候变化。分析了西太平洋不同区域Chl-a与气候变化相关因子SST及海水营养盐(硝酸盐)的相关性,对模型参数进行选择及验证,来探讨该海区Chl-a是如何响应长期气候变化。结果表明,K2站位Chl-a浓度与SST、硝酸盐浓度呈显著正相关关系,与该海区存在上升流有关;而S1、XT站位均呈现负相关关系,可能与海水水温升高导致层化加剧、营养输入减少有关。本研究为进一步完善和优化西太平洋海区的浮游植物的气候变化响应模型奠定基础。 相似文献
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《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2017,(8)
捕捞压力和气候变化是影响渔业资源数量变动的主要因素,会对渔获量产生较大影响。本文通过分析长时间序列的渔业统计资料和气候变化数据,研究了1962—2012年间捕捞压力和气候变化对黄渤海小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)渔获量的影响,并应用Fox模型拟合捕捞压力对黄渤海小黄鱼渔获量的影响,同时根据多个气候因子及气候指数的年间变动数据,分析每个显著相关的气候变量对黄渤海小黄鱼渔获量的影响。研究表明,黄渤海小黄鱼渔获量在1962—1971年呈波动下降趋势,在1972—1990年保持平稳状态,在1991—2012年急剧增加。黄渤海小黄鱼渔获量与渤海冬季季风、北太平洋指数(North pacific index,NPI)呈显著负相关(P0.05),与黄海夏季季风、黄海海表温度呈显著正相关(P0.05)。加入气候变量进行优化的Fox模型考虑了捕捞压力和气候变化的影响,该模型拟合的渔获量与统计的渔获量呈极显著相关(P0.01)。研究表明:捕捞压力的增大是导致黄渤海小黄鱼渔获量变动的主要原因,气候变化也会对小黄鱼渔获量产生显著影响。 相似文献
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受全球气候变化的影响,极区海浪尤其是北极海浪在过去几十年发生了显著的变化,使得海冰边缘区海冰与海浪的相互作用愈发显著。本文从物理海洋学的角度出发,较系统地总结了海冰对海浪作用研究的国内外现状,从理论和实测的角度分别探讨了海冰对海浪能量的耗散及其引起的波动频散关系的变化,同时分析了当前海冰覆盖海域海浪的数值模拟与现场观测研究,指出了未来开展有冰海域海浪数值模拟与预报所面临的主要问题,并对该方向今后的研究做出展望。总体来看,尽管海冰对海浪作用的机理复杂且与海冰类型高度相关,但是海冰对海浪能量的衰减与传播距离基本呈指数关系,并且海冰会一定程度上影响海浪的传播速度。未来依然需要更多不同海冰类型下海浪的观测数据以开展进一步的机理分析、模型检验和参数校准,进而实现高精度的业务化预报。 相似文献
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中国近年来空气污染严重,尤其是臭氧污染问题日益突出,因此,探讨全球变暖下未来气候变化和污染源等综合作用如何影响中国臭氧污染,对中国未来污染控制具有重要意义。本研究主要利用Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project(ACCMIP)中GFDL和UMCAM模式评估气候和污染源变化对中国华北地区未来臭氧的影响,其中2001—2010年代为历史时段(Hist),其臭氧模拟浓度代表基准情况下气候和污染源排放的影响,未来情景包括中等排放强度情景(RCP4.5)和高排放强度情景(RCP8.5)。相对于Hist,RCP 4.5和RCP 8.5情景,本世纪末(2100)的华北地区臭氧显著降低,其主要原因在于人为源挥发性有机物和氮氧化物的降低所致。同时,在RCP 4.5和RCP 8.5两个情景中,华北地区2100年代夏季臭氧浓度低于春季,这意味着夏季浓度降低幅度更大,这主要在于臭氧前体物的减少对于光化学活跃在夏季的影响大于其它季节。如果保持污染源不变,仅考虑气候变化的影响,本研究通过对臭氧超标天数、频率和污染事件持续时间的分析,发现气候变化可进一步加剧华北地区未来臭氧超标天数,并且这种影响具有明显的空间差异性。对于ACCMIP全球模式空间分辨率不足问题,在未来的研究中,应结合区域模式来解析气候变化对臭氧影响的空间特征方面来加强研究。 相似文献
7.
随着时间的推移,通过对比人们对气候系统的观测记录发现,气候变化已成为毋庸置疑的事实,并且广泛地影响到人类社会发展的各个方面。加拿大地处北美地区,三面临海,沿海地区受到气候变化多方面的深刻影响。本文以《气候变化下的加拿大海岸》为蓝本,首先对气候变化的涵义与影响现状予以解释,然后介绍加拿大沿海地区的社会、自然和气候特性,及其目前不同行业受到气候变化影响的情况,之后对未来气候变化趋势进行预测,主要介绍加拿大沿海地区的预测气候变化及其潜在影响,最后分析了加拿大沿海地区适应气候变化的适应目标和措施,以及正在开展和未来需要采取的方案、措施等,并指出气候变化下,加拿大沿海地区所将面临的机遇与挑战。 相似文献
8.
战备完好性是衡量武器装备能否担负战备任务的重要战技指标。 针对当前自航水雷战备完好性水平系统性评估需求,适应试验鉴定模式改革背景下评价自航水雷综合保障情况的问题,在对自航水雷寿命任务剖面分析的基础上,对影响其战备完好性的重要参数使用可用度进行了研究,给出了基于专家打分法的评估方法和模型,该方法可有效分析评估自航水雷使用可用度。 相似文献
9.
气候变化与可预测性项目（CLIVAR）是世界气候研究计划（WCRP）中的一研究项目，主要从海-气相互作用对气候影响的角度开展气候变化与可预报性的研究。 相似文献
10.
清楚认识过去2 000年来特征气候时段的气候特性,对于了解现代气候状况及其变化趋势有重要意义。大量研究显示,过去2 000年来的特征气候时段可概括为相对寒冷的黑暗时代冷期(简称DACP,大体位于400—600AD)、相对温暖的中世纪暖期(简称MWP,大体位于900—1400AD)、相对寒冷的小冰期(简称LIA,大体位于1500—1850AD)和20世纪异常温暖期。DACP的起止时间等目前仍有争议;MWP的争议在于它的全球性以及温暖程度,特别是它是否暖过20世纪后期;LIA是继MWP之后的一个冷期,全球大部分区域都有记录,但不同区域LIA的起始时间和温度变化幅度各不相同;20世纪异常温暖期指的是20世纪初(1920s)以来的气候变暖,目前的争论主要集中于它的驱动机制和影响因素。一般认为,过去2 000年来特征气候时段的形成可能与太阳活动、火山爆发和人类活动、温室气体增多和海气相互作用等因素有关。其中工业化(1860s)以前长时间尺度的气候主要受太阳和火山活动等的影响,工业化后的气候与温室气体的增多有关。未来对过去2 000年气候的研究,需要提高代用资料指示年代和区域气候信息的准确性,增加高分辨率、高精度代用资料,扩展研究区域,关注气候变化的全面性,发展气候模型进一步了解气候变化的规律和机制。 相似文献
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V. A. Ryabchenko L. N. Karlin A. V. Isaev R. E. Vankevich T. R. Eremina M. S. Molchanov O. P. Savchuk 《Oceanology》2016,56(1):36-45
The St. Petersburg Baltic eutrophication model (SPBEM) is used to assess the ecological condition of the sea under possible changes in climate and nutrient loads in the 21st century. According to model estimates, in the future climate water quality will worsen, compared to modern conditions. This deterioration is stronger in the climate warming scenario with a stronger change in future near-surface air temperature. In the considered scenarios of climate change, climate warming will lead to an increase in the area of anoxic and hypoxic zones. Reduction of nutrient loading, estimated in accordance with the Baltic Sea Action Plan, will only be able to partially compensate for the negative effects of global warming. 相似文献
14.
Global climate change has resulted in a gradual sea-level rise. Sea-level rise can cause saline water to migrate upstream in estuaries and rivers, thereby threatening freshwater habitat and drinking water supplies. On the other hand, sea-level rise, resulting from thermal expansion of ocean waters and increased melting of glaciers and ice caps, is one of the most apparent and widespread consequences of climate change. This phenomenon has been taken into account in all the Assessment Reports published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). In this paper, salinity intrusion and intrusion length due to possible sea-level rise in the Sebou estuary (Morocco) was investigated. A one-dimensional hydrodynamic-salinity transport model was used for the simulation of the salinity intrusion and associated water quality, with observed field data being used for model calibration and validation. Additionally, the model validation process showed that the model results fit the observed data fairly well. A coupled gas-cycle/climate model was used to generate the climate change scenarios in the studied area that showed sea-level rises varying from 0.3 to 0.9 m for 2100. The models were then combined to assess the impact of future sea-level rise on the salinity distribution and intrusion length in the Sebou estuary. The response of salt intrusion length to changes in important dimensional parameters are presented, showing that the salinity intrusion length is inversely correlated with the river discharge, i.e., a high river discharge results in a reduced salt intrusion and vice versa, and directly with the sea-level rise. Additionally, the magnitude and frequency of the salinity standard violations at the two pump stations were predicted for 2100, showing that the salinity violations under climate change effects can increase to ～45–48% of the times at these locations. Finally, the main objective of this simulation method is to accelerate and facilitate of systems' behavior learning in the current and future situation. 相似文献
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海洋生态系统净生产力 （net ecosystem production，NEP） 表示总初级生产力 （gross primary production，GPP） 和呼吸作用 （respiration，R） 过程之间的差异，它对碳收支平衡、海洋生态系统营养状态乃至气候变化等研究具有十分重要的指示意义。影响海洋 NEP 的因素有细菌、浮游生物、温度、太阳辐射、海冰融化、水团迁移、富营养有机质排放以及海水酸化等。目前计算 NEP 的方法可分为实验培养测定及数据模型计算两种。溶解氧培养法及同位素标记法等是经典的培养测定方法，但存在误差较大且重现性较差等问题。数据模型计算即借助养分质量平衡、响应面模型、O2/Ar 示踪等方法，通过将现场实测数据和生物地球化学模型结合，进行高时间分辨率的连续性观测，这也是目前测算 NEP 的主流应用手段。然而，相较于发达国家，我国在 NEP 的研究设备、技术、测定方法等方面仍存在一定差距。今后的研究重点将是建立 NEP 指标与表征海洋环境、气候变化之间的耦合关系以及 NEP 测定方法的改进，这将有助于深入理解和探索全球变化背景下海洋生态系统响应机制及变化趋势。 相似文献
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Preparedness to adapt to the impacts of climate change was assessed for three important sectors of activity within the Irish coastal and marine environment, namely tourism, fisheries, and conservation of biodiversity. Information on the current status of each sector is a valuable point of reference in terms of accessing contribution to the implementation of future national adaptation efforts. A modified version of the National Adaptive Capacity (NAC) framework developed by the World Resources Institute was used to assess the three sectors of activity. This framework is structured around five functions: assessment, prioritisation, coordination, information management, and climate risk reduction; results of the assessment suggest that all three sectors are at the nascent stages of the climate change adaptation process. Currently there is no dedicated national policy guidance or legal support mechanism on adaptation in Ireland; hence there is no national financial commitment to support implementation of adaptation actions for any of the sectors assessed. Subjecting these three selected sectors of activity to such an assessment enables identification of existing actions that can potentially support current adaptation, as well as where issues such as knowledge gaps and lack of policy support hinder progress. 相似文献
17.
The extreme values of wave climate data are of great interest in a number of different ocean engineering applications, including the design and operation of ships and offshore structures, marine energy generation, aquaculture and coastal installations. Typically, the return values of certain met-ocean parameters such as significant wave height are of particular importance. There exist many methods for estimating such return values, including the initial distribution approach, the block maxima approach and the peaks-over threshold approach. In a climate change perspective, projections of such return values to a future climate are of great importance for risk management and adaptation purposes. However, many approaches to extreme value modelling assume stationary conditions and it is not straightforward how to include non-stationarity of the extremes due to for example climate change. In this paper, various non-stationary GEV-models for significant wave height are developed that account for trends and shifts in the extreme wave climate due to climate change. These models are fitted to block maxima in a particular set of wave data obtained for a historical control period and two future projections for a future period corresponding to different emission scenarios. These models are used to investigate whether there are trends in the data within each period that influence the extreme value analysis and need to be taken into account. Moreover, it will be investigated whether there are significant inter-period shifts or trends in the extreme wave climate from the historical period to the future periods. The results from this study suggest that the intra-period trends are not statistically significant and that it might be reasonable to ignore these in extreme value analyses within each period. However, when it comes to comparing the different data sets, i.e. the historical period and the future projections, statistical significant inter-period changes are detected. Hence, the accumulated effect of a climatic trend may not be negligible over longer time periods. Interestingly enough, such statistically significant shifts are not detected if stationary extreme value models are fitted to each period separately. Therefore, the non-stationary extreme value models with inter-period shifts in the parameters are proposed as an alternative for extreme value modelling in a climate change perspective, in situations where historical data and future projections are available. 相似文献
18.
根据野外调查、土层厚度测定、室内粒度分析、CaCO3含量分析和微结构鉴定资料,研究了西安地区约8500aBP来气候变化与风尘堆积的变化。结果表明,西安地区全新世以来的气候与末次间冰期第1阶段气候相比具有频繁变化和变异特点;3100aBP以来风尘堆积与沙尘暴活动比75～10kaBP之间的末次冰期还要强,风尘堆积与沙尘暴活动强的原因主要是气候的变干。全新世黄土发育条件分析表明,黄土高原的黄土可以发育在冰期,也可以发育在与现代气候相近的间冰期,可以发育在冬季风占优势的气候条件下,也可以发育在冬、夏季风活动强度相近的条件下。全新世气候的不稳定性为预测未来长期气候变化带来了不确定性,深入研究全新世气候变异特点对预测未来长期气候变化具有非常重要的意义。 相似文献
19.
In this study, future changes in regional extreme wave heights around the Korean Peninsula are projected by using the results of an atmosphere general circulation model and a third-generation wave model. The direct use of the model output at each grid point is not appropriate even though high resolution of 20 km is used for the models. Therefore, the model output is grouped into six regions around the Korean Peninsula. The grouping approach is reasonable in assessing climate change effects with alleviated model uncertainty. The extreme wave heights are simulated for two climate periods of 1979–2003 (present climate) and 2075–2099 (future climate). The model results are validated by comparing the simulated wave heights for the present climate with observed and hindcasted wave data. The extreme wave heights for the future climate are then projected for different seasons and in different regions. The 50-year return wave height in summer is projected to increase in most regions, especially in the high-latitude Yellow Sea and the East Sea, while the wave height in winter is projected to decrease in all the regions, especially in the East Sea. 相似文献
20.
If the rising sea level due to climate change proceeds in the future with the rate observed in the past four decades, it could inundate some coastal lowlands. The aim of this paper is to assess future risk of sea-level rise (SLR) on the Nile delta of Egypt located along the Mediterranean Sea. Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are verified, against ground control points, and used to identify areas susceptible to inundation due to future SLR. Analysis of DEMs maps and cross-shore profiles has identified locations that are vulnerable to SLR including coastal wetlands, agriculture areas, and urban neighborhoods. The results have revealed that about 7% of the Nile delta area is at risk of inundation due to future SLR. This information could be used by coastal zone managers in planning and protection of coastal areas. 相似文献