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1.
海洋对CO2的吸收缓解了大气CO2浓度的持续上升,陆架海因其较高的初级生产而具有较强的固碳能力,在海洋碳循环中占据重要角色。然而由于陆架海过程时空变化剧烈,陆架海对人为CO2源/汇作用的动态格局还存在争议,陆架海碳循环的调控机制尚不清晰。IPCC AR4所采用的气候-碳循环耦合模型均未考虑陆架海碳循环,使其成为气候预测不确定性的主要来源之一。建立适宜的陆架海碳循环模型,可以探究陆架海不同区域CO2源/汇格局的长期变化,估算碳循环各关键过程的贡献,认识碳循环系统与生态系统的相互作用,评估陆架海碳循环在气候变化中的作用。基于陆架海碳循环模型研究现状,从物理过程、生物泵、碳化学系统等三个主要方面总结了陆架海碳循环模式在建模中应考虑的关键过程,提出了构建东中国陆架海碳循环模式的基本思路及拟解决的关键科学问题。 相似文献
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北冰洋西部表层沉积物中生源组分及其古海洋学意义 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过对中国首次和第二次北极科学考察在北冰洋西部所采取的66个表层沉积物中生源组分的分析,探讨了该海区表层生产力变化与水团的相互关系。楚科奇海西南部呈现出高的有机碳和生源蛋白石含量,而中部和东部哈罗德浅滩至阿拉斯加沿岸,以及楚科奇海台、北风脊和加拿大海盆表现出低的有机碳和生源蛋白石含量。楚科奇海陆架区表层沉积物以底栖有孔虫为主,丰度低;而楚科奇海台、北风脊和加拿大海盆则以浮游有孔虫占绝对优势,丰度较高。生源组分的分布特征显然与通过白令海峡进入楚科奇海的三股太平洋水和大西洋次表层水相关。楚科奇海西侧沿富营养的阿纳德尔流方向的区域呈现出高的表层生产力。而东侧受寡营养的阿拉斯加沿岸流及阿拉斯加西北沿岸陆源物质输入的影响,呈现出低的表层生产力。北纬75°以北及加拿大海盆受海冰覆盖影响,也表现出最低的表层生产力。而受北大西洋次表层水的影响,楚科奇海陆架外侧高纬海域表现出较高的钙质生物生产力。表层沉积物中Corg/N比值及其分布反映楚科奇海表层沉积物中的有机碳以海洋自身来源为主,且主要受生物泵过程控制。有机碳和生源蛋白石含量呈现高的正相关关系,说明硅藻等浮游植物的初级生产力可能控制着生物泵对碳的吸收和释放。 相似文献
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北冰洋西部沉积物有机碳、氮同位素特征及其环境指示意义 总被引：5，自引：7，他引：5
通过对楚科奇海及邻近的北冰洋深水区表层沉积物中有机碳同位素含量(δ13C)、氮同位素含量(δ15N)及生物成因SiO2(BSiO2)含量分析,结果表明海源和陆源有机质的分布受海区环流结构和营养盐结构所制约.楚科奇海中西部和楚科奇海台受太平洋富营养盐海水的影响,海洋生产力高,沉积物中海源有机质和BSiO2含量高;靠阿拉斯加一侧海域海水的营养盐含量和生产力都偏低,沉积物中陆源有机质比重增加;在研究区北部和东北部的楚科奇高地和加拿大海盆,冰封时间较长,营养盐供应少,海洋生产力低,但来自马更些河和阿拉斯加北部的陆源有机质增多,沉积物中BSiO2含量小于5%,海源有机质百分含量小于40%.由于亚北极太平洋水通过楚科奇海向北冰洋海盆输送,研究区营养盐池表现为开放系统,营养盐的利用率与它的供应成反比,与海洋生产力成反比. 相似文献
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白令海、西北冰洋等高生产力海域在北冰洋“生物泵”中起到重要作用；海水升温、海冰消退等北极快速变化，将强烈影响该海域“生物泵”的结构与规模，并在沉积物中有机质的来源与新鲜程度上有所体现，可用脂肪酸加以指征。对第五次、第六次中国北极科学考察在以上海域采集的表层沉积物进行脂肪酸含量（以沉积物干重计）及组成分析，结果显示楚科奇海陆架总脂肪酸含量非常高((97.15± 55.31) μg/g)，白令海盆最低((15.00±1.30) μg/g)，加拿大海盆、楚科奇海陆坡、白令海陆架居中(分别为(88.65 ± 3.52) μg/g，(70.35±11.32) μg/g与(38.28±14.89) μg/g)。海源脂肪酸占总脂肪酸比例最高(86.82%±7.08%)，陆源次之(8.45%±6.62%)，细菌最低(4.63%±2.24%)；硅藻指数(16:1ω9/16:0)在楚科奇海陆架(> 0.82)、白令海陆架边缘(> 0.65)较高，其他区域均较低。脂肪酸结果表明:(1) 该海域沉积有机质主要来自海源，陆源贡献小；在北部、南部楚科奇海陆架、白令海陆架边缘，硅藻生物量占主要优势；细菌脂肪酸比例显著低于温暖海域，指示低温抑制细菌活动。(2) 楚科奇海陆架区硅藻生产力高、细菌活动弱，新鲜有机质沉降效率高，但对未来海水升温、浮游植物群落变化也较为敏感。(3) 加拿大海盆、楚科奇海陆坡的浮游植物群落由绿藻与金藻主导。以上结论说明脂肪酸可指示表层沉积物中有机质的来源与新鲜程度；未来，脂肪酸有望进一步揭示北冰洋“生物泵”对北极快速变化的响应。 相似文献
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北冰洋楚科奇海陆架到陆坡表层沉积物有机碳载荷的变化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
沉积物单位表面积上吸附的有机碳被广泛用于示踪有机碳载荷的变化。本文研究了北冰洋典型边缘海——楚科奇海表层沉积物的有机碳载荷。研究发现陆架区沉积物的有机碳载荷高于陆坡区。相比于已报道的东西伯利亚海和马更些河,楚科奇海陆坡区沉积物的有机碳载荷也较低。这种有机碳载荷的变化可能和陆坡区的初级生产力较低,以及沉积物在传输过程中经历的氧化降解有关。沉积物的有机碳含量和比表面积呈线性相关,在有机碳轴上有正截距,表明一部分有机碳来自于岩石的贡献。此外,陆架区低有机碳载荷的沉积物含有的岩石有机碳更高。本研究的数据有助于深刻理解楚科奇海区域的碳循环问题。 相似文献
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埋藏在海洋沉积物中的有机碳是大气二氧化碳的净汇,而埋藏过程主要发生在陆架区。北冰洋拥有全球最大的陆架,接收大量来自河流和沿岸侵蚀输运的陆源有机碳,楚科奇海作为北冰洋的边缘海,是有机碳埋藏的重要海区之一。本研究选用楚科奇海和海台的表层沉积物（陆架区33~82.69 m,陆坡区164.63~3 763 m）,通过木质素,结合粒度、比表面积、有机碳百分含量（OC%）、有机碳稳定同位素（δ13C）等指标来示踪楚科奇海沉积物有机碳的来源和降解程度。结果表明,有机碳载荷从陆架到陆坡有明显的降低趋势;δ13C的范围指示有机碳可能来自苔藓、草本裸子植被、浮游植物和冰藻等;木质素丁香基酚（S）与香草基酚（V）的比值（S/V）和肉桂基酚（C）与香草基酚（V）的比值（C/V）表明裸子植物的草本组织贡献了更多的陆源有机碳;此外,较高含量的C9DA二酸（干酪根氧化产物）表明干酪根也可能是楚科奇海表层沉积物中有机质来源的重要组成。指示降解的参数[（Ad/Al） s、（Ad/Al） v、（Ad/Al） p、3,5-Bd/V]在陆架和陆坡沉积物中的差异表明陆坡沉积物中有机质的降解过程受到水动力分选以及原位降解等因素的影响更为明显。 相似文献
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北极快速变化的生态环境响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
北冰洋由于其特殊的地理位置，成为全球变化响应最为敏感的地区。本文聚焦北极海冰变化幅度最大的西北冰洋，从营养盐、叶绿素、浮游植物群落和沉积碳埋藏等变化来讨论海洋生态环境对北极快速变化的响应。尽管太平洋北向流和北极周边河流输入加强可以增加西北冰洋上层营养盐储库，但由于夏季硅藻旺发向沉积物迁出大量生源元素，使得上层营养盐相对亏损，部分海域存在显著的氮限制和硅限制。随海冰减退，尽管夏末海盆区浮游植物呈现小型化趋势，但西北冰洋总体上浮游植物现存量和初级生产力呈现增高的趋势；伴随叶绿素极大层下移、北扩，以硅藻为代表的生物泵过程得以更高效的运转。在沉积物埋藏的有机碳中，除原先北冰洋生态系统占据重要比份的冰藻外，硅藻等藻类的有机碳埋藏也逐渐增加。西北冰洋海洋初级生产力的增加不仅促进了生物泵的运转和碳的埋藏，而且给海洋生态系统提供了更多的食物来源。北极海域目前已成为全球碳源汇格局变化最大、海洋生态系统改变最显著的地区之一。 相似文献
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为了准确解释环境磁学参数记录的极地古气候环境变化信息,本研究对白令海和西北冰洋61个站位的表层沉积物进行了高、低频质量磁化率(χ)、非磁滞磁化率(χARM)和磁化率-温度(k-T)分析,以探明该区沉积物中磁性矿物的种类、来源与搬运路径。结果显示,样品的χ具有明显的地域分布特征。白令海的χ值整体高于楚科奇海,并在育空河口外侧和圣劳伦斯岛南侧较高,向北和向西南方向逐渐减小。楚科奇海中东部陆架上表层沉积χ值高于阿拉斯加沿岸,而西北冰洋深海平原和洋脊区的χ值最低。χARM的变化趋势与质量磁化率相似,但频率磁化率的变化趋势与质量磁化率正好相反。k-T分析结果显示阿留申海盆沉积物中的铁磁性矿物以磁赤铁矿占主导,白令海陆架育空河口外侧和圣劳伦斯岛南北两侧为磁铁矿,白令海陆架西部和楚科奇海陆架中东部为磁赤铁矿和磁铁矿,楚科奇海阿拉斯加沿岸为黄铁矿,而西北冰洋陆坡、深海平原和洋脊区为胶黄铁矿和黄铁矿,但高纬度区沉积物中的胶黄铁矿含量更高。沉积物中磁性矿物的区域性分布受沉积物来源、洋流和底质环境等因素的控制。白令海和楚科奇海陆架磁赤铁矿来源于亚洲大陆,白令海陆架东部的磁铁矿来自育空河流域,阿拉斯加沿岸沉积物中的黄铁矿,应为阿拉斯加西北部陆源侵蚀来源的或早期成岩作用形成的,西北冰洋深海盆区的胶黄铁矿,为自生成因的。 相似文献
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I. I. Pipko S. P. Pugach I. A. Repina O. V. Dudarev A. N. Charkin I. P. Semiletov 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2015,51(9):1088-1102
This article presents the results of long-term studies of the dynamics of carbonate parameters and air–sea carbon dioxide fluxes on the Chukchi Sea shelf during the summer. As a result of the interaction of physical and biological factors, the surface waters on the west of Chukchi Sea were undersaturated with carbon dioxide when compared with atmospheric air; the partial pressure of CO2 varied in the range from 134 to 359 μatm. The average value of CO2 flux in the Chukchi Sea per unit area varied in the range from–2.4 to–22.0 mmol /(m2 day), which is significantly higher than the average value of CO2 flux in the World Ocean. It has been estimated that the minimal mass of C absorbed by the surface of Chukchi Sea from the atmosphere during ice-free season is 13 × 1012 g; a great part of this carbon is transported to the deeper layers of sea and isolated from the atmosphere for a long period of time. The studies of the carbonate system of the Chukchi Sea, especially of its western part, will provide some new data on the fluxes of carbon dioxide in the Arctic Ocean and their changes. Our analysis can be used for an interpretation of the satellite assessment of CO2 fluxes and dissolved CO2 distribution in the upper layers of the ocean. 相似文献
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Spatio-temporal distribution of dissolved inorganic carbon and net community production in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Nicholas R. Bates Margaret H.P. Best Dennis A. Hansell 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2005,52(24-26):3303
As part of the 2002 Western Arctic Shelf–Basin Interactions (SBI) project, spatio-temporal variability of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was employed to determine rates of net community production (NCP) for the Chukchi and western Beaufort Sea shelf and slope, and Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean. Seasonal and spatial distributions of DIC were characterized for all water masses (e.g., mixed layer, halocline waters, Atlantic layer, and deep Arctic Ocean) of the Chukchi Sea region during field investigations in spring (5 May–15 June 2002) and summer (15 July–25 August 2002). Between these periods, high rates of phytoplankton production resulted in large drawdown of inorganic nutrients and DIC in the Polar Mixed Layer (PML) and in the shallow depths of the Upper Halocline Layer (UHL). The highest rates of NCP (1000–2850 mg C m−2 d−1) occurred on the shelf in the Barrow Canyon region of the Chukchi Sea and east of Barrow in the western Beaufort Sea. A total NCP rate of 8.9–17.8×1012 g for the growing season was estimated for the eastern Chukchi Sea shelf and slope region. Very low inorganic nutrient concentrations and low rates of NCP (<15–25 mg C m−2 d−1) estimated for the mixed layer of the adjacent Arctic Ocean basin indicate that this area is perennially oligotrophic. 相似文献
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Ecosystem dynamics of the Pacific-influenced Northern Bering and Chukchi Seas in the Amerasian Arctic 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
Jacqueline M. Grebmeier Lee W. Cooper Howard M. Feder Boris I. Sirenko 《Progress in Oceanography》2006,71(2-4):331
The shallow continental shelves and slope of the Amerasian Arctic are strongly influenced by nutrient-rich Pacific waters advected over the shelves from the northern Bering Sea into the Arctic Ocean. These high-latitude shelf systems are highly productive both as the ice melts and during the open-water period. The duration and extent of seasonal sea ice, seawater temperature and water mass structure are critical controls on water column production, organic carbon cycling and pelagic–benthic coupling. Short food chains and shallow depths are characteristic of high productivity areas in this region, so changes in lower trophic levels can impact higher trophic organisms rapidly, including pelagic- and benthic-feeding marine mammals and seabirds. Subsistence harvesting of many of these animals is locally important for human consumption. The vulnerability of the ecosystem to environmental change is thought to be high, particularly as sea ice extent declines and seawater warms. In this review, we focus on ecosystem dynamics in the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas, with a more limited discussion of the adjoining Pacific-influenced eastern section of the East Siberian Sea and the western section of the Beaufort Sea. Both primary and secondary production are enhanced in specific regions that we discuss here, with the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas sustaining some of the highest water column production and benthic faunal soft-bottom biomass in the world ocean. In addition, these organic carbon-rich Pacific waters are periodically advected into low productivity regions of the nearshore northern Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas off Alaska and sometimes into the East Siberian Sea, all of which have lower productivity on an annual basis. Thus, these near shore areas are intimately tied to nutrients and advected particulate organic carbon from the Pacific influenced Bering Shelf-Anadyr water. Given the short food chains and dependence of many apex predators on sea ice, recent reductions in sea ice in the Pacific-influenced sector of the Arctic have the potential to cause an ecosystem reorganization that may alter this benthic-oriented system to one more dominated by pelagic processes. 相似文献
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Seasonal and spatial distribution of particulate organic matter (POM) in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nicholas R. Bates Dennis A. Hansell S. Bradley Moran Louis A. Codispoti 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2005,52(24-26):3324
As part of the Western Arctic Shelf–Basin Interactions (SBI) project, the production and fate of organic carbon and nitrogen from the Chukchi and Beaufort Sea shelves were investigated during spring (5 May–15 June) and summer (15 July–25 August) cruises in 2002. Seasonal observations of suspended particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON) and large-particle (>53 μm) size class suggest that there was a large accumulation of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) between spring and summer in the surface mixed layer due to high phytoplankton productivity. Considerable organic matter appeared to be transported from the shelf into the Arctic Ocean basin in an elevated POC and PON layer at the top of the upper halocline. Seasonal changes in the molar carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio of the suspended particulate organic matter (POM) pool reflect a change in the quality of the organic material that was present and presumably being exported to the sediment and to Arctic Ocean waters adjacent to the Chukchi and Beaufort Sea shelves. In spring, low particulate C:N ratios (<6; i.e., N rich) were observed in nitrate-replete surface waters. By the summer, localized high particulate C:N ratios (>9; i.e., N-poor) were observed in nitrate-depleted surface waters. Low POC and inorganic nutrient concentrations observed in the surface layer suggest that rates of primary, new and export production are low in the Canada Basin region of the Arctic Ocean. 相似文献
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Spatial variability in the partial pressures of CO2 in the northern Bering and Chukchi seas 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Liqi Chen Zhongyong Gao 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2007,54(23-26):2619
In the summers of 1999 and 2003, the 1st and 2nd Chinese National Arctic Research Expeditions measured the partial pressure of CO2 in the air and surface waters (pCO2) of the Bering Sea and the western Arctic Ocean. The lowest pCO2 values were found in continental shelf waters, increased values over the Bering Sea shelf slope, and the highest values in the waters of the Bering Abyssal Plain (BAP) and the Canadian Basin. These differences arise from a combination of various source waters, biological uptake, and seasonal warming. The Chukchi Sea was found to be a carbon dioxide sink, a result of the increased open water due to rapid sea-ice melting, high primary production over the shelf and in marginal ice zones (MIZ), and transport of low pCO2 waters from the Bering Sea. As a consequence of differences in inflow water masses, relatively low pCO2 concentrations occurred in the Anadyr waters that dominate the western Bering Strait, and relatively high values in the waters of the Alaskan Coastal Current (ACC) in the eastern strait. The generally lower pCO2 values found in mid-August compared to at the end of July in the Bering Strait region (66–69°N) are attributed to the presence of phytoplankton blooms. In August, higher pCO2 than in July between 68.5 and 69°N along 169°W was associated with higher sea-surface temperatures (SST), possibly as an influence of the ACC. In August in the MIZ, pCO2 was observed to increase along with the temperature, indicating that SST plays an important role when the pack ice melts and recedes. 相似文献
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Organic carbon and nitrogen isotopes in surface sediments from the western Arctic Ocean and their implications for sedimentary environments 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
1 IntroductionFor several reasons, the Arctic Ocean and itsmarginal seas are key areas for understanding ocean-ic circulation and global climate system ( Clark,1982; Hansen et al., 1983; Walsh et al., 1996;Overpeck et al., 1997). First, the Arctic Ocean i… 相似文献