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1.
《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2017,(Z1)
以初始体重(1.57±0.04)g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为实验对象,研究饲料中添加包膜丁酸钠对凡纳滨对虾的生长性能和血清非特异性免疫酶活性的影响。在对虾配合饲料中分别添加0%(对照组)、0.25%、0.5%、1%、2%和3%的包膜丁酸钠作为6种实验饲料,进行投喂,养殖实验进行42d。研究表明,包膜丁酸钠对凡纳滨对虾的生长具有促进作用,各包膜丁酸钠添加组对虾的增重率和特定生长率均显著高于对照组(P0.05);2%和3%添加组对虾的成活率显著高于对照组(P0.05);0.5%、1%、2%和3%添加组对虾的饵料系数显著低于对照组(P0.05)。对于血清非特异性免疫酶活性,1%、2%和3%添加组对虾血清中酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05),血清中超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性均与对照组无显著差异(P0.05);0.5%添加组SOD活性最高,显著高于对照组(P0.05),与1%、2%和3%添加组无显著差异(P0.05);0.25%添加组对虾血清中过氧化物酶(POD)活性最高,显著高于对照组和0.5%添加组(P0.05),与1%、2%和3%添加组无显著差异(P0.05);1%添加组对虾血清中溶菌酶(LSZ)活性最高,显著高于对照组(P0.05),与其余添加组无显著差异(P0.05)。综合上述结果,饲料中添加适量的包膜丁酸钠可以促进凡纳滨对虾的生长,提高血清非特异性免疫酶活性。以特定生长率为评价指标,饲料中包膜丁酸钠的适宜添加量为2.08%。 相似文献
2.
在高密度养殖条件下,进行单因素随机设计动物试验.用5种饲料(蛋白质水平31%、35%、39%、43%、47%,以A～E组表示)分别投喂平均体质量6.2 g+0.2 g、平均养殖密度3.1 kg/m3的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei),探寻蛋白质营养对虾生长、免疫、水质、抗胁迫的影响特征.结果表明:(1)中高蛋白质水平具有显著促进对虾生长的效果,随着蛋白水平的提高,特定生长率先增加后降低,饲料系数正好相反,D组两指标最佳,分另q为110.98%和2.54;C、D、E组差异不显著.(2)中高蛋白质水平有利于提高对虾多数免疫指标的活力,血淋巴中血细胞浓度、T-AOC活力、POD活力、总蛋白含量、白蛋白、血蓝蛋白含量,随着蛋白质水平提高先增加后降低,前5指标含量均以D组最高,比A组显著提高16.8%～33.9%;而血蓝蛋白含量C组最高,比A组提高15.0%.(3)高蛋白质水平有利于提高对虾SOD活力,也显著增强抗低盐胁迫的能力,但同时极显著加大了水环境中氨氮和亚硝氮的污染.(4)在我国北方集约化高密度养殖条件下,凡纳滨对虾中后期生长阶段适宜的饲料蛋白质营养水平为39%～43%. 相似文献
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饵料种类和摄食水平对中国对虾蜕皮的影响 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8
采用鱼肉、虾肉、蛤肉、沙蚕、配合饲料和以上 5种饵料的等干重混合物投喂体重为 ( 1.5 3 0± 0 .0 47) g的中国对虾 3 0d ,并对体重分别为 ( 2 .988± 0 .2 0 0 )g ,( 7.960± 0 .45 0 ) g ,( 14 .177± 0 .868) g ,( 19.0 12± 1.413 )g 4个规格的中国对虾采用配合饲料分别按每天体重 0 % ,0 .5 % ,1.0 % ,1.5 %和过量 5个摄食水平进行投喂 2 8d ,对中国对虾的蜕皮进行了研究。实验结果证明 ,饵料种类对中国对虾的蜕皮次数 (MT)、蜕皮量、蜕皮能占摄食能的比例及每次蜕皮的体重增长都有显著影响。实验期间中国对虾的蜕皮次数范围为 2 .3 1～ 3 .98次 ,蜕皮能占摄食能的比例为 1.16%～ 2 .72 % ,每次蜕皮的体重增长为 0 .14 1～ 0 .488g。不同摄食水平对中国对虾的蜕皮能占摄食能的比例及每次蜕皮的体重增长都有显著影响 ,前者随摄食水平的提高而下降 ,后者随摄食水平的提高而增加。摄食水平对 ( 2 .988± 0 .2 0 0 ) g的对虾的蜕皮次数 (MT)和蜕皮的干重、氮含量、能量的影响较大 ,而对其余 3个规格的对虾影响较小。摄食水平对对虾每次蜕皮的干重、氮含量、能量及单位体重每次蜕皮的干重、氮含量、能量的影响仅表现为饥饿或较低摄食水平与其它摄食水平差异显著 ,而更高的摄食水平对它们没有显著影响。 相似文献
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采用持续投喂(对照组C)和周期性饥饿1d再投喂5d(S1F5)、周期性饥饿2d再投喂4d(S2F4)、周期性饥饿3d再投喂3d(S3F3)4种投喂策略,研究了周期性饥饿再投喂对曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella japonica)幼体(10.16±0.25g)的生长、体组成、氨基酸和脂肪酸的影响。结果表明:S3F3处理组中体重增重率、胴体长增长率及成活率三个指标均分别显著低于对照组C(P0.05),而S1F5和S2F4处理组三个指标均与对照组C差异不显著(P0.05)。另外,随着周期性饥饿时间的延长,体组成水分含量呈显著上升趋势(P0.05),而粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量均呈显著下降趋势(P0.05),灰分含量变化不显著(P0.05)。三个处理组中氨基酸总量(T)、必需氨基酸总量(E)均与对照组C差异不显著(P0.05);EPA、DPA和DHA含量均与对照组C差异不显著(P0.05)。综合上述结果表明,S1F5和S2F4组的曼氏无针乌贼幼体均出现了完全补偿生长,并且对其营养组成没有影响,建议曼氏无针乌贼幼体的最佳投喂模式为周期性饥饿2d再投喂4d。 相似文献
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在实验室条件下,对初孵及培养一段时间的大海马幼鱼分别投喂不同的饵料,以观察不同饵料对幼鱼的生长与存活影响。刚孵出的大海马幼鱼[体长平均0.85±0.03(cm)]开口摄食时分别投喂卤虫幼体(A)、轮虫(B)、桡足类幼体(C)及桡足类幼体+蒙古裸腹蚤幼体(D),经20d培育,实验结果显示:投喂(B)、(C)和(D)3组饵料的幼鱼其体长、存活率方面差别不大,而投喂卤虫幼体(A)的幼鱼其体长最小、存活率最低,只有(2.53±0.07)cm和(67.0±5.0)%,多重分析比较还未达到显著性差异水平(P0.05)。20日龄的大海马幼鱼[平均体长(2.72±0.04)cm]分为E、F、G 3组,分别投喂凡纳滨对虾糠虾(仔虾)、冷冻糠虾、卤虫成体作为饵料。经60d培育后,结果表明,其中投喂凡纳滨对虾糠虾(仔虾)作饵料的这组效果最好,幼鱼的体长、存活率分别为(7.29±0.07)cm和(88.5±5.6)%,卤虫成体培育效果最差,体长、存活率只有(6.99±0.12)cm和(71.5±5.1)%。幼鱼体长3.0~5.5cm时,其体长日增长率达到最大,之后随着体长的增加,体长日增长率也随之下降,多重分析比较显示,差异水平显著(P0.05)。 相似文献
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壳聚糖对虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)幼鱼生长性能、体组成及非特异性免疫的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
用壳聚糖添加量为0.00%(D0)、0.25%(D1)、0.50%(D2)、1.00%(D3)和2.00%(D4)的实验饲料投喂虹鳟幼鱼50d,研究其对虹鳟幼鱼生长性能、体组成及非特异性免疫的影响。结果显示,各实验组增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)显著高于对照组(P<0.05),饲料系数(FCR)、脏体比(VSI)呈显著降低趋势(P<0.05),而肝体比(HSI)、脾体比(SSI)、肥满度(CF)及存活率(SR)无明显差异(P>0.05)。全鱼、肌肉及肝脏粗脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05)。D3组和D4组碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性显著低于其它各组(P<0.05);酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性显著降低(P<0.05),溶菌酶(LZM)活性则显著升高(P<0.05);D4组总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著高于对照组及D1组(P<0.05);超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力差异不显著(P>0.05)。在本实验条件下,饲料中添加壳聚糖可显著提高虹鳟幼鱼生长性能、增强非特异性免疫能力,以增重率及非特异性免疫为综合评价指标,虹鳟饲料中壳聚糖的适宜添加量为0.50%。 相似文献
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火腿许水蚤对牙鲆仔稚鱼成活、生长及脂肪酸组成的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在分析火腿许水蚤、卤虫无节幼体及轮虫这3种饵料生物脂肪酸组成的基础上,研究它们对牙鲆仔稚鱼存活、生长及脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明:火腿许水蚤体内3种高度不饱和脂肪酸(ARA,EPA,DHA)总量为34.18%,明显高于其它2种动物的含量(卤虫无节幼体4.67%;小球藻强化轮虫9.39%)。投喂火腿许水蚤的仔鱼成活率极显著高于投喂卤虫无节幼体的仔鱼,与投喂混合饵料(卤虫无节幼体和火腿许水蚤按比例混合)的仔鱼存活率差异较显著;其全长增长倍数和增重倍数极显著高于投喂卤虫无节幼体和混合饵料的仔鱼。投喂火腿许水蚤的稚鱼成活率显著高于投喂卤虫无节幼体的稚鱼,与投喂混合饵料的稚鱼存活率差异不显著;其全长增长倍数和增重倍数极显著高于投喂卤虫无节幼体和混合饵料的稚鱼。投火腿许水蚤的仔稚鱼体内ARA、EPA、DHA的含量明显高于投喂混合饵料的和投喂卤虫无节幼体的仔稚鱼。 相似文献
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投喂频率对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长及系统水质指标的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过自制小型循环水系统养殖实验,研究不同投喂频率对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼(♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus×♂Epinephelus lanceolatus)幼鱼(35.50 g±4.58 g)生长及系统水质指标的影响。实验设1、2和4次/d 3个投喂频率实验组,每组3个重复。水温控制在25℃±2℃,每15 d取样测鱼体质量,每天取水样测定水质指标,实验周期为45 d。结果表明:不同投喂频率条件下,珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼的增质量率、饲料转化率差异显著(P0.05);随着投喂频率的增加,增质量率呈现显著升高趋势,饲料转化率呈现先显著升高后又显著降低趋势;特定生长率也呈上升趋势,2次/d和4次/d组显著高于1次/d组(P0.05),2次/d和4次/d组之间差异不显著(P0.05);随着养殖时间的延长,增质量率、饵料转化率和特定生长率都呈现显著降低趋势(P0.05)。在0~15 d,4次/d组增质量率最高,其值为46.30%,分别是1次/d和2次/d组的1.31倍和1.11倍,2次/d组的饲料转化率最高,其值为158.95%,分别是1次/d和4次/d组的1.30倍和1.13倍,氨氮、亚硝酸盐含量和p H变化差异不显著(P0.05)。同时氨氮随投喂频率增加而升高,而p H随投喂频率增加而降低。综合认为,在循环水养殖模式下,珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼适宜投喂频率为2次/d。 相似文献
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本研究比较了饲料中添加粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis LYB1)、嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus W2)和凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacillus coagulans NJ17)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾的生长、抗病力及肠道菌群结构的影响。以基础饲料中分别添加1.0×1010 cfu/kg浓度的3种不同乳酸菌为实验组,以基础饲料为对照组,以投喂方式养殖对虾42 d。养殖结束后,进行14 d的副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)攻毒实验。研究表明:投喂3种乳酸菌的实验组对虾的体重、特定生长率、饲料效率和表观消化率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中以添加凝结芽孢杆菌组效果最佳。攻毒实验显示,添加粪肠球菌和嗜酸乳杆菌均可显著降低对虾的累计死亡率(P<0.05)。添加乳酸菌的各实验组对虾的肠道细菌群落结构与对照组相比均发生了明显变化,其中以添加粪肠球菌组差异最大。在门水平上,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)为对虾肠道优势菌群。在纲分类水平上,α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、丹毒丝菌纲(Erysipelotrichia)和黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteriia)为对虾肠道优势菌群。研究结果显示,凝结芽孢杆菌NJ17对凡纳滨对虾促长效果最佳,而嗜酸乳杆菌W2对对虾抗病力提高效果最佳,3种乳酸菌均明显改善了对虾肠道微生物群落的组成和丰度。 相似文献
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投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶和免疫酶活力以及氮收支的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探讨投饵对对虾的影响, 作者研究了投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长、消化酶和免疫酶活性以及氮收支的影响。结果表明: 投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾的存活率、生长率、饲料系数、氮生长效率以及部分消化免疫酶活力有显著影响。日投喂5 次实验组获得较高的存活率、增质量率和特定生长率以及较低的饲料系数。投喂频率与特定生长率间呈二次曲线关系, 投喂频率为4.45次时, 获得最大特定生长率。摄食氮、生长氮和排泄氮和排粪氮, 以日投喂频率2 次为最低, 5、6 次较高。高投喂频率组获得较高的消化酶和免疫酶活性。 相似文献
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Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters. 相似文献
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Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction. 相似文献
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15.
Klaus Kremling 《Marine Chemistry》1983,13(2):87-108
In June 1981, dissolved Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn were determined from two detailed profiles in anoxic Baltic waters (with extra data for Fe and Mn from August 1979). Dramatic changes across the O2H2S interface occur in the abundances of Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn (by factors of ?100). The concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Ni at the redox front decrease by factors between 3 to 5.Equilibrium calculations are presented for varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and compared with the field data. The study strongly supports the assumption that the solubility of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni is greatly enhanced and controlled by the formation of bisulfide and(or) polysulfide complexes. Differences between predicted and measured concentrations of these elements are mainly evident at lower ΣH2S concentrations.Cobalt proved to be very mobile in anoxic regions, and the results indicate that the concentrations are limited by CoS precipitation. The iron (Fe2+) and manganese (Mn2+) distribution in sulfide-containing waters is controlled by total flux from sediment-water interfaces rather than by equilibrium concentrations of their solid phases (FeS and MnCO3). The concentrations of these metals are therefore expected to increase with prolonged stagnation periods in the basin. 相似文献
16.
Maryd De Wemton John S. Clayton Rohan D. S. Wells Chris C. Tanner Suzanne T. Miller 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):145-151
The submerged vegetation of Lakes Sumner, Marion, Katrine, Taylor, and Sheppard was surveyed in May 1987. These high‐altitude lakes lie at c. 600 m a.s.l., within the largely unmodified upper Hurunui catchment. Submerged vegetation was diverse and included numerous short shallow‐water species, dense swards of Isoetes alpinus, low covers of taller native vascular plants, and charophyte meadows beyond the depth limit of vascular plants to a maximum of 15 m. A sparse deepwater bryophyte community was observed from 11 to 32 m depth in Lake Sumner. Displacement of native vegetation by dense growths of the adventive oxygen weed Elodea canadensis over mid‐depths of 3–6 m was noted in all lakes, except Lake Marion. 相似文献
17.
While clastic mudstones and shale were traditionally interpreted to have been deposited in quiet water settings, recent flume experiments and studies have shown that mud can be transported in and deposited by traction currents as migrating ripples of mud aggregates. Despite these recent advances, mud aggregates have rarely been adequately described in the rock record.These mud aggregates and the sedimentary structures they form in mudstone successions are difficult to observe in the rock record due to compaction, which often obliterates the aggregates and flattens bedforms. This paper documents unambiguously identifiable sand sized mudstone aggregates in thin sections and SEM, transported in traction, and deposited in a series of prograding clinothems. These aggregates were sufficiently indurated to locally preserve shelter porosity, significantly improving the hydrocarbon reservoir properties.Grain size analysis of the aggregates was performed on thin sections, as well as disaggregated samples measured by a laser diffraction grain size analyzer for comparison. These analyses showed that sand sized aggregates often comprise more than half of the sediment volume. While the clay-rich composition of the Carlile Formation would suggest that it is a mudstone, statistical analysis of these grain size measurements show that it could alternatively be described as a silty sandstone. These findings potentially change how we think about mudstone classification, fine-grained sedimentation, and mudstone dominated petroleum reservoirs. 相似文献
18.
Cross-Calibration and Long-Term Monitoring of the Microwave Radiometers of ERS,TOPEX, GFO,Jason, and Envisat 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The radiometers on board the satellites ERS-1, TOPEX/Poseidon, ERS-2, GFO, Jason-1, and Envisat measure brightness temperatures at two or three different frequencies to determine the total columnal water vapor content and wet tropospheric path delay, a major correction to the altimeter range measurements. In order to asses the long-term stability of the path delay, the radiometers are calibrated against vicarious cold and hot references, against each other, and against several atmospheric models. Four of these radiometers exhibit significant drifts in at least one of the channels, resulting in yet unmodeled errors in path delay of up to 1 mm/year, thus limiting the accuracy at which global sea level rise can be inferred from the altimeter range measurements. 相似文献
19.
Linjie Zheng Tomoharu Minami Shotaro Takano Hideki Minami Yoshiki Sohrin 《Journal of Oceanography》2017,73(5):669-685
A central theme of the ongoing GEOTRACES program is to improve the understanding of processes occurring at ocean interfaces with continents, sediments, and ocean crust. In this context, we studied the distributions of Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb around the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR) in total dissolvable (td), dissolved (d), and labile particulate (lp) fractions, which represent a fraction in unfiltered samples, filtered samples through an AcroPak capsule filter, and the difference between td and d, respectively. Al and Fe were dominated by lp-species, while Ni, Zn, and Cd were dominated by d-species with undetectable amounts of lp-species. Major findings in this study are as follows: (1) The continental margin (CM) provided large sources of Al, Mn, Fe, and Co from the surface to ~2000 m in depth. The supply from CM caused high surface concentrations of dMn and dCo, a subsurface (100–300 m depth) maximum of dCo, and intermediate (500–2000 m depth) maxima of lpAl and lpFe. The supply of dFe from CM was ~10 times that from the high-temperature hydrothermal activity at station BD21, which is located at ~3 km from the Middle Valley venting site and ~ 200 km from Vancouver Island. (2) DPb was maximum at the top layer of North Pacific Intermediate Water, probably owing to isopycnal transport of anthropogenic Pb via advection of subducted surface waters. Although dCo and dPb had different sources in the upper water, they showed a strong linearity below 300 m (r 2 = 0.95, n = 38), indicating concurrent scavenging. (3) A high-temperature hydrothermal plume occurred at a depth of 2300 m at BD21, accounting for maxima of dAl, dMn, dFe, lpCu, and lpPb and a minimum of dCu. (4) Strong bottom maxima of lpAl, lpMn, lpFe, lpCo, and lpPb occurred above the abyssal plain at the western foot of the JdFR, indicating resuspension of sediments. However, bottom maxima of d-species were apparent only for dAl and dCu. 相似文献
20.
The radiometers on board the satellites ERS-1, TOPEX/Poseidon, ERS-2, GFO, Jason-1, and Envisat measure brightness temperatures at two or three different frequencies to determine the total columnal water vapor content and wet tropospheric path delay, a major correction to the altimeter range measurements. In order to asses the long-term stability of the path delay, the radiometers are calibrated against vicarious cold and hot references, against each other, and against several atmospheric models. Four of these radiometers exhibit significant drifts in at least one of the channels, resulting in yet unmodeled errors in path delay of up to 1 mm/year, thus limiting the accuracy at which global sea level rise can be inferred from the altimeter range measurements. 相似文献