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1.
折射方法在南海北部潮汕坳陷中生界地层研究中的应用 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
潮汕坳陷是中生界地层为主的沉积坳陷,被认为是南海油气勘探的重要勘探领域.潮汕坳陷已有丰富的多道反射地震资料,但是由于多次波干扰严重,获取的反射波速度精度低.潮汕坳陷多道反射地震资料中包含丰富的折射波数据,但是很少人重视多道地震记录中的折射波信息并利用他.在此我们通过编写处理程序拾取了折射层的地震速度.试验测线所在海区的水深在600-800m,测线的最大偏移距为6 250m.测线所测的第三系地震折射波速度为2.0-2.5km·s-1,与潮汕坳陷其他地方的第三系地震波速度基本相等.但是潮汕坳陷西南部中生界的地震折射波速度在3.5-4.2km·s-1,低于潮汕坳陷中东部中生界的地震波速度(4.0-5.0km·s-1),预示潮汕坳陷西南部油气储集物性可能较好. 相似文献
2.
Naresh Kumar Thakur Pasupuleti Prasada Rao N. Vishwanath Sanjeev Rajput Bhaskarabhatla Ashalatha 邓希光 《海洋地质》2009,(4):52-57,42
地震层析是根据多道地震数据估算速度结构的有效方法。本次研究针对海上科拉拉-康坎（Kerala—Konkan）地区一条以前识别出似海底反射（BSR）的地震测线东段的多道地震数据，采用2D方法得到可能的速度场结构，并推测气体水合物，游离气的存在。层析模拟由反射相识别和不同源-接收器位置的走时拾取组成。利用这些拾取采用射线追踪技术进行正演和反演来得到2D速度场。本次模拟调查区的模型第一次显示出细微速度结构。2D模拟揭示了速度场沿地震线研究段的横向发生的变化。结果表明薄层沉积物盖层（约50—60m）的速度为1770至1850m／s。在海底之下具高P波速度（1980—2100m／s）的沉积物层被解释为水合物层，水合物层的厚度在110—140m之间变化。在水合物层底部有一低速层，速度为1660—1720m／s，被解释为游离气层，厚度在50—100m之间。本次调查表明在海上科拉拉-康坎（Kerala—Konkan）局部地区水合物之下存在游离气。 相似文献
3.
《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2021,(9)
传统的走时层析方法依赖于初始速度模型,需要射线追踪计算,速度建模效率低。常规的回折波走时反演方法速度建模效率较高,但通过对走时曲线拟合获取射线参数,受地形起伏和走时误差的影响很大,速度建模精度较低。为兼顾近地表速度建模的效率与精度,本文改进了回折波走时方程,提出一种基于回折波走时方程的起伏地表速度建模方法。该方法将每一个共中心点道集按偏移距大小进行选排并分段,在每一个偏移距段内,先利用回折波走时方程逐道计算相应的回折点位置和速度,再对各个炮检对的计算结果进行最小二乘拟合及反距离加权,获得统计平均回折点位置和速度值。对每个共中心点道集均做上述处理,从而建立近地表速度模型。理论模型测试和实测资料应用验证了本文方法的正确性和实用性。 相似文献
4.
《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2017,(3)
折射波时延法假设折射层速度横向变化不大和折射面起伏不大,且同时求取炮点和接收点的延迟时间,存在"此消彼长"的问题。针对这些问题,提出了折射波相对时延法。利用共炮点道集相邻接收点的折射波时差和共接收点道集相邻炮点的折射波时差,实现了炮点相对延时和接收点相对延时的独立求取,并利用已知控制点上的绝对延时或基准面静校正值,结合基点网平差方法,把相对延时转成绝对延时或基准面静校正量。同时,通过对相邻两道记录进行互相关确定相邻道的折射波时差,避免了低信噪比地震资料连续追踪同一折射层来拾取初至时间的困难。对理论模型合成数据和实际资料的测试表明,相对时延法克服了常用时延法的不足,对折射层速度变化和折射面起伏有较强的适应性。 相似文献
5.
《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2016,(2)
钻探和拖网取样资料都表明南沙海区东北部礼乐滩及附近海域存在大套中生代海相沉积,但其西南侧是否也存在中生界不清楚。新的长排列(偏移距超过6km)多道地震测线C2B经过南沙礼乐滩西南海域(水深1.5~1.7km),反射剖面显示了重要的角度不整合界面,上覆地层呈平行披盖结构,下伏地层则存在明显的挤压变形;长排列炮集记录则显示了清晰的折射波。利用OBSTOOL软件进行了折射波震相的拾取,折射波速度计算结果表明不整合界面上覆层地震速度为2.5~3.0km/s,下伏层地震速度为3.5~5.5km/s,跨不整合界面发生速度突变(其差值约1.0~2.0km/s),表明地层严重缺失。结合南海的构造演化过程、钻探和拖网取样结果,以及与南海北部潮汕坳陷已经确定的中、新生代地层速度的对比,将上覆层划为新生界,下伏层划为中生界。C2B测线东南端下构造层属于中生界褶皱构造,地层速度较低,约3.5km/s,低于潮汕坳陷西南部中生界的地震折射波速度为3.5~4.2km/s,推测为早白垩世边缘海相沉积,可能预示礼乐盆地西南海域较好的中生界油气储集。 相似文献
6.
速度在地震勘探中十分重要,压制多次波、偏移成像和地震反演都需要准确的速度模型。为了高效和准确的获取速度模型,基于时间域精细速度建模方法,利用疑似含气区的二维多道地震资料,针对初始模型、层位约束和基于人工速度拾取的速度反演3个方面开展了试验,探讨实际资料中时间域精细速度建模方法的关键点和效果。试验表明:无需人工速度拾取,时间域精细速度建模能够实现浅地层速度的准确反演,进而高效地完成浅地层速度异常的识别;层位约束能提高速度建模的效率和精度;在地层结构复杂区域,人工速度拾取有利于时间域精细速度建模。 相似文献
7.
《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2017,(2)
深部地质结构是研究海盆动力成因的重要基础。南海西南次海盆以往多道地震资料中莫霍面的成像普遍不清,选取NH973-1测线长排列多道地震数据对西南次海盆的莫霍面反射成像进行研究。该地震资料中层间多次波非常发育,严重掩盖或干扰了莫霍面有效反射信号。针对地震资料特征,首先采用抛物线型Radon变换滤波对部分层间多次波进行压制以拾取一个相对准确的初始速度,在此基础上进一步采用速度滤波和内切除组合方法对层间多次波进行压制。从资料处理效果看,层间多次波得到有效压制,莫霍面成像清晰,呈现出断断续续的特征。由此解释的海盆区地壳(除沉积层外)厚度整体较薄,约为2.3~3.9km,有别于正常洋壳结构,更接近于构造拉伸主导型的地壳。 相似文献
8.
南海北部陆缘洋陆转换带实施的OBS2018-H2测线的地壳速度结构, 将为探讨南海张裂-破裂机制提供重要证据。文章介绍了OBS2018-H2测线前期数据处理流程, 包括多道反射地震数据处理、海底地震仪OBS (Ocean Bottom Seismometer)数据格式转换、炮点和OBS位置校正, 以及OBS震相的初步识别, 并对地壳结构进行了初步分析。结果表明: 炮点和OBS位置校正效果良好; 多道反射地震数据为建立初始速度模型提供了良好约束; OBS综合地震剖面识别了多组清晰的P波震相, 包括Pw、Pg、PmP和Pn震相。根据测线西侧OBS36、OBS37两台站的震相分布特征初步估算台站下方地壳厚度约为6~7km, 与根据多道地震剖面LW3的双程走时估算的厚度6~9km大致相符。 相似文献
9.
10.
FAST(first arrival seismic tomography)软件是获取复杂地区三维深部结构的最常用工具之一,而反演参数选取是快速有效地获得真实合理的地震结构的关键环节。以南海中央次海盆三维地震探测数据为基础,采用先固定其中一个参数、选取另外一个参数、再综合选取的控制变量法,详细地介绍了FAST反演参数组合的选取过程。选取结果表明,反演参数组合(阻尼因子λ=2,平滑度权重因子sz=1,反演次数I=4)为南海中央次海盆三维地震结构的最佳反演参数,由此获得的最佳初步速度模型表明中央次海盆具有典型慢速扩张的洋壳结构。此项反演参数选取工作不仅为珍贝-黄岩海山链精细三维地震结构的正式模拟奠定了基础,同时为FAST软件在其他地区的应用提供了丰富的经验与借鉴。 相似文献
11.
R. A. Stephen 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1982,5(3):315-326
This paper reviews a simple technique for interpreting the velocity structure of upper oceanic crust from travel-time data of sonobuoy and ocean bottom receiver refraction experiments. The technique does not involve sophisticated digital processing or synthetic seismogram analysis. Interpretations can be carried out with a pencil, paper and slide rule.Travel-time inversion procedures based on the -p transformation require the assumption of the shallowmost velocity. In some cases, however, such as oceanic crustal studies, the shallowmost velocity is one tf the critical parameters for which one wishes to invert. An inversion method for the shallowmost velocity is discussed which assumes a constant velocity gradient. The time, range and ray parameter of a point on the travel-time curve are sufficient to obtain the velocity at the top of the gradient zone and the gradient. The method can be used to interpolate the velocity-depth function into regions from which no seismic energy is returned as a first arrival. Once an estimate of the upper crustal velocity is obtained the traditional -p procedures can be applied.The model considered consists of a homogeneous layer over a layer in which velocity increases linearly with depth. For such a geometry there are three classes of behaviour of the travel-time curve based on the number of cusps: zero, one or two. The number of cusps depends on the uppermost velocity in the crust, the velocity gradient of the upper crust and the depth of the sources and receivers. It has not been previously recognized that two cusps in the travel time curve may be observed for this simple model. Since estimating the ray parameter from first arrival times is less ambiguous when there are no cusps, understanding the relations involved with the three classes aids in the design of experiments. It is reasonable to apply the model to shallow sea floor structure because of the high quality of marine refraction data which has recently been obtained. 相似文献
12.
Accurate Modelling of Sonobuoy Refraction Data to Determine Velocity Variations in Oceanic Crust 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Modern disposable sonobuoys can provide a simple and cost-effective alternative to ocean bottom seismometers for marine refraction experiments over oceanic crust. Unfortunately, the fact that they are free to drift with the prevailing ocean currents can introduce significant travel-time errors into the modelling process if the seafloor topography is large. For sonobuoys recorded during and after turns the drift rate and direction can be uniquely determined by inversion of the shot-receiver ranges derived from the water-wave arrival. The same method can be used to determine a best fitting average drift vector for the whole dataset. A modification to conventional two-dimensional travel-time modelling techniques has been developed to account for this drift. Each sonobuoy profile is divided into several subsets, typically of 100 shots each, and each subset is then modelled as a separate common receiver gather, significantly reducing the errors in the calculated travel-times. For re alistic bathymetry, the magnitude of these travel-time errors is up to 200 ms, significantly larger than the estimated picking uncertainty. Real data from a typical sonobuoy refraction experiment on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge were modelled with and without the drift correction applied. Much of the lateral variation in the velocity structure was removed when the drift correction was applied, indicating that this structure was due to variations in the travel-times caused by sonobuoy drift. 相似文献
13.
Naresh Kumar Thakur Pasupuleti Prasada Rao N. Vishwanath Sanjeev Rajput Bhaskarabhatla Ashalatha 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2007,28(4):373-378
Seismic tomography is an effective means of estimating velocity and structure from multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection data.
In this study we have followed a 2D approach to arrive at the probable velocity field configuration from multichannel seismic
data and infer the presence of gas hydrates/free-gas in the offshore Kerala-Konkan region, along the eastern part of a seismic
line on which a bottom simulating reflector (BSR) has previously been identified. Tomographic modeling consists of the identification
of reflection phases and picking of respective travel times for various source-receiver positions. These picks were then utilized
to arrive at a 2D velocity field following a forward and inversion approach using a ray tracing technique. The modeling for
the first time brought out the finer scale velocity structure under the region of investigation. Modeling through the 2D approach
shows lateral variation in velocity field along the studied segment of the seismic line. The results indicate a thin (∼50–60 m)
sedimentary cover with velocity ranging from 1,770 to 1,850 m/s. A sedimentary layer with high P-wave velocity 1,980–2,100 m/s
below the sea floor was interpreted as the hydrate layer. The thickness of this layer varies between 110 and 140 m. The hydrate
layer is underlain by a low-velocity layer having velocities in the range 1,660–1,720 m/s. This low velocity may represent
a free gas layer, whose thickness varies between 50 and 100 m located below the hydrated layer. The investigation suggests
the occurrence of gas hydrate underlain by free gas in some parts of the Kerala-Konkan offshore region. 相似文献
14.
天然气水合物是一种新型的清洁能源, 南海北部神狐海域的地质条件有利于水合物的形成和储藏。传统的多道地震(MCS)数据难以得到精确的速度信息, 并且只能从时间域上判断地质体纵向分布。海底地震仪(OBS)是一种常用的主动源地震仪器, 可以接收到更清晰的气枪信号。相比于MCS, OBS剖面上的折射震相可以揭示较深部的地层速度信息。文章结合MCS和OBS的优势, 识别水平叠加剖面上的反射层位, 并得到初始模型; 将OBS剖面和水平叠加剖面拼合, 从而判断OBS剖面上反射震相所对应层位; 拾取OBS台站上的反射和折射震相, 使用RayInvr软件正演模拟得到水合物存在区域的二维速度模型, 解决了MCS中较为困难的时深转换问题。最终模型显示了水合物、游离气区域的埋深、厚度和速度, 以及似海底反射(BSR)下方更深部界面的深度和速度特征。 相似文献
15.
本文提出了一种地震折射液的虚拟射线理论,根据该理论,只要已知地表层的速度,即可直接由折射波信息提取地震参数,从而可实现折射界面的反演。 文中通过实际介质模型的计算机实验结果,验证了该理论的正确性。 相似文献
16.
潮间带低速层中高速埋伏岩体计算模式的建立 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
在某些沿海潮间带区域的低速层中常存在一定数量的巨大高速滚石埋伏岩体。这些埋伏岩体会给工程地质勘察带来很大的困难 ,甚至无法进行工程地质勘察。根据浅层折射波方法原理利用浅层折射波相遇时距曲线与折射波射线路径关系建立了求取浅层高速埋伏岩体的埋深及其厚度的计算模式 ,利用这些公式可以较准确地确定高速埋伏岩体的位置、埋深及其厚度 ,对工程地质勘察是十分有利的。 相似文献
17.
The Moho interface provides critical evidence for crustal thickness and the mode of oceanic crust accretion. The seismic Moho interface has not been identified yet at the magma-rich segments （46°-52°E） of the ultra- slow spreading Southwestern Indian Ridge （SWIR）. This paper firstly deduces the characteristics and do- mains of seismic phases based on a theoretical oceanic crust model. Then, topographic correction is carried out for the OBS record sections along Profile Y3Y4 using the latest OBS data acquired from the detailed 3D seismic survey at the SWIR in 2010. Seismic phases are identified and analyzed, especially for the reflected and refracted seismic phases from the Moho. A 2D crustal model is finally established using the ray tracing and travel-time simulation method. The presence of reflected seismic phases at Segment 28 shows that the crustal rocks have been separated from the mantle by cooling and the Moho interface has already formed at zero age. The 2D seismic velocity structure across the axis of Segment 28 indicates that detachment faults play a key role during the processes of asymmetric oceanic crust accretion. 相似文献
18.
The Ulleung Basin (Tsushima Basin) in the southwestern East Sea (Japan Sea) is floored by a crust whose affinity is not known whether oceanic or thinned continental. This ambiguity resulted in unconstrained mechanisms of basin evolution. The present work attempts to define the nature of the crust of the Ulleung Basin and its tectonic evolution using seismic wide-angle reflection and refraction data recorded on ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs). Although the thickness of (10 km) of the crust is greater than typical oceanic crust, tau-p analysis of OBS data and forward modeling by 2-D ray tracing suggest that it is oceanic in character: (1) the crust consists of laterally consistent upper and lower layers that are typical of oceanic layers 2 and 3 in seismic velocity and gradient distribution and (2) layer 2C, the transition between layer 2 and layer 3 in oceanic crust, is manifested by a continuous velocity increase from 5.7 to 6.3 km/s over the thickness interval of about 1 km between the upper and lower layers. Therefore it is not likely that the Ulleung Basin was formed by the crustal extension of the southwestern Japan Arc where crustal structure is typically continental. Instead, the thickness of the crust and its velocity structure suggest that the Ulleung Basin was formed by seafloor spreading in a region of hotter than normal mantle surrounding a distant mantle plume, not directly above the core of the plume. It seems that the mantle plume was located in northeast China. This suggestion is consistent with geochemical data that indicate the influence of a mantle plume on the production of volcanic rocks in and around the Ulleung Basin. Thus we propose that the opening models of the southwestern East Sea should incorporate seafloor spreading and the influence of a mantle plume rather than the extension of the crust of the Japan Arc. 相似文献
19.
B. L. N. Kennett 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1977,3(1):7-42
A review is presented of current interpretation techniques in marine refraction seismology with particular emphasis on those features which are most useful in structural studies using ocean bottom seismometers. Travel time analysis techniques are discussed for both refraction and variable angle reflection profiles and are compared with systematic travel time inversion methods. Amplitude and waveform analysis techniques allow a more detailed velocity depth profile to be determined, and are illustrated for both surface and bottom receivers. The study of anisotropy and lateral variations in crustal structure may be usefully combined using delay time function methods but a detailed structural model also requires velocity-depth information. Signal processing techniques which are particularly useful for shear wave and long range propagation studies are also metioned. Structural studies using OBS' should lead to detailed knowledge of the oceanic crust and the P wave velocity distribution in the upper mantle. 相似文献
20.
Sonobuoys provide an alternative to using long streamers while conducting multi-channel seismic (MCS) studies, in order to
provide deeper velocity control. We present analysis and modeling techniques for interpreting the sonobuoy data and illustrate
the method with ten overlapping sonobuoys collected in the Ross Sea, offshore from Antarctica. We demonstrate the importance
of using the MCS data to correct for ocean currents and changes in ship navigation, which is required before using standard
methods for obtaining a 1D velocity profile from each sonobuoy. We verify our 1D velocity models using acoustic finite-difference
(FD) modeling and by performing depth migration on the data, and demonstrate the usefulness of FD modeling for tying interval
velocities to the shallow crust imaged using MCS data. Finally, we show how overlapping sonobuoys along an MCS line can be
used to construct a 2D velocity model of the crust. The velocity model reveals a thin crust (5.5 ± 0.4 km) at the boundary
between the Adare and Northern Basins, and implies that the crustal structure of the Northern Basin may be more similar to
that of the oceanic crust in the Adare Basin than to the stretched continental crust further south in the Ross Sea. 相似文献