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1.
Observations were made of time variations of carbon dioxide in seawater, pCO2, and in the atmosphere, PCO2, in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan. The pCO2 data showed well defined diurnal variation; high values at nighttime and low values during daylight hours. The pCO2 correlated negatively with dissolved oxygen. These results denote that the diurnal variation of pCO2 is associated with effects of photoplankton's activity in seawater. The pCO2 measured in the Seto Inland Sea showed higher values than the PCO2 during June to November, denoting transport of carbon dioxide from the sea surface to the atmosphere, and lower values during December to May, denoting transport of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the sea surface. The exchange rates of carbon dioxide were calculated using working formula given by Andriéet al. (1986). The results showed that the Seto Inland Sea gained carbon dioxide of 1.0 m-mol m–2 d–1 from the atmosphere in March and lost 1.7 m-mol m–2 d–1 to the atmosphere in August.  相似文献   

2.

The dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity in the surface brackish waters of Lake Hamana were investigated monthly from October 2017 to September 2019 at 14 stations. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in the surface water ranged from 29 to 1476 μatm and was undersaturated for atmospheric CO2 during the observation periods, although most coastal waters were net source areas because of the large amount of terrestrial organic and inorganic carbon input. Since there was a strong negative correlation between pCO2 and the dissolved oxygen, seasonal and temporal variations in pCO2 were mainly derived from phytoplankton activity. The high phytoplankton activity induced by the effluents from sewage treatment plants, which was low in carbon and high in nitrogen. Therefore, in urbanized coastal waters with sewage treatment plants, such as the coastal waters of Japan, there is a possibility of shifting from weaker carbon dioxide source areas to sink areas. However, pCO2 was oversaturated at the polluted river mouth, especially after high precipitation events due to the large carbon supply.

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3.
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in estuary-plume systems is related to the internal processes of net organic metabolism and physical mixing, but is also strongly influenced by biogeochemical inputs from the land and ocean. Surface layer pCO2, stimulated fluorescence of chlorophyll (f-chl) and colored organic matter (f-com), and beam attenuation at 660 nm (c-660) were measured during three seasonal surveys of the Kennebec (ME) and Merrimack (MA) estuary-plume systems. These estuaries are both supplied by large New England Rivers and separated by less than 150 km, but significant differences were often observed in the distributions of surface pCO2 and optical variables. High pCO2 concentrations were generally associated with high f-com, while lower pCO2 concentrations were associated with high f-chl and c-660. Using simple regression models, optical measurements were used to estimate chlorophyll and total organic carbon concentrations. Results suggest that labile riverine carbon is responsible for sustaining supersaturated pCO2 conditions and that phytoplankton productivity, likely driven by inputs of riverine dissolved inorganic nitrogen, is responsible for pCO2 undersaturation. Although optical variables are often related to surface pCO2, the results suggest that efforts to retrieve pCO2 in complex waters using optical data may be enhanced using a site-specific, multivariate approach.  相似文献   

4.
Ocean acidification results from an increase in the concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) impacts on marine calcifying species, which is predicted to become more pronounced in the future. By the end of this century, atmospheric pCO2 levels will have doubled relative to the pre‐industrial levels of 280 ppm. However, the effects of pre‐industrial pCO2 levels on marine organisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of pre‐industrial pCO2 conditions on the size of the pluteus larvae of sea urchins, which are known to be vulnerable to ocean acidification. The larval size of Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus significantly increased when reared at pre‐industrial pCO2 level relative to the present one, and the size of Anthocidaris crassispina larvae decreased as the pCO2 levels increased from the pre‐industrial level to the near future ones after 3 days' exposure. In this study, it is suggested that echinoid larvae responded to pre‐industrial pCO2 levels. Ocean acidification may be affecting some sensitive marine calcifiers even at the present pCO2 level.  相似文献   

5.
Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and ancillary data were obtained during the dry and rainy seasons in the waters surrounding two 10-year-old forested mangrove sites (Tam Giang and Kiên Vàng) located in the Ca Mau Province (South-West Vietnam). During both seasons, the spatial variations of partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) were marked, with values ranging from 704 ppm to 11481 ppm during the dry season, and from 1209 ppm to 8136 ppm during the rainy season. During both seasons, DIC, pCO2, total alkalinity (TAlk) and oxygen saturation levels (%O2) were correlated with salinity in the mangrove creeks suggesting that a combination of lower water volume and longer residence time (leading to an increase in salinity due to evaporation) enhanced the enrichment in DIC, pCO2 and TAlk, and an impoverishment in O2. The low O2 and high DIC and pCO2 values suggest that heterotrophic processes in the water column and sediments controlled these variables. The latter processes were meaningful since the high DIC and TAlk values in the creek waters were related to some extent to the influx of pore waters, consistent with previous observations. This was confirmed by the stochiometric relationship between TAlk and DIC that shows that anaerobic processes control these variables, although this approach did not allow identifying unambiguously the dominant diagenetic carbon degradation pathway. During the rainy season, dilution led to significant decreases of salinity, TAlk and DIC in both mangrove creeks and adjacent main channels. In the Kiên Vàng mangrove creeks a distinct increase of pCO2 and decrease of %O2 were observed. The increase of TSM suggested enhanced inputs of organic matter probably from land surrounding the mangrove creeks, that could have led to higher benthic and water column heterotrophy. However, the flushing of water enriched in dissolved CO2 originating from soil respiration and impoverished in O2 could also have explained to some extent the patterns observed during the rainy season. Seasonal variations of pCO2 were more pronounced in the Kiên Vàng mangrove creeks than in the Tam Giang mangrove creeks. The air–water CO2 fluxes were 5 times higher during the rainy season than during the dry season in the Kiên Vàng mangrove creeks. In the Tam Giang mangrove creeks, the air–water CO2 fluxes were similar during both seasons. The air–water CO2 fluxes ranged from 27.1 mmol C m−2 d−1 to 141.5 mmol C m−2 d−1 during the dry season, and from 81.3 mmol m−2 d−1 to 154.7 mmol m−2 d−1 during the rainy season. These values are within the range of values previously reported in other mangrove creeks and confirm that the emission of CO2 from waters surrounding mangrove forests are meaningful for the carbon budgets of mangrove forests.  相似文献   

6.
An experimental method for the continuous determination of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide was attempted during a cruise in the Mediterranean Sea. The method, which uses infrared analysis of air continuously equilibrated with pumped seawater, is described. Calculations to obtain pCO2 in seawater from measured pCO2 are given with an example of the results.  相似文献   

7.
A model based on that of Kishi et al. (2001) has been extended to 15 compartments including silicon and carbon cycles. This model was applied to Station A7 off Hokkaido, Japan, in the Northwestern Pacific. The model successfully simulated the observations of: 1. a spring bloom of diatoms; 2. large seasonal variations of nitrate and silicate concentrations in the surface water; and 3. large inter-annual variations in chlorophyll-a. It also reproduced the observed features of the seasonal variations of carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2)—a peak in pCO2 in winter resulting from deep winter convection, a rapid decrease in pCO2 as a result of the spring bloom, and an almost constant pCO2 from summer through fall (when the effect of increasing temperature cancels the effect of biological production). A comparison of cases with and without silicate limitation shows that including silicate limitation in the model results in: 1. decreased production by diatoms during summer; and 2. a transition in the dominant phytoplankton species, from diatoms to other species that do not take up silicate. Both of these phenomena are observed at Station A7, and our results support the hypothesis that they are caused by silicate limitation of diatom growth. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

8.
Partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in surface seawater has been measured in the northeastern Pacific Ocean at Station P and along Line P since 1973. These data have been divided into ‘oceanic’ and ‘coastal/transition’ zones, and the seasonal and interannual variability and the long-term trends for each zone have been examined. The oceanic zone shows little seasonality in surface seawater pCO2, with undersaturation throughout the year. A strong, biologically-driven seasonal cycle is offset by variation in temperature-dependent solubility of CO2. The coastal/transition zone shows a decline in pCO2 from winter–spring through summer and fall that is likely the result of seasonal stratification and convection rather than coastal upwelling. Interannual variability all along Line P is correlated with the multivariate ENSO index (MEI), with lower seawater pCO2 associated with El Niño conditions. Correlations with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation Index are similar but weaker, in part because there are few data prior to the 1976 regime shift. The long-term trend in seawater pCO2 in the oceanic zone is +1.36±0.16 μatm year?1, indistinguishable from the atmospheric growth rate, and varies little among the seasons. In the coastal/transition zone a slow increase in the pCO2 of surface seawater relative to that of the atmosphere has led to increasing undersaturation, particularly in spring. Aliasing of the seasonal and interannual variability due to sampling frequency may explain part of the observed trend in the coastal/transition zone, but real changes in physical or biological processes are also possible and require more detailed study.  相似文献   

9.
The results are presented of statistical analysis of the data obtained from the 1980–2006 systematic measurements of the volume concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmospheric thickness over central Eurasia. The trends of both monthly and yearly means of CO2 concentration are determined. During these 26 years, the yearly mean concentration increased by ～42 ppm at a mean rate of (1.56 ± 0.18) ppm per year and reached ～382.7 ppm. General statistical characteristics are found. The distribution function of the monthly mean concentrations of CO2 is characterized by the presence of a second maximum and a bias of the principal mode toward large values, and the mean (over the measurement time) monthly concentration and the median almost coincide. The distribution function of the yearly mean concentrations of CO2 is close to a normal distribution, and the mean (over the measurement time) yearly concentration, the median, and the mode also coincide. The trends of short-and long-period variations in the carbon dioxide concentration and their possible relation to a number of geophysical phenomena are revealed. Spectral analysis of the measuring data on CO2 revealed oscillations with periods of 4, 6, 12, 15, 21, 29, 40, 53, 84, and 183 months. A statistical model with the parameters of these oscillations describes the experimental monthly mean concentrations of carbon dioxide with an rms deviation of 2.3 ppm (±0.6% of the mean over the entire period 361.9 ppm) and the yearly mean concentrations with an rms deviation of 0.9 ppm (～±0.3%).  相似文献   

10.
Purposeful deep-sea carbon dioxide sequestration by direct injection of liquid CO2 into the deep waters of the ocean has the potential to mitigate the rapid rise in atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases. One issue of concern for this carbon sequestration option is the impact of changes in seawater chemistry caused by CO2 injection on deep-sea ecosystems. The effects of deep-sea carbon dioxide injection on infaunal deep-sea organisms were evaluated during a field experiment in 3600 m depth off California, in which liquid CO2 was released on the seafloor. Exposure to the dissolution plume emanating from the liquid CO2 resulted in high rates of mortality for flagellates, amoebae, and nematodes inhabiting sediments in close proximity to sites of CO2 release. Results from this study indicate that large changes in seawater chemistry (i.e. pH reductions of ∼0.5–1.0 pH units) near CO2 release sites will cause high mortality rates for nearby infaunal deep-sea communities. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

11.
The refined data obtained from the spectroscopic measurements of carbon dioxide in the column of the continental atmosphere over the Issyk Kul Monitoring Station during the period 1980–2006 and the results of their comparison with the data obtained from the measurements of carbon dioxide in air samples and with the mean zonal empirical model of the Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) are given. Seasonal variations and a long-term trend of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmospheric thickness over a 25-year period of measurements are analyzed. The monthly mean concentration of CO2 is increased by ～40.5 ppm, and the linear-trend index is 1.62 ppm per year. The results of the aircraft measurements of CO2 concentration in air samples are, on the average, in agreement with the data obtained from the spectroscopic measurements of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmospheric column. The CO2 concentration in the surface air varies from day to day, and only its minimum values coincide with the CO2 concentration in the atmospheric thickness. The results of measurements of CO2 concentration in the atmospheric thickness and in the atmospheric surface layer over the KZD and KZM stations nearest to each other are, on the whole, in disagreement; moreover, the KZD and KZM data are inconsistent. The CO2 concentration in the atmospheric thickness is, on the average, 1–2% higher than that obtained with the CMDL model for 42.6° N latitude. The coefficient of correlation between the measurement results and model data is high (r= 0.95).  相似文献   

12.
A correction formula is theoretically derived to evaluate the change in partial pressure of carbon dioxide in seawater upon heating. The constraints on the heating process are constant salinity, total alkalinity, and total carbon dioxide concentration. The result is
Full-size image (1K)
. This equation fits δPCO2/δt for open ocean seawater compositions to within approximately 9%. The almost constant 4.4%/°C effect is in agreement with that measured by Kanwisher (1960).  相似文献   

13.
Silva et al. propose a new method for quantifying benthic net community production (NCP) of tidal flats under submerged condition, based on the monitoring of water pCO2 in a transparent benthic chamber around high tide. I demonstrate here with theoretical considerations that this method is inappropriate for coastal environments, because it allows only the quantification of the change in the dissolved CO2 which, at classical seawater pH, is only ∼10% of the change of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Total Alkalinity and/or DIC must be measured at the beginning and end of incubations in order to compute NCP in coastal environments. However, I also demonstrate that when pH is below 7, more than 95% of the DIC change occurs in the CO2 pool. The method proposed by Silva et al. is thus valuable for freshwater environments with acidic, low alkalinity waters, where monitoring the water pCO2 in a vial or chamber provides alone a very close approximation of the planktonic or benthic net community production.  相似文献   

14.
Comprehensive sea surface surveys of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) have been made in the upwelling system of the coastal (0–200 km from shore) southeastern tropical Pacific since 2004. The shipboard data have been supplemented by mooring and drifter based observations. Air–sea flux estimates were made by combining satellite derived wind fields with the direct sea surface pCO2 measurements. While there was considerable spatial heterogeneity, there was a significant flux of CO2 from the ocean to the atmosphere during all survey periods in the region between 4° and 20° south latitude. During periods of strong upwelling the average flux out of the ocean exceeded 10 moles of CO2 per square meter per year. During periods of weaker upwelling and high productivity the CO2 evasion rate was near 2.5 mol/m2/yr. The average annual fluxes exceed 5 mol/m2/yr. These findings are in sharp contrast to results obtained in mid-latitude upwelling systems along the west coast of North America where the average air–sea CO2 flux is low and can often be from the atmosphere into the ocean. In the Peruvian upwelling system there are several likely factors that contribute to sea surface pCO2 levels that are well above those of the atmosphere in spite of elevated primary productivity: (1) the upwelling source waters contain little pre-formed nitrate and are affected by denitrification, (2) iron limitation of primary production enhanced by offshore upwelling driven by the curl of the wind stress and (3) rapid sea surface warming. The combined carbon, nutrient and oxygen dynamics of this region make it a candidate site for studies of global change.  相似文献   

15.
This paper evaluates the simultaneous measurement of dissolved gases (CO2 and O2/Ar ratios) by membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) along the 180° meridian in the Southern Ocean. The calibration of pCO2 measurements by MIMS is reported for the first time using two independent methods of temperature correction. Multiple calibrations and method comparison exercises conducted in the Southern Ocean between New Zealand and the Ross Sea showed that the MIMS method provides pCO2 measurements that are consistent with those obtained by standard techniques (i.e. headspace equilibrator equipped with a Li–Cor NDIR analyser). The overall MIMS accuracy compared to Li–Cor measurements was 0.8 μatm. The O2/Ar ratio measurements were calibrated with air-equilibrated seawater standards stored at constant temperature (0 ± 1 °C). The reproducibility of the O2/Ar standards was better than 0.07% during the 9 days of transect between New Zealand and the Ross Sea.The high frequency, real-time measurements of dissolved gases with MIMS revealed significant small-scale heterogeneity in the distribution of pCO2 and biologically-induced O2 supersaturation (ΔO2/Ar). North of 65°S several prominent thermal fronts influenced CO2 concentrations, with biological factors also contributing to local variability. In contrast, the spatial variation of pCO2 in the Ross Sea gyre was almost entirely attributed to the biological utilization of CO2, with only small temperature effects. This high productivity region showed a strong inverse relationship between pCO2 and biologically-induced O2 disequilibria (r2 = 0.93). The daily sea air CO2 flux ranged from − 0.2 mmol/m2 in the Northern Sub-Antarctic Front to − 6.4 mmol/m2 on the Ross Sea shelves where the maximum CO2 influx reached values up to − 13.9 mmol/m2. This suggests that the Southern Ocean water (south of 58°S) acts as a seasonal sink for atmospheric CO2 at the time of our field study.  相似文献   

16.
We report results from two surveys of pCO2, biological O2 saturation (??O2/Ar) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) in surface waters of the Ross Sea polynya. Measurements were made during early spring (November 2006-December 2006) and mid-summer (December 2005-January 2006) using ship-board membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) for high spatial resolution (i.e. sub-km) analysis. During the early spring survey, the polynya was in the initial stages of development and exhibited a rapid increase in open water area and phytoplankton biomass over the course of our ∼3 week occupation. We observed a rapid transition from a net heterotrophic ice-covered system (supersaturated pCO2 and undersaturated O2) to a high productivity regime associated with a Phaeocystis-dominated phytoplankton bloom. The timing of the early spring phytoplankton bloom was closely tied to increasing sea surface temperature across the polynya, as well as reduced wind speeds and ice cover, leading to enhanced vertical stratification. There was a strong correlation between pCO2, ??O2/Ar, DMS and chlorophyll a (Chl a) during the spring phytoplankton bloom, indicating a strong biological imprint on gas distributions. Box model calculations suggest that pCO2 drawdown was largely attributable to net community production, while gas exchange and shoaling mixed layers also exerted a strong control on the re-equilibration of mixed layer ??2 with the overlying atmosphere. DMS concentrations were closely coupled to Phaeocystis biomass across the early spring polynya, with maximum concentrations exceeding 100 nM.During the summer cruise, we sampled a large net autotrophic polynya, shortly after the seasonal peak in phytoplankton productivity. Both diatoms and Phaeocystis were abundant in the phytoplankton assemblages during this time. Minimum pCO2 was less than 100 ppm, while ??O2/Ar exceeded 30% in some regions. Mean DMS concentrations were ∼2-fold lower than during the spring, although the range of concentrations was similar between the two surveys. There was a significant correlation between pCO2, ??O2/Ar and Chl a across the summer polynya, but the strength of these correlations and the slope of O2 vs. CO2 relationship were significantly lower than during the early spring. Summertime DMS concentrations were not significantly correlated to phytoplankton biomass (Chl a), pCO2 or ??O2/Ar. In contrast to the early spring time, there were no clear temporal trends in summertime gas concentrations. Rather, small-scale spatial variability, likely resulting from mixing and localized sea-ice melt, was clearly evident in surface gas distributions across the polynya. Analysis of length-scale dependent variability demonstrated that much of the spatial variance in surface water gases occurred at scales of <20 km, suggesting that high resolution analysis is needed to fully capture biogeochemical heterogeneity in this system.  相似文献   

17.
The oceanic carbon cycle in the tropical-subtropical Pacific is strongly affected by various physical processes with different temporal and spatial scales, yet the mechanisms that regulate air-sea CO2 flux are not fully understood due to the paucity of both measurement and modeling. Using a 3-D physical-biogeochemical model, we simulate the partial pressure of CO2 in surface water (pCO2sea) and air-sea CO2 flux in the tropical and subtropical regions from 1990 to 2004. The model reproduces well the observed spatial differences in physical and biogeochemical processes, such as: (1) relatively higher sea surface temperature (SST), and lower dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and pCO2sea in the western than in the central tropical-subtropical Pacific, and (2) predominantly seasonal and interannual variations in the subtropical and tropical Pacific, respectively. Our model results suggest a non-negligible contribution of the wind variability to that of the air-sea CO2 flux in the central tropical Pacific, but the modeled contribution of 7% is much less than that from a previous modeling study (30%; McKinley et al., 2004). While DIC increases in the entire region SST increases in the subtropical and western tropical Pacific but decreases in the central tropical Pacific from 1990 to 2004. As a result, the interannual pCO2sea variability is different in different regions. The pCO2sea temporal variation is found to be primarily controlled by SST and DIC, although the role of salinity and total alkalinity, both of which also control pCO2sea, need to be elucidated by long-term observations and eddy-permitting models for better estimation of the interannual variability of air-sea CO2 flux.  相似文献   

18.
An increase in the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and the resultant rise in CO2 in seawater alter the inorganic carbon concentrations of seawater. This change, known as ocean acidification, ...  相似文献   

19.
Response of phytoplankton to increasing CO2 in seawater in terms of physiology and ecology is key to predicting changes in marine ecosystems. However, responses of natural plankton communities especially in the open ocean to higher CO2 levels have not been fully examined. We conducted CO2 manipulation experiments in the Bering Sea and the central subarctic Pacific, known as high nutrient and low chlorophyll regions, in summer 2007 to investigate the response of organic matter production in iron-deficient plankton communities to CO2 increases. During the 14-day incubations of surface waters with natural plankton assemblages in microcosms under multiple pCO2 levels, the dynamics of particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PN), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and phosphorus (DOP) were examined with the plankton community compositions. In the Bering site, net production of POC, PN, and DOP relative to net chlorophyll-a production decreased with increasing pCO2. While net produced POC:PN did not show any CO2-related variations, net produced DOC:DOP increased with increasing pCO2. On the other hand, no apparent trends for these parameters were observed in the Pacific site. The contrasting results observed were probably due to the different plankton community compositions between the two sites, with plankton biomass dominated by large-sized diatoms in the Bering Sea versus ultra-eukaryotes in the Pacific Ocean. We conclude that the quantity and quality of the production of particulate and dissolved organic matter may be altered under future elevated CO2 environments in some iron-deficient ecosystems, while the impacts may be negligible in some systems.  相似文献   

20.
姜正  张荣华  宫勋 《海洋与湖沼》2023,3(3):689-702
为研究赤道太平洋海表二氧化碳分压(pCO2sw)年际变化的机制,基于中科院海洋所宋金明研究团队于2021年发布的中国首套全球海表二氧化碳分压数据产品,使用相关性分析、经验正交函数(empirical orthogonal function, EOF)分析和奇异值分解(singular value decomposition, SVD)等方法,研究了2005～2019年赤道太平洋pCO2sw气候态分布及其去趋势后的年际异常的时空演变特征;结合pCO2sw与多种参数的相关性和厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation, ENSO)过程探讨了赤道中西太平洋pCO2sw年际异常中心形成的原因。研究结果显示,热带太平洋pCO2sw季节变化、年际异常及其EOF第一模态特征向量沿赤道均出现两个中心,其中一个在赤道中西太平洋日界线附近,另一个在赤道中东...  相似文献   

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