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1.
硼同位素地球化学应用研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
硼的2个稳定同位素(10 B和11B)间较大的同位素相对质量差导致自然界明显的硼同位素分馏,加上硼易溶于水和活泼的化学性质,使其在不同的地质环境下具有不同的同位素组成.现已查明自然界硼同位素组成(δ11 B)的变化范围为-70‰～+75‰.较负的δ11B值见于非海相蒸发硼酸盐矿物和某些电气石,而较正的δ11 B值见于盐湖卤水和蒸发海水.20世纪80年代以来,随着硼同位素测量方法的建立和改进,硼同位素地球化学研究领域不断拓宽.目前,硼同位素已成功地应用于判别沉积环境、示踪地下水污染、研究矿床成因、示踪海水入侵、重建古海洋与古气候条件和研究大陆化学风化等方面.综合概述了硼同位素的分馏机理、硼同位素在自然界的分布及其硼同位素在地球化学领域研究中取得的成果、最新进展以及研究中存在的问题,以促进硼同位素地球化学研究在我国的进一步发展. 相似文献
2.
湖泊水面蒸发是湖水上层和近水面空气层水、热动力交换的综合结果。水面蒸发是自然水体的水量和热量损失的重要组成,在湖泊和水库的规划利用及工业冷却循环水的设计中,都必须充分考虑。由于自然水体的水面蒸发目前仍难以直接测定,过去多采用面积为20平方米(直径为5.04米,深2米)埋在地下的蒸发池的蒸发量来代表,计算水面蒸发量的折算系数法就直接应用了这个假定。上述方法的依据及其精度究竟如何,我国以往尚未研究。为了探讨这一课题,我所曾对太湖、团氿两湖水面蒸发进行观测试验,并对岸边蒸发池的长期观测资料作了分析,结果如下。 相似文献
3.
采用水化学分析、氢氧同位素示踪和氯离子质量平衡法相结合的手段 ,对非洲博茨瓦纳的帕拉匹水源地的地下水资源进行分析。结果表明该水源地有 2层水化学类型不同的含水层 ,即茨瓦蓬和鲁村纳 2个含水层 ,而且地下水主要在裂隙网络中运动。氢氧同位素示踪说明茨瓦蓬含水层的地下水主要来源于未受强烈蒸发的大气降水补给 ,用氯离子质量平衡法计算大气降水补给每年约 17mm。 相似文献
4.
西藏羊卓雍湖水环境变化探索研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文对西藏羊卓雍湖水环境现状和变化趋势进行了研究。用水量平衡方程和零维水质模型定量计算了该湖水利资源开发后水量和矿化度的变化,结果表明,湖水矿化度在水平和垂直方向的变化不大;67年后,湖水面积减少121.4km~2,年入湖水量比蒸发量大1.8l亿m~3,可供继续发电,水量达到新的平衡;湖泊水质逐渐淡化,700年后湖水矿化度将达平衡浓度。保持现状不开发羊湖水资源,湖泊水质将继续咸化。 相似文献
5.
Fe是火成岩中丰度最高的变价元素,也是重要的成矿元素,主要以Fe2+或Fe3+价态赋存于固（矿物）、液（流体）相中,并全程参与岩浆作用过程和各种成矿作用。随着测试分析技术（如MC-ICPMS）的发展,Fe等非传统稳定同位素组成分析成为可能,并在最近十几年中被成功应用于岩浆物源追溯、结晶演化过程示踪和成矿作用分析等重要地质作用过程的研究。本文在分析了Fe同位素在岩浆作用过程中分馏效应的基础上,总结了Fe同位素组成在示踪海底玄武质岩浆（MORB、OIB、IAB和BABB等）作用过程研究的最新成果,并探讨了在应用Fe同位素组成示踪海底岩浆作用过程中所存在的主要问题。综合分析结果表明,火成岩中的Fe同位素分馏效应不仅受岩浆源物质部分熔融、岩浆扩散、流体出溶和结晶分异等作用过程的影响,而且还受到同化围岩物质、海底蚀变等作用的影响;由于Fe同位素分析技术（方法）至今仍待进一步完善,已有数据有限且需甄别去伪,因此在利用Fe同位素组成分析或恢复岩浆物源及作用过程时,仍需谨慎;于当前亟需建立完整可靠的Fe同位素示踪体系,这就需要在近期的工作中,尽可能多地选取代表不同构造环境和不同岩石类型的合适样品、获取（积累）更多原始（未经改造或蚀变）样品的精细分析数据,同时在利用Fe同位素示踪海底岩浆作用过程中还需注重多元数据的结合或相互佐证。 相似文献
6.
《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2010,(3)
在210Pb同位素测年的基础上,通过对乌梁素海沉积物元素含量的分析,研究了沉积物中元素的变化规律,探讨了沉积物中元素变化的影响因素,结果表明沉积物中Ca、Sr、Cu、Mn、P等元素随深度加深含量下降,其余元素含量随深度加深呈增加的趋势。通过对元素富集系数的变化规律进行研究后,发现Ca、Sr、Cu、Mn、P等元素的富集系数与其含量变化趋势基本相同,反映了该组元素主要受沉积通量的影响;Al、K、Be、Ba、Mg等富集系数与其含量的变化趋势具明显差异,与黏土含量变化一致;而Cr、Fe、Ni、V、Co、Pb、Zn等重金属元素可能受到黏土吸附作用影响。最后,应用有序样品聚类分析方法,对元素这一环境代用指标在研究湖泊历史演化中的作用进行了探讨,研究表明:在湖泊演化过程中,湖泊的形成、20世纪70年代入湖水量的急剧改变以及近年来河套灌区化肥用量逐年加大、大量生活污水和工业废水排入等人类活动的增强等事件,均在湖泊沉积物元素的变化中有所体现。 相似文献
7.
为了验证细菌反硝化法对水体中硝酸盐氮、氧同位素组成测定的适用性、重现性及准确性, 在不同时间(2019年7月28日、8月19日、8月26日)利用反硝化细菌分别将海水、湖水和自来水样品中的硝酸盐转化为氧化亚氮（N2O）, 并进行氮、氧同位素测定。结果表明, 不同时间段3个批次实验的硝酸盐氮同位素校准曲线斜率都接近理论值1, 相关性系数均高于0.999, 说明反硝化细菌在将样品中的硝酸盐全部还原为N2O的过程中氮同位素分馏效应很小; 同一样品3个批次测定的硝酸盐的氮同位素值基本相同, 表明细菌反硝化法对硝酸盐氮同位素的测定在长时间周期内具有很好的重现性和准确性。3个批次氧同位素校准曲线斜率稳定在0.61～0.63之间, 相关性系数均高于0.99, 单批次内海水、湖水和自来水3类样品中硝酸盐氧同位素比值的标准偏差范围在0.18‰～0.69‰之间, 表明经过氧同位素校准曲线的校正, 可以准确反映样品中硝酸盐氧同位素组成; 同一样品3个批次测定的氧同位素值差异较大, 其变化范围为1.33‰～16.38‰, 可能是由于样品储存过程中硝酸盐与水之间发生的氧同位素交换作用所致。 相似文献
8.
《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2017,(5)
海洋区域蕴藏了丰富的天然气水合物资源,是地球上巨大的碳储库之一。当海洋环境发生变化时,部分水合物会分解释放出大量天然气,其向上运移过程中会发生厌氧或好氧氧化反应,从而减少由海洋向大气的碳排放量,起到消耗截流的作用。本文选取含烷烃好氧氧化菌的海底沉积物进行了水合物分解气的微生物好氧降解模拟实验,实验中用混合气(C_1+C_2+C_3)来模拟多组分水合物分解气。实验结果显示,在微生物作用下烃类混合气发生好氧氧化降解反应至消耗殆尽,反应优先顺序为C_1C_2C_3,降解速率C_1C_2C_3。且随着烃类组分含量的减少,其碳氢同位素组成发生了微生物降解分馏效应,并呈现出不同程度的富集趋势。C_1、C_2和C_3的碳同位素富集变化量分别为71.05‰、12.03‰和4.61‰,碳同位素分馏系数(εC)的平均值分别为-11.219‰、-2.951‰和-1.539‰;氢同位素富集变化量分别为368.64‰、156.00‰和111.97‰,氢同位素分馏系数(εH)的平均值分别为-56.092‰、-99.696‰和-73.303‰。可见,三者的碳位素富集程度C_1C_2C_3,而氢同位素富集程度C_2C_3C_1。此外,水合物分解气在微生物降解过程中气体成分组成及碳氢同位素特征发生了改变,对判别气体成因起到一定的干扰作用,因此,利用分解溢出气体样品进行气体溯源时需要适当考虑这一影响因素。 相似文献
9.
长江中下游湖泊水体氧同位素组成 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
通过长江中下游45个湖泊不同季节水体δ18O分析,对湖泊水体演化过程进行了研究。结果表明,湖泊水体δ18O主要反映了湖泊水源变化及湖泊水体与长江洪水期/枯水期交替演变的特征关系。受江湖关系随季节变化影响,处于长江中下游中段安徽省境内的巢湖、石塘湖等湖泊各季节水体δ18O都相对较高,处于上段和下段的鄱阳湖群和太湖湖群湖泊水体δ18O相对较低。因此,长江中下游上段和下段湖泊水体交换受长江影响较大,中段较小。对不同季节湖泊水体δ18O比较分析表明,长江对湖泊水体的影响主要在夏季,秋、冬季节湖泊水体稳定。黄盖湖、大冶湖等湖泊夏、秋两季水体δ18O大幅度变化与长江的水位波动直接有关,在长江洪水期,湖泊与长江相连;在长江枯水期,湖泊与长江分离。玄武湖水体δ18O的大变幅是人为换水造成的。 相似文献
10.
《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2010,(5)
介形虫已被广泛应用于湖泊古环境变化研究中。通过对青海湖东南湖盆一表层沉积岩心的介形虫壳体丰度(介壳总丰度、意外湖花介壳体丰度和胖真星介壳体丰度)、介壳氧同位素、总碳酸盐含量及其氧同位素等多指标的高分辨率对比研究,结合前人研究成果发现,最近五百多年青海湖东南湖盆沉积物中介形虫仅有两个种:意外湖花介和胖真星介,且以意外湖花介为主,胖真星介较意外湖花介更喜盐耐盐;总碳酸盐氧同位素较介壳氧同位素偏轻,这可能是二者形成时的季节、水深以及微环境等方面的差异造成,并发现部分段落介壳氧同位素与总碳酸盐氧同位素存在相位差。介壳丰度、介壳氧同位素、总碳酸盐含量及其氧同位素在整个序列上有一致的变化,对湖水盐度变化有很好的响应,反映了湖区有效湿度的变化。在此基础上重建了最近五百多年来青海湖5个大的干湿变化阶段。 相似文献
11.
The oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) isotope ratios of 10 species of living Bryozoa collected from the Otago Shelf, New Zealand were analysed to assess the extent to which isotopic equilibrium (relative to inorganic equilibrium isotope fractionation) is attained during the precipitation of skeletal calcium carbonate. The data reveal that whereas eight species of Bryozoa synthesise skeletal carbonate in apparent oxygen isotope equilibrium with respect to environmental conditions, two species (Celleporina grandis and Hippomonavella flexuosa) yield δ18Ocalcite values which indicate significant disequilibrium oxygen isotope fractionation during calcification. Sufficient data are available from one species (C. grandis) to demonstrate that disequilibrium is probably related to kinetic factors associated with diffusion‐controlled transport of HCO3‐ to the site of calcite precipitation. Carbon isotope signatures indicate significant departures from inorganic isotope equilibrium in all but one bryozoan species (Hippomenella vellicata). Although greater uncertainties are associated with estimates of the isotopic composition of total dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CSDIC), the data suggest that two factors—kinetic fractionation and incorporation of respiratory CO2—are important in controlling carbon isotope disequilibrium. Where bryozoan species exhibit evidence for disequilibrium in both oxygen and carbon isotope systems (C. grandis, H. flexuosa), it is likely that kinetic factors are primarily responsible for observed departures from carbon isotope equilibrium. In contrast, the probable explanation for those species which display evidence for carbon isotope disequilibrium only, is that skeletal carbonate is precipitated from a DIC pool modified by the incorporation of respiratory CO2. Differences between the carbon isotope composition of skeletal elements from the same species and co‐existing species living in the same community suggests that significant variations may occur in the extent to which marine DIC and respiratory CO2 are utilised during calcification. Additional studies of carbon pathways associated with calcification are required to assess the relative effects of kinetic, metabolic, and environmental factors on the carbon isotopic composition of bryozoan skeletal carbonate. 相似文献
12.
This study performed a detailed geochemical analyses of the components, stable carbon isotopes of alkane gas and CO2, stable hydrogen isotopes of alkane gas and helium isotopes of reproducing gas from the largest tight gas field (Sulige) and shale gas (Fuling) field in China. The comparative study shows that tight gas from the Sulige gas field in the Ordos Basin is of coal-derived origin, which is characterized by a positive carbon and hydrogen isotopic distribution pattern (δ13C1 > δ13C2 > δ13C3 > δ13C4; δ2H1 > δ2H2 > δ2H3), i.e., the carbon and hydrogen isotopes increase with increasing carbon numbers. Carbon dioxide from this field are of biogenic origin and the helium is crust-derived. Shale gas from the Fuling shale gas field belongs to oil-derived gas which has complete carbon and hydrogen isotopic reversal of secondary alteration origin (δ13C1 < δ13C2 < δ13C3; δ2H1 < δ2H2 < δ2H3), i.e., the carbon and hydrogen isotopes decrease with increasing carbon numbers. Such complete isotopic reversal distribution pattern is due to the secondary alteration like oil or gas cracking, diffusion and so on under high temperature. In that case, positive carbon or hydrogen isotopic distribution pattern will change into complete isotopic reversal as the temperature increases. Carbon dioxide is of abiogenic origin resulting from the thermal metamorphism of carbonates and helium is crust-derived. 相似文献
13.
太湖表面定振波的数值计算和最大熵谱分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用水动力学方程对太湖表面的定振波进行计算，算得定振波周期约为４５２ｍｉｎ，另外，利用１９９２年８月２９－３１日在太湖西山观测到的水位资料，采用最大熵谱法，分析太湖表面的定振波，得周期值约为４５０ｍｉｎ。计算和分析的周期值基本吻合，取熵谱分析结果得太湖表面的单节点定振波周期值为４５０ｍｉｎ。 相似文献
14.
15.
太湖水环境的演变研究 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
本文通过对太湖近二十年的水质监测数据及其它有关资料进行分析，试图对太湖水环境演变作一概括总结，指出太湖近几十年来水环境方面存在的主要问题，其主要表现为湖泊面积不断减少，滩地发育，防洪调蓄能力下降；水污染日益严重，水华频繁爆发，富营养化程度日益加剧等，并对近些年来太湖水环境的研究和治理作一简要总结，提出水环境研究中存在的一些问题。 相似文献
16.
平原水网地区湖泊的水环境容量及允许负荷量 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文从平原水网地区的湖泊具体特征出发,探讨了平原水网地区的湖泊水面允许负荷量和水环境容量的计算方法,并对我国著名的淡水湖太湖进行了计算,为太湖的水质规划和保护提供了科学的依据。 相似文献
17.
The reaction pathways of nitrogen and carbon in the Framvaren Fjord (Norway) were studied through stable isotope analysis (δ15N and δ13C) of dissolved inorganic and particulate organic matter (POM). The variations in the isotopic compositions of the various C and N pools within the water column were use to evaluate the historical deposition of material to the sediments. The high δ15N-NH4+ at the O2/H2S interface, as a consequence of microbial uptake between 19 and 25 m, results in extremely depleted δ15N-particulate nitrogen (PN) of approximately 1‰ within the particulate maximum at approximately 19 m. The carbon isotopic distribution of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) within the interface suggests that the distinct microbial flora (Chromatium sp. and Chlorobium sp.) fractionate inorganic carbon to different degrees. The extremely light δ13C-POC within the interface (−31‰) appears to be a result of carbon uptake by Chromatium sp. while δ13C-POC of −12‰ is more indicative of Chlorobium sp. Nitrogen isotopic mass balance calculations suggested that approximately 75% of the material sinking to the sediments was derived from the dense particulate maximum between 19 and 25 m. The sediment distribution of nitrogen isotopes varied from 2‰ at the surface to approximately 6‰ at 30 cm. The nitrogen isotopic variations with depth may be an indicator of the depth or position of the O2/H2S interface in the fjord. Low sediment δ15N indicated that the interface was within the photic zone of the water column, while more enriched values suggested that the interface was lower in the water column potentially allowing for less fractionation during biological incorporation of dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Results indicate that the dense layers of photo-autotrophic bacteria in the upper water column impart unique carbon and nitrogen isotopic signals that help follow processes within the water column and deposition to the sediments. 相似文献
18.
Authigenic carbonates are frequently associated with methane cold-seep systems, which extensively occur in various geologic settings worldwide. Of interest is the relation between the fluids involved in their formation and the isotopic signals recorded in the carbonate cements. Along the Northern Apennines foothills (Italy), hydrocarbons and connate waters still seeping nowadays are believed to be the primary sources for the formation of fossil authigenic carbonate found in Plio-Pleistocene marine sediments. Four selected outcrops of dolomitic authigenic carbonates were analysed to compare signature of seeping fluids with fractionation of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes recorded in the carbonate.Along the foothills, deep methane-rich fluids spontaneously rise to the surface through mud volcanoes or are exploited in wells drilled nearby to the fossil Plio-Pleistocene authigenic carbonates. The plumbing system providing fluids to present-day cold seeps was structurally achieved in Late Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene. δ13C values of methane, which vary from −51.9 to −43.0‰ VPDB, indicate that gas composition from the deep hydrocarbon reservoirs is relatively uniform along the foothills. On the contrary, δ13C in fossil authigenic carbonates strongly varies among different areas and also within the same outcrop.The different carbon sources that fed the investigated carbonates were identified and include: thermogenic methane from the deep Miocene reservoirs, 13C-enriched CO2 derived from secondary methanogenesis and microbial methane from Pliocene successions buried in the Po Plain. The δ13C variability documented among samples from a single outcrop testifies that the authigenic carbonates might represent a record of varying biogeochemical processes in the hydrocarbon reservoirs. The sources of stable oxygen isotopes in authigenic carbonates are often ascribed to marine water. Oxygen isotopic fractionation in the dolomite cements indicates that marine pore water couldn't be the sole source of oxygen. δ18O values provide a preliminary evidence that connate waters had a role in the carbonates precipitation. The concomitant occurrence of active cold seepages and fossil record of former plumbing systems suggests that generation and migration of hydrocarbons are long-lasting and very effective processes along the Northern Apennines foothills. 相似文献
19.
Rangia cuneata is an upper estuarine clam common in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico. Limited data exist regarding oxygen isotope fractionation and microstructural increment periodicity in this species. As these clams were recently identified as an invasive species in other regions, such data may be useful for environmental management purposes. Additionally, the shell of this clam is common in archeological middens, and thus may serve as a paleoenvironmental proxy. In order to assess these aspects of the species’ natural history, samples were collected from the upper Mobile Bay, Alabama, USA. A stable oxygen isotope profile was generated from one of these valves, and compared to growth increments seen in thin section. Time-series water temperature data from near the collection site were used to construct idealized models of oxygen isotope variation, assuming equilibrium fractionation, constant shell growth, and stable water δ18O values. Comparison of the modeled and measured data suggest the shell was precipitated in, or near oxygen isotope equilibrium with ambient water, and that the microstructural increments in the shell were precipitated in response to tidal cycles. 相似文献
20.
Hirotsugu Minami Akihiro Hachikubo Hirotoshi Sakagami Satoshi Yamashita Yusuke Soramoto Tsuyoshi Kotake Nobuo Takahashi Hitoshi Shoji Tatyana Pogodaeva Oleg Khlystov Andrey Khabuev Lieven Naudts Marc De Batist 《Geo-Marine Letters》2014,34(2-3):241-251
The isotopic and ionic composition of pure gas hydrate (GH) water was examined for GHs recovered in three gravity cores (165–193 cm length) from the Kukuy K-9 mud volcano (MV) in Lake Baikal. A massive GH sample from core St6GC4 (143–165 cm core depth interval) was dissociated progressively over 6 h in a closed glass chamber, and 11 sequentially collected fractions of dissociated GH water analyzed. Their hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions, and the concentrations of Cl– and HCO3 – remained essentially constant over time, except that the fraction collected during the first 50 minutes deviated partly from this pattern. Fraction #1 had a substantially higher Cl– concentration, similar to that of pore water sampled immediately above (135–142 cm core depth) the main GH-bearing interval in that core. Like the subsequent fractions, however, the HCO3 – concentration was markedly lower than that of pore water. For the GH water fractions #2 to #11, an essentially constant HCO3 –/Cl– ratio of 305 differed markedly from downcore pore water HCO3 –/Cl– ratios of 63–99. Evidently, contamination of the extracted GH water by ambient pore water probably adhered to the massive GH sample was satisfactorily restricted to the initial phase of GH dissociation. The hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of hydrate-forming water was estimated using the measured isotopic composition of extracted GH water combined with known isotopic fractionation factors between GH and GH-forming water. Estimated δD of ?126 to ?133‰ and δ18O of ?15.7 to ?16.7‰ differed partly from the corresponding signatures of ambient pore water (δD of ?123‰, δ18O of ?15.6‰) and of lake bottom water (δD of ?121‰, δ18O of ?15.8‰) at the St6GC4 coring site, suggesting that the GH was not formed from those waters. Observations of breccias in that core point to a possible deep-rooted water source, consistent with published thermal measurements for the neighboring Kukuy K-2 MV. By contrast, the pore waters of core St6GC4 and also of the neighboring cores GC2 and GC3 from the Kukuy K-9 MV show neither isotopic nor ionic evidence of such a source (e.g., elevated sulfate concentration). These findings constrain GH formation to earlier times, but a deep-rooted source of hydrate-forming water remains ambiguous. A possible long-term dampening of key deep-water source signatures deserves further attention, notably in terms of diffusion and/or advection, as well as anaerobic oxidation of methane. 相似文献