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1.
David B. Nedwell Sven-Eric Hall Agneta Andersson Åke F. Hagström E.Börje Lindström 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1983,17(2):169-179
The concentration profiles of nitrate plus nitrite, ammonium, and redox potential in sediment and water column were determined in late winter and summer at a sampling site off Norrbyn, northern Sweden, in the Gulf of Bothnia. The sediment had an oxidized surface layer during winter and spring, and nitrification occurred. Nitrate but not ammonium was present in the water column at this time. During summer a layer of planktonic detritus was deposited onto the sediment and led to its deoxygenation and reduction. Ammonium was then the predominant form of inorganic nitrogen in the water column.Laboratory experiments confirmed that nitrification in the surface layer of sediment prevented ammonium export during winter. Enhanced temperature or organic detritus deoxygenated the surface sediment and inhibited nitrification, and export of ammonium from the sediment increased. Although nitrification was important in determining the flow of nitrogen in the sediment it accounted for at most only 5% of the total oxygen uptake by the sediment. 相似文献
2.
Joereen Miranda K.K. Balachandran R. Ramesh Mohideen Wafar 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008
Nitrification rates, as oxidation of 15N-labelled ammonium and loss of nitrite from N-Serve treated samples, were measured in Kochi backwaters during three seasons. Nitrification rates ranged from undetectable to 166 nmol N L−1 h−1 in the water column and up to 17 nmol N (g wet wt)−1 h−1 in sediments. Nitrification rates were higher in intermediate salinities than in either freshwater or seawater end. Within this salinity range, nitrification rates could be related to ammonium concentrations. As shown by the relation between ammonification and nitrification rates, it is also likely that nitrification is more regulated by renewal rates, rather than by in situ concentrations, of substrate. Among other environmental parameters, temperature and pH may have an influence on nitrification. Potential nitrification rates calculated from loss of nitrite from N-Serve treated, nitrite-enriched samples were about 800 nmol N L−1 h−1 in the water column and 40 nmol N (g wet wt)−1 h−1 in sediments. While these rates are in balance with those of biological ammonium production they may be inadequate to mitigate ammonium pollution in this estuary. 相似文献
3.
Nitrous oxide concentration and nitrification and denitrification in Zhujiang River Estuary, China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
1 Introduction Estuaries have been subject to intense anthro- pogenic influences over recent decades by inputs of ni- trogen as a consequence of fertilizer usage and sewage/waste input (Howarth et al., 1996). Thus, the capacity of an estuary to buffer or alleviate additional nutrients is of importance in modifying the load of ni- trogen in the marine ecosystem. The role of microor- ganisms in regulating fluxes of nitrogen from land to sea through estuaries has received increased attention (Ni… 相似文献
4.
Tidal effect on dynamics of pore water nitrate in intertidal sediment of a eutrophic Estuary 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
To evaluate the effect of the tidal cycle on the pore water nitrate dynamics in intertidal sediment, concentrations of inorganic
nitrogen in water and sediment were monitored during tidal cycles in the mud flat of Tama Estuary, Japan. During submergence,
nitrate concentration was highest in the overlying water and decreased monotonically with increasing depth in the sediment,
suggesting that the primary source of nitrate in the sediment was nitrate transported from the overlying water. Pore water
nitrate decreased remarkably during the initial 3–4 hours after the onset of exposure. Thereafter, it was constant or slightly
increased until tidal flooding.In situ accumulation of nitrate at the end of exposure, however, did not exceed the nitrate concentrations in the overlying water.
The inhibition of nitrate reduction and the stimulation of nitrification would explain the change of nitrate concentration,
both consistent with the input of oxygen into the sediment following a 10 mm drop of the water table. In Tama Estuary sediments,
the effect of the tidal cycle on the removal of combined nitrogen is rather negative, because high nitrate concentrations
in the overlying water canceled the positive effect of nitrate accumulation by nitrification during exposure, while tidal
oxygen intrusion have an inhibitory effection sedimentary denitrification. 相似文献
5.
The aim of the present study was to investigate seasonal and spatial patterns of soil oxygen consumption, nitrification, denitrification and fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in a tidal salt marsh of the Lagoon of Venice, Italy. In the salt marsh, intact soil cores including overlying water were collected monthly at high tide from April to October in salt marsh creeks and in areas covered by the dominant vegetation, Limonium serotinum. In May, cores were also collected in areas with vegetation dominated by Juncus maritimus and Halimione portulacoides. In laboratory incubations at in situ temperature in the dark, flux rates of oxygen and DIN were monitored in the overlying water of the intact cores. 15N-nitrate was added to the overlying water and nitrification and denitrification were measured using isotope-dilution and -pairing techniques. The results show that highest soil oxygen consumption coincided with the highest water temperature in June and July. The highest denitrification rates were recorded in spring and autumn coinciding with the highest nitrate concentrations. Soil oxygen consumption and nitrification rates differed between sampling sites, but denitrification rates were similar among the different vegetation types. The highest rates were recorded in areas covered with L. serotinum. Burrowing soil macrofauna enhanced oxygen consumption, nitrification and denitrification in April and May. The data presented in this study indicate high temporal as well as spatial variations in the flux of oxygen and DIN, and nitrogen transformations in the tidal salt marshes of the Venice lagoon during the growth season. The results identify the salt marshes of the Venice lagoon as being metabolically very active ecosystems with a high capacity to process nitrogen. 相似文献
6.
A method has been developed for determination of15N isotope ratio in nitrate nitrogen, which is a major analytical step in tracer experiments for studies of nitrate metabolism
in the marine environment. The method is based on diazotization of nitrite with sulfanilic acid following reduction of nitrate
to nitrite by a cadmium-copper column. The diazonium compound is then subject to the azo coupling reaction with 2-naphthol,
and the azo dye formed is extracted by a solid phase extraction column. The dye eluted from the column is collected, and total
nitrogen and15N content of the dye are determined by mass spectrometry. Sulfanilic acid can also remove preexisting nitrite by heating the
sample under acidic conditions before passing through the cadmium-copper reduction column. The average recovery of nitrate
nitrogen was 86%. A procedure for reducing the background nitrogen that derives from the analytical operations has been developed;
background nitrogen was limited to about 0.25 μg-atomN. The variation in the background nitrogen levels reflects the range of error in15N determination of nitrate nitrogen by this method. Application of the present method to a15NO3
− isotope dilution experiment for determination of nitrification rate in sea water is demonstrated. 相似文献
7.
高效硝化与反硝化功能菌株的分离筛选及其性能研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本研究利用选择培养基从鳗鲡精养殖池和循环水水处理系统中分离筛选出二株脱氮细菌，应用16S rRNA分子生物学鉴定，确定菌株的种属。菌株NB-1属于芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、菌株DB-1是恶臭假单胞菌（Pseudomonas putida）。对菌株硝化及反硝化作用性能的研究结果表明：菌株NB-1具有良好的亚硝化及硝化作用性能，在投菌量为0.025%时，氨氮降解率为69.5%，亚硝酸盐氮降解率为99.2%。菌株DB-1在厌氧条件下表现出良好的反硝化作用性能，最适投菌量为0.6%，最佳C/N为12，对硝酸盐氮的降解率为94.6%，对总氮的降解率为64.0%。因此本研究筛选出的二株脱氮细菌可以广泛应用于养殖水体水质调控，具有良好的市场应用前景。 相似文献
8.
采用高浓度无机三态氮(铵氮4NH?-N、亚硝氮2NO?-N和硝氮3NO?-N)共存的模拟海水体系,在最适生长条件下,研究了小分子有机物(糖类、有机酸、醇、有机氮)和p H对海洋着色菌(Marichromatium gracile)YL28去除水体无机三态氮的影响。结果表明:以葡萄糖、乙酸钠和乙醇为唯一碳源时,水体中的高浓度2NO?-N和3NO?-N均能被完全去除,4NH?-N的去除率分别为93.40%、84.55%和66.63%;碳源为乙酸钠时菌体生长最好,体系中添加蛋白胨或尿素,仅4NH?-N的去除效果明显降低。p H值在6.0—9.0时,该菌株对4NH?-N、2NO?-N和3NO?-N均具有去除能力。由此可知:YL28菌株对模拟海水养殖水体中高浓度无机三态氮具有良好的去除能力,高浓度有机氮化物(蛋白胨和尿素)对4NH?-N的去除能力有明显影响,但对2NO?-N和3NO?-N仍保持高效的去除能力。本研究为不产氧光合细菌制剂在水产养殖中的合理应用提供参考。 相似文献
9.
The regeneration of pore water nutrients was studied and the contribution of benthic nutrient fluxes to the overlying water
was evaluated on the basis of field specific observations conducted in September–October 1998 and April–May 1999 in the Bohai
Sea. Nutrient concentrations in sediment pore waters were examined by incubating sediment core samples with overlying seawater
in air and/or nitrogen conditions. Nutrient diffusion fluxes calculated by diagenetic equations were within a factor of 2
during incubations. The factors affecting nutrient diffusion across sediment/water interface include bioturbation, nitrification,
denitrification, adsorption, and dissolution. The regeneration of nutrients from sediments will increase nutrient loads of
the Bohai Sea and affect nutrient atomic ratios in this region. Among nutrient sources from riverine input, atmospheric deposition
and sediment regeneration, ammonium and phosphate mainly came from atmospheric deposition (>50%); nitrate was mainly transported
by riverine input into the Sea, silicate from sediment regeneration accounts up to 60%. This demonstrates that nutrient regeneration
in sediments contributes more silicate than riverine input and atmospheric deposition together, but benthic flux contributes
very much less phosphate and nitrate relative to riverine input and atmospheric deposition. The benthic fluxes of nutrients
may lead to a decrease of the amount of nitrate, an increase of phosphate, ammonia and silicate in the water column. The release
of silicate from sediments may compensate the decrease of silicate due to the reduction of riverine discharge. Nutrient regeneration
in sediment may have an important influence on the eutrophic character of coastal waters in this region.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
Beppu Bay is a shallow basin located at the western end of the Seto Inland Sea with a sill depth ofca. 40 m. The bottom water (belowca. 65 m in summer andca. 70 m in winter) was anoxic and contained high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, phosphate and ammonium. Maximum concentrations of nitrate and nitrite appeared near the top of the thermocline, suggesting the occurrence of bacterial nitrification in this layer and of bacterial denitrification in the anoxic bottom water. Concentrations of particulate phosphorus and particulate iron were highest near the bottom of the thermocline. The distribution of phosphorus in this bay is probably controlled by a dissolution-diffusion-precipitation cycle of iron or its hydrous oxides. 相似文献
11.
《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》1999,46(4):597-636
A one-dimensional, vertically resolved, physical–biochemical upper ocean model is utilized to study plankton productivity and nitrogen cycling in the central Black Sea region characterized by cyclonic gyral circulation. The model is an extension of the one given by Oguz et al. (1996, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 16585–16599) with identical physical characteristics but incorporating a multi-component plankton structure in its biological module. Phytoplankton are represented by two groups, typifying diatoms and flagellates. Zooplankton are also separated into two groups: microzooplankton (nominally <200 μm) and mesozooplankton (0.2–2 mm). The other components of the biochemical model are detritus and nitrogen in the forms of nitrate and ammonium. The model incorporates, in addition to plankton productivity and organic matter generation, nitrogen remineralization (ammonification) and ammonium oxidation (nitrification) in the water column. Numerical simulations are described and compared with the available data from the central Black Sea. The main seasonal and vertical characteristics of phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics inferred from observations appear to be reasonably well represented by the model. Fractionation of the biotic community structure is shown to lead to increased plankton productivity during the summer period following the diatom-based early spring (March) bloom. The annual nitrogen budget for the euphotic zone reveals the substantial role of recycled nitrogen in the surface waters of the Black Sea. 相似文献
12.
Haryun Kim 《Ocean Science Journal》2016,51(2):159-167
Inorganic N transformations (nitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation, denitrification, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium) are regulated by various biogeochemical factors linked either by the supply of electron acceptors and donors or by competition for electron acceptors. This review considers both the microbial community related to each process and the technical methods used to measure each process rate. With this background knowledge, this article summarizes how global climate change through increased pCO2, ocean acidification, deoxygenation and anthropogenic N deposition will alter oceanic N cycling, and finally emphasizes the need for comprehensive research on inorganic N transformation in marine ecosystems. 相似文献
13.
14.
The upwelling of deep water associated with the influence of cyclonic wind curl and the difference in the buoyancy of the inflows in the lower and upper water layers is observed in the central part of the Black Sea. The resulting vertical water motions contribute to the transport of ammonium to the upper boundary of the anaerobic zone. In the suboxic zone, ammonium is converted to nitrate via nitrite as a result of the nitrification, and thus it can supply the nitrocline in the water basin. Within the framework of this paper we discuss the effectiveness of this mechanism on the basis of the numerical simulation. The calculations were performed using a one-dimensional physical-biogeochemical model for the upper 600-m sea water layer, which takes into account seasonal variations in atmospheric parameters and vertical motions. The model describes the biological and redox processes in the suboxic zone. We have estimated the contribution of different constituents into the balance of nitrogen compounds in the euphotic water layer. It is shown that ammonium nitrogen coming from the deep water due to vertical water motion plays a significant role in maintaining the balance of nitrates in the central part of the Black Sea. 相似文献
15.
Bea J. M. Hondeveld Rolf P. M. Bak Wim Van Raaphorst Fleur C. Van Duyl 《Journal of Sea Research》1999,41(4):194
The metabolic inhibitor cycloheximide was used to estimate the influence of primarily unicellular eukaryotes (heterotrophic protozoa) on nutrient recycling in different types of sediments in the North Sea. Fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen across the sediment–water interface were measured in undisturbed sediment cores (controls) and compared to fluxes in sediment cores with cycloheximide added. If eukaryotes play an important role in nutrient recycling, one would expect to find lower nitrogen sediment–water effluxes in cores with cycloheximide due to the inactivation of eukaryotes. This important role hypothesised for eukaryotes was not generally observed: Only at four of the nineteen stations were ammonium effluxes significantly higher in controls than in cores with cycloheximide, and at five stations nitrate effluxes were significantly higher in the controls than in the cores with cycloheximide. Eukaryotic activity apparently contributed to the sediment–water exchange of ammonium through mineralisation of organic matter, nitrification and the subsequent release of ammonium and nitrate at these stations. At most other stations no differences were obtained between controls and cores with cycloheximide. This suggests that bacteria were the most important nutrient mineralisers at these stations at the time of the cruises. 相似文献
16.
Bonnie X. Chang Allan H. Devol Steven R. Emerson 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2010,57(9):1092-1101
Recent studies of the nitrogen gas excess produced during water column denitrification have indicated that water column denitrification rates calculated using nitrate deficit-type methods could be a substantial underestimate. Since there are no other significant processes that produce (or consume) N2 in the oxygen deficient zone (ODZ), its excess above background can be used to estimate the amount of denitrification, avoiding assumptions made in nitrate deficit calculations of the composition of the respired organic matter and also uncertainties in the nitrogen removal pathways. Dissolved N2, Ar, and nutrient concentrations were measured at 2 stations in the ODZ of the eastern tropical South Pacific (ETSP) in order to compare the nitrogen gas excess with the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) deficit due to denitrification. In contrast with previous findings in the Arabian Sea ODZ, the shapes of the N2 excess and DIN deficit profiles were similar in the ETSP ODZ, with maxima at the top of the ODZ. Maximum DIN deficits at each station were 19 and 18 μM N compared to the maximum N2 excesses of 15 and 20 μM N, respectively. Given the same considerations of the volume and residence time for the oxygen deficient zone waters, denitrification rates for the ETSP estimated from the N2 excess would be comparable or no greater than 30% larger than the one determined using the DIN deficit. This implies that the source of the DIN removed from the ODZ is either deep sea nitrate or organic matter with an N:P ratio close to Redfield. 相似文献
17.
An Ecosystem Model Including Nitrogen Isotopes: Perspectives on a Study of the Marine Nitrogen Cycle
We have developed an ecosystem model including two nitrogen isotopes (14N and 15N), and validated this model using an actual data set. A study of nitrogen isotopic ratios (δ15N) using a marine ecosystem model is thought to be most helpful in quantitatively understanding the marine nitrogen cycle.
Moreover, the model study may indicate a new potential of δ15N as a tracer. This model has six compartments: phytoplankton, zooplankton, particulate organic nitrogen, dissolved organic
nitrogen, nitrate and ammonium in a two-box model, and has biological processes with/without isotopic fractionation. We have
applied this model to the Sea of Okhotsk and successfully reproduced the δ15N of nitrate measured in seawater and the seasonal variations in δ15N of sinking particles obtained from sediment trap experiments. Simulated δ15N of phytoplankton are determined by δ 15N of nitrate and ammonium, and the nitrogen f-ratio, defined as the ratio of nitrate assimilation by phytoplankton to total nitrogenous nutrient assimilation. Detailed
considerations of biological processes in the spring and autumn blooms have demonstrated that there is a significant difference
between simulated δ15N values of phytoplankton, which assimilates only nitrate, and only ammonium, respectively. We suggest that observations of
δ 15N values of phytoplankton, nitrate and ammonium in the spring and autumn blooms may indicate the ratios of nutrient selectivity
by phytoplankton. In winter, most of the simulated biogeochemical fluxes decrease rapidly, but nitrification flux decreases
much more slowly than the other biogeochemical fluxes. Therefore, simulated δ15N values and concentrations of ammonium reflect almost only nitrification. We suggest that the nitrification rate can be parameterized
with observations of δ15N of ammonium in winter and a sensitive study varying the parameter of nitrification rate. 相似文献
18.
Measurements of nitrate and ammonium in precipitation and associated with aerosols were conducted at Rutgers University Marine Field Station in Tuckerton, New Jersey from March 2004 to March 2005 to characterize atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary. The arithmetic means of nitrate and ammonium concentrations for precipitation samples were 2.3mgL(-1) and 0.42mgL(-1), respectively. Nitrate and ammonium concentrations in aerosol samples averaged 3.7microgm(-3) and 1.6microgm(-3), respectively. Wet deposition rates appeared to vary with season; the highest rate of inorganic nitrogen deposition (nitrate+ammonium) occurred in the spring with an average value of 1.33kg-Nha(-2)month(-1). On an annual basis, the total (wet and dry) direct atmospheric deposition fluxes into the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary were 7.08kg-Nha(-2)year(-1) for nitrate and 4.44kg-Nha(-2)year(-1) for ammonium. The total atmospheric inorganic nitrogen directly deposited to the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary was estimated to be 4.79x10(4)kg-Nyear(-1), and the total atmospheric inorganic nitrogen deposited to the Mullica River watershed was estimated to be 1.69x10(6)kg-Nyear(-1). Only a fraction of the nitrogen deposited on the watershed will actually reach the estuary; most of the nitrogen will be retained in the watershed due to utilization and denitrification during transport. The amount of N reaching the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary indirectly is estimated to be 5.07x10(4)kg-Nyear(-1), approximately 97% is retained within the watershed. This atmospheric nitrogen deposition may stimulate phytoplankton productivity in the Mullica River-Great Bay ecosystem. 相似文献
19.
In coastal ecosystems, denitrification is a key process in removing excess dissolved nitrogen oxides and participating in the control of eutrophication process. Little is known about the role of salt marshes on nitrogen budgets in cold weather coastal areas. Although coastal salt marshes are important sites for organic matter degradation and nutrient regeneration, bacterial-mediated nitrogen cycling processes, such as denitrification, remain unknown in northern and sub-arctic regions, especially under winter conditions. Using labelled nitrogen (15N), denitrification rates were measured in an eastern Canadian salt marsh in August, October and December 2005. Freshly sampled undisturbed sediment cores were incubated over 8h and maintained at their sampling temperatures to evaluate the influence of low temperatures on the denitrification rate. From 2 to 12 degrees C, average denitrification rate and dissolved oxygen consumption increased from 9.6 to 25.5 micromol N2 m-2 h-1 and from 1.3 to 1.8 mmol O2 m-2 h-1, respectively, with no statistical dependence of temperature (p>0.05). Nitrification has been identified as the major nitrate source for denitrification, supplying more than 80% of the nitrate demand. Because no more than 31% of the nitrate removed by sediment is estimated to be denitrified, the presence of a major nitrate sink in sediment is suspected. Among possible nitrate consumption mechanisms, dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium, metal and organic matter oxidation processes are discussed. Providing the first measurements of denitrification rate in a St. Lawrence Estuary salt marsh, this study evidences the necessity of preserving and restoring marshes. They constitute an efficient geochemical filter against an excess of nitrate dispersion to coastal waters even under cold northern conditions. 相似文献