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1.
中国龙虾生长特点及促生长途径的探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
蜕壳后新甲壳完全硬化之前是中国龙虾(Panulirus stimpsoni)个体蜕壳生长过程的延续,对中国龙虾正常快速生长具有重要意义。环境因子、营养条件对中国龙虾的蜕壳与生长具有显著影响。24-27℃是中国龙虾蜕壳生长的适温范围;盐度24-32适宜中国龙虾生长,最适生长盐度是28;在6种试验饵料中翡翠贻贝饲养中国龙虾效果最好,其次是杂虾、杂蟹、牡蛎,投喂杂鱼的中国龙虾蜕壳增长率和阶段生长率都很低;龙虾饲料中添加蜕壳素能够縮短蜕壳周期,实现蜕壳率和蜕壳增长率的同步增长。摘除眼柄也能促进中国龙虾的蜕壳与生长,电刺激等外源刺激则只能促进蜕壳,而不能加速中国龙虾的生长,甚至可能产生负面影响。中国龙虾生长存在种内性别间的差异,同等条件下雄性个体的蜕壳增长率高于雌性个体。 相似文献
2.
中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis）维生素营养的研究──Ⅴ．中国对虾维生素C营养 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
提出以稳定态的ＬＡＰＰ代替一般维生素Ｃ添加在配合饲料中饲喂对虾，指出：在１００ｇ饲料中含ＬＡＰＰ４００ｍｇ时，其体长增长率和体重增重率最高，存活率最佳．饲料中ＬＡＰＰ浓度大小影响对虾的蜕壳频率和蜕壳周期，当饲料中ＬＡＰＰ缺乏时，对虾的蜕壳频率降低，蜕壳周期延长；过量的ＬＡＰＰ也会使对虾的蜕壳频率相对降低，但比缺乏或不足的要高。维生素Ｃ在对虾肝胰脏中的积累以ＬＡＰＰ含量４００ｍｇ／１００ｇ饲料组为最高。 相似文献
3.
中华绒螯蟹幼蟹维生素C营养需求研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
在每100g等氮、等能纯化饲料中分别添加0,100,200,400,800,1 000mg维生素C(Vc)多聚磷酸酯(LAPP),用这样配制成的试验饲料饲喂已淡化5d的河蟹大眼幼体及后续幼蟹25d,探讨Vc对大眼幼体和幼蟹生长、存活、蜕壳频率及抗逆性的影响,同时探明幼蟹对Vc的适宜需求量,结果表明,饲料Vc添加量为100~400mg/100g时,可以保证幼蟹正常生长、存活和蜕皮,尤其以投喂添加Vc200mg/100g(C2组)和400mg/100g(C3组)饲料的Ⅲ期幼蟹增重率、存活率和平均蜕皮频率较高,其中C2组(上述各指标值)分别为516.18%,62.83%,2.58,C3组分别为458.89%,66.17%,2.61;饲料中缺少Vc时(如C0组),Ⅲ期幼蟹的增重率、存活率和平均蜕皮频率最低,分别为265.31%,26.67%和2.26.饲料中Vc的添加量达到800mg/100g(C4)和1 000mg/100g(C5)时,幼蟹的蜕皮反而受到抑制,平均蜕皮频率降低,蜕皮周期延长,且存活率降低,到Ⅲ期幼蟹的增重率、存活率和平均蜕皮频率在C4组分别为355.7%,31.33%,2.39,在C5组分别为307.53%,28.56%,2.19.此外,各处理组幼蟹对抗逆性影响的试验表明,在一定的范围内,饲料中添加Vc能提高幼蟹的耐低氧能力和耐pH突变能力,而对耐盐度突变能力没有明显的影响.综合上述结果可以得出,为保持幼蟹良好生产性能,饲料中添加的Vc? 相似文献
4.
为探究亮氨酸和精氨酸作为信号分子参与调控mTOR信号通路对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)生长的作用,本研究以大菱鲆幼鱼(初始体质量(13.50±0.19) g)为实验对象,设置50%蛋白水平饲料作为阳性对照组,45%蛋白水平饲料作为阴性对照组,设置两个实验组,分别为在阴性对照组中添加1%亮氨酸的实验组和添加1%精氨酸的实验组,饲养周期为56 d,测量大菱鲆的生长性能和饲料利用水平。研究表明,添加亮氨酸、精氨酸均能一定程度提高因饲料蛋白水平不足导致的大菱鲆的特定生长率、蛋白质效率和增重率下降。添加1%亮氨酸和1%精氨酸均能在摄食后有效增强大菱鲆肌肉与肝脏mTOR信号通路中的雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)、核糖体蛋白S6和真核起始因子4E结合蛋白1(4E-BP1)的磷酸化。添加1%精氨酸还能够提高大菱鲆肠道淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性,显著提高血清过氧化氢酶和溶菌酶水平并增加血清总抗氧化能力。研究结果表明,在低蛋白饲料中添加1%亮氨酸、1%精氨酸能够激活大菱鲆mTOR信号通路,有效提高其生长性能和蛋白质效率;此外,添加1%精氨酸还能够提高大菱鲆的消化酶活性、增强非特异性免疫反应。 相似文献
5.
采用全人工配合饲料(试验组饲料)与湿颗粒饲料 (对照组饲料 )对南方池养牙鲆进行为期 204d的饲养试验.结果表明,试验组与对照组牙鲆的尾相对增重率分别为 2 304%、2 297%,尾平均日增重差异不大,平均饲料系数分别为 1. 56、2. 58,牙鲆增重 1kg所需饲料成本分别为 10. 92元和 13. 55元,试验组比对照组节省饲料成本2. 63元 /kg鱼增重;试验组与对照组牙鲆平均内脏比 (分别为 6. 50%、6. 38% )、平均丰满度(分别为 1. 09、1. 07)、肌肉粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量等差异不显著(p>0. 05),10种必需氨基酸和 5种鲜味氨基酸的含量很接近.由此可见,南方池养牙鲆采用全人工配合饲料饲养是完全可行的. 相似文献
6.
三疣梭子蟹池塘高密度养殖过程中,种内相残所致的自切附肢现象极其严重,但迄今为止,有关自切附肢对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)生理生态的影响仍处于空白阶段。本文重点研究了自切附肢对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹存活、蜕壳生长及能量收支的影响,结果显示:(1)自切附肢显著影响了幼蟹的成活率,整体上自切附肢数越多,成活率越低,其中自切4条(A4)和5条(A5)附肢组幼蟹的成活率仅为60%左右,显著低于对照组(93.3%)(P0.05);(2)自切附肢缩短了幼蟹的蜕壳周期,并且自切附肢数越多,蜕壳周期越短;(3)蜕壳后幼蟹的增重率随自切附肢数增加而降低,但特定生长率随自切附肢数增加而提高;(4)自切附肢后幼蟹的摄食率略有降低,整体上与对照组的差异不显著(P0.05),而饲料转化率有所提高,尤以A4和A5组幼蟹最为明显,其饲料转化率显著高于对照组(P0.05);(5)自切附肢改变了幼蟹的能量分配比例,随着附肢自切数量的增加,用于呼吸的能量比例(R/C)逐渐降低,而用于生长的能量比例(G/C)逐渐升高。 相似文献
7.
华贵栉孔扇贝三倍体的研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
本文报道了用细胞松驰素B、高温和低温休克等方法诱导华贵栉孔扇贝（Chlamys nobilis）三倍体的实验结果。在26.0～28.0℃条件下，选用不同浓度的细胞松驰素B0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7和1.0mg/dm^3，在受精后15min，处理受精卵15min，三倍体诱导率分别为12.5%、37.5%、68.0%、66.6%和81.0%，其中0.5～1.0mg/dm^3浓度的细胞松驰素B对改变倍性最有效。高温休克选用31.0、33.0、35.0和37.0℃处理受精卵，最高三倍体诱导率达46.7%（33.0℃,处理15min）。低温休克选用6.0、8.0、10.0和12.0℃处理受精卵，最高三倍体诱导率为40.7%（10.0℃，处理20min）。实验结果表明，随着处理强度的增大和处理时间的延长，三倍体诱导率增高、但孵化率下降，畸型率上升。用高温休克处理的实验组幼虫生长速度较对照组快。作者认为，在商业性生产中，温度休克是诱导扇贝三倍体的一种简便、有效的方法。文中还就细胞松驰素B与温度休克诱导三倍体的机制进行了讨论。 相似文献
8.
研究了植物蛋白豆粕部分或全部替代鱼粉对大菱鲆生长和消化酶活性的影响。用含不同豆粕量的饲料对4个实验组的大菱鲆（Scophthalmus maximus L．）在18℃下进行50d的饲喂实验，结果表明不同饲料配方下的大菱鲆对蛋白质和碳水化合物的表观消化率随饲料中豆粕质量分数的增加呈现下降的趋势；生长实验表明，30％豆粕质量分数实验组和10％豆粕质量分数实验组（常规质量分数）的生长状态良好，50d的体质量增长率分别为82．25％，85．3％，特殊生长率为1．19，1．23，饲料系数分别为1．35，1．28，蛋白质效率分别为1．44，1．49，各生长参数差别不显著。50％豆粕质量分数实验组及70％豆粕质量分数实验组生长缓慢；各实验组大菱鲆消化器官比重随豆粕添加量的增多而呈增大的趋势；不同饲料配方组大菱鲆蛋白酶、淀粉酶活力随豆粕质量分数的增多而升高，脂肪酶无明显变化。以上各实验结果均表明，饲料中以豆粕替代鱼粉量20％对大菱鲆生长无负面影响。 相似文献
9.
眼斑拟石首鱼早期幼鱼的饲料试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文报道用 1 .92万尾平均体重为 1 .4 2 g 尾的眼斑拟石首鱼 (Sciaenopsocelle tus)早期幼鱼 ,在 5个海上浮式网箱中分两个阶段用粉末型配合饲料与传统的鲜活饲料进行饲养效果对比试验 .试验期间表层海水温度范围 2 2 .9～ 30 .0℃ ,表层海水比重范围 1 .0 1 55～ 1 .0 2 0 1 .试验结果如下 :对照组 (喂鲜活饲料组 )和各试验组 (喂粉末型配合饲料组 )全长和体重、体长和体重、全长和体长关系式的差异都不大 ,对照组和试验组实验鱼的平均肥满度分别为 1 .4 8、1 .51 g cm3.粉末型配合饲料组鱼的平均成活率为 81 .5% ,全长平均增长率为 73.2 % ,体长平均增长率 79.6 % ,平均增重量为 2 7.5g 尾 ,平均增重率为 52 6 .9% ,总投饲量为 336 .2 6kg ,饲料系数的平均值为1 .0 7.鲜活饲料组鱼的平均成活率为 87.2 % ,全长平均增长率为 57.0 % ,体长平均增长率为 6 1 .4 % ,平均增重量为 1 9.0 g 尾 ,平均增重率为 377.6 % ,总投饲量为1 1 54.2 8kg ,平均饲料系数为 5.1 6 .粉末型配合饲料养殖效果的综合生物学评定值为 2 38% ( >1 0 0 % ) ,表明其养殖效果优于鲜活饲料 相似文献
10.
壳聚糖对虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)幼鱼生长性能、体组成及非特异性免疫的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
用壳聚糖添加量为0.00%(D0)、0.25%(D1)、0.50%(D2)、1.00%(D3)和2.00%(D4)的实验饲料投喂虹鳟幼鱼50d,研究其对虹鳟幼鱼生长性能、体组成及非特异性免疫的影响。结果显示,各实验组增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)显著高于对照组(P<0.05),饲料系数(FCR)、脏体比(VSI)呈显著降低趋势(P<0.05),而肝体比(HSI)、脾体比(SSI)、肥满度(CF)及存活率(SR)无明显差异(P>0.05)。全鱼、肌肉及肝脏粗脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05)。D3组和D4组碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性显著低于其它各组(P<0.05);酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性显著降低(P<0.05),溶菌酶(LZM)活性则显著升高(P<0.05);D4组总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著高于对照组及D1组(P<0.05);超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力差异不显著(P>0.05)。在本实验条件下,饲料中添加壳聚糖可显著提高虹鳟幼鱼生长性能、增强非特异性免疫能力,以增重率及非特异性免疫为综合评价指标,虹鳟饲料中壳聚糖的适宜添加量为0.50%。 相似文献
11.
Chen Changsheng Chen Zhengqiang Hu Jiacai Ye Zhaohong Ji Dehu Lan Liangchun 《海洋学报(英文版)》2001,20(3):409-415
INTRODUcrIONAs a quality seaha, lobster has a greater market demand or higher demand than supply. Inrecent years the natural resource of lobster is decreasing day by day due to overfishing oPera-tions. Conequently, an attention has been increasingly drawn to the development of artificialbreeding in lObster and seedstock preduction. From the l970s to the l980s the culture of lobsterlarva started but with very slow pngress. Inoue et al. (l978), Yamakawa et al. (1989), Kitta-ka and Kimura(l… 相似文献
12.
Craig B. Kensler 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):506-517
The spiny lobster Jasus edwardsii (Hutton) supports a thriving new fishery at the Chatham Islands, about 770 km east of New Zealand. Commercial fishing for J. edwardsii started in November 1965, and within 2 years the area became a major centre of New Zealand's large spiny lobster fishery, which earned >NZ$5,000,000 in 1967. Over 12 months (September 1966 to August 1967) landings at the Chatham Islands made up 39.8% of the total New Zealand spiny lobster catch of 16,600,0001b. In the first year of fishing 2,177,923 lb of spiny lobsters were caught, and in the second 7,129,658lb—a 227% increase. Fishing effort also increased substantially: average number of boats fishing each month rose by 174% in the second year, and the total number of boat‐fishing days by 152%. Most specimens of J. edwardsii caught are large and mature, typical of a virgin stock. 相似文献
13.
The development of an effective artificial larval diet has been a major stumbling block for advancing the aquaculture of spiny lobsters internationally. Attempts to determine the natural diet of spiny lobster larvae have been impeded by their small size and sparse distribution in the open ocean, making these larvae difficult to study using conventional methods. Recent advances in molecular genetic techniques have provided a novel route for identifying the natural prey of spiny lobster larvae (phyllosoma). In this study, sequences from zooplankton found associated with phyllosomas, along with sequences from GenBank, were used to design a suite of group-specific primers. These primers were able to amplify via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) a short (100–200 base pair) DNA fragment from the 16S or COI locus of potential prey but not from lobster. These methods were applied to four wild-caught phyllosomas of Jasus edwardsii and two phyllosomas of Scyllarus sp. Z. Gadiforme, Cnidaria, Gastropoda and Decapoda crustacean (non-lobster) DNA sequences were obtained from the gut contents of these lobster larvae and inferred as prey. These initial results confirm previous studies using other less definitive methods which have indicated that phyllosomas are opportunistic predators of a wide range of zooplankton taxa. 相似文献
14.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(4):547-557
Based on the assumption that depleted stocks would have recovered during a six-year layoff from fishing, trapping for deep-water spiny lobster Palinurus delagoae and slipper lobster Scyllarides elisabethae off eastern South Africa resumed in 2004 until 2007. A generalised linear modelling approach was used to investigate the effects of year, sampling area, depth, month and trap soak-time on catch and lobster size, and to construct standardised abundance indices. The renewed trapping rapidly reversed partially restored nominal catch rates. Fishing strategy changed from targeting spiny lobsters during the first months of each fishing season to targeting slipper lobsters during later months. Small spiny lobsters were abundant in the southern area, identified as a recruitment hotspot. Spiny lobster abundance and size in this area increased over four years of fishing, but conversely, large adult spiny lobsters predominated in the central and northern areas, where trapping depleted their abundance over time. The adult populations in the central and northern areas are upstream from the recruitment hotspot, and are presumably a source of larvae. Slipper lobster abundance peaked in 2005, remained relatively constant across areas, and increased with depth. Trapping for deep-water lobster is unlikely to be sustainable in its present form. However, the clear gradients in spiny lobster size and abundance by sampling area and depth provide a good framework for spatial management planning. 相似文献
15.
Margaret O. James 《Marine environmental research》1984,14(1-4)
These studies were designed to determine the metabolic capability of the microsomal cytochrome(s) P-450 in spiny lobster hepatopancreas, and to determine how chemicals which selectively modify mammalian monooxygenase activity catalyzed by different cytochrome P-450 isozymes affect the spiny lobster cytochrome P-450. We used a washing procedure to concentrate the hepatopancreas microsomal cytochrome P-450 and remove the inhibitors of monooxygenase activity which are normally present in microsomes. The resulting reparation (MI fraction) was used to determine monooxygenase activity towards benzo[a]pyrene, benz-phetamine, 7-ethoxyresorufin in the presence of either cumene hydroperoxide or NADPH and vertebrate liver cytochrome P-450 reductase. Benzphetamine was the best substrate for the lobster cytochrome P-450, whereas 7-ethoxyresorufin was metabolized very slowly. Studies with chemical modifiers showed that the responses of the lobster cytochrome(s) P-450 were not similar to those of any of the well-characterized cytochrome P-450 isozymes purified from mammalian liver. 相似文献
16.
饲料添加多维对欧洲鳗鲡(Anguilla anguilla)生长性能、消化酶活性和免疫的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用单因子试验设计方法,研究了饲料中添加多维对欧洲鳗鲡(Anguilla anguilla)生长性能、消化酶活性和免疫的影响。试验用鳗(5.93±0.02)g,分6组(每组3重复,每个重复30尾鱼),分别投喂添加不同浓度(0%,0.25%,0.50%,0.75%,1.00%,1.25%)的多维饲料42d。结果表明,随着多维添加水平的上升,各组鳗鲡增重率和特定生长率呈先升高后降低趋势,且差异显著(P0.05),当多维浓度为0.75%时增重率达最高峰值。鳗鲡的肝体指数和肥满度受多维影响较小,在各组间均无显著差异(P0.05)。饲料中添加0.75%浓度的多维显著降低了鱼体水分含量,使鱼体粗蛋白和灰分含量得到显著提高(P0.05),但各试验组鳗鲡粗脂肪含量并无显著差异(P0.05)。相比对照组,各添加组鳗鲡肠道胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶活性及血清超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均得到显著提高(P0.05),且0.75%组鳗鲡血清总蛋白浓度达到最大(P0.05)。综合本研究结果可知多维在饲料中的适宜添加水平为0.75%。 相似文献
17.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》2008,51(8-9):567-574
Human activities in the Galápagos Marine Reserve are managed by a two-tier system involving a multi-stakeholder local participatory forum and a national inter-ministerial decision-making body. Despite efforts to achieve sustainable fisheries, the two main resources, spiny lobster and sea cucumber, have shown alarming signs of deterioration. The reasons for the management failure may lie in the design of the system, as Galápagos appears not to fulfill many of the critical enabling factors which facilitate successful common property management. 相似文献
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E.V. Radhakrishnan V.D. Deshmukh Mary K. Manisseri M. Rajamani Joe K. Kizhakudan R. Thangaraja 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):723-732
Commercial exploitation of lobsters from the Indian seas began in the 1950s. Annual landings have been declining from a peak of 4075 t in 1985 to 1364 t in 2002. Major fisheries were located on the north‐west, south‐west, and south‐east coasts. Among the 12 species recorded, only four species of spiny lobsters (three littoral and one deep sea) and one species of slipper lobster are commercially important. At Kayalpattinam and Tharuvaikulam, on the south‐east coast, lobster landings sharply declined for the gill‐net fishery. Of the two species that contributed to the fishery, Panulirus ornatus and Panulirus homarus, the latter has been more affected owing to high vulnerability to fishing activities. Catch composition analysis of the trammel‐net fishery showed that 35% of the landings consisted of P. homarus in the size range of 23–50 mm carapace length. On the north‐west coast, the spiny lobster Panulirus polyphagus and the slipper lobster Thenus orientalis are incidentally caught in trawl nets. However, the fishery for T. orientalis in the waters off Mumbai lasted only up to 1994. Large‐scale exploitation of spawning females, which formed 60% of the total catch, might have been detrimental to the recruitment process resulting in rapid decline and total collapse of the fishery. Abundance of P. polyphagus reached its maximum during September, constituting 23% of the average annual landing during 1988–2002. A high exploitation ratio (>0.7) indicated over‐fishing of the stock. Repeated spawning and high annual egg production are probably responsible for sustaining the stock, despite over‐exploitation. Major problems confronting the resource management of the multi‐gear and multi‐species lobster fisheries in India are discussed. An operational project, involving fisher community, has been taken up for creating awareness of the need for sustainable exploitation of the resource. Regulatory measures, such as closure of the fishery during the peak of the breeding season, ban on trammel‐net, mandatory release of egg‐bearing lobsters, and establishment of lobster sanctuaries are suggested to the State Governments for implementation. 相似文献
20.
The California spiny or red rock lobster, Panulirus interruptus, is an ecologically and economically important species that has been exploited since the 1800s. No previous study in California has assessed the impacts of the recreational or commercial lobster harvest. Before the 2003–04 commercial and recreational lobster seasons, we conducted a fishery‐independent trap survey at Santa Catalina Island to document the impact of the lobster fisheries on the size structure, abundance, and sex ratios of mature P. interruptus (>65 mm carapace length (CL)). We concurrently sampled a predominantly commercially fished area, a recreationally fished area, and a 23‐year‐old invertebrate no‐take (INT) reserve. Relative to the INT reserve, legal‐size lobsters in the recreational area were similar in CL, but 31% less abundant. Legal‐size lobsters in the commercial area were 8% smaller and 70% less abundant than those in the INT reserve. The sex ratio of legal‐size lobsters, although near 50:50 in the recreational and INT reserve areas, was male‐dominated (67:33) in the commercial area. Differences in CPUE and mean CL of sub‐legal lobsters in the recreational and commercial areas suggest that factors in addition to harvesting pressure may affect these populations. Total biomass of mature lobsters in the recreational and commercial areas was 92% and 45%, respectively, of biomass in the INT reserve. Fecundity in the recreational and commercial areas was 83% and 42%, respectively, of fecundity in the INT reserve. This study provides preliminary data for future ecological studies and fisheries management evaluations. 相似文献