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1.
利用常规观测、地面加密自动站及NCEP再分析资料,针对上合组织青岛峰会的气象服务过程,对海雾维持和消散两个阶段的气象要素特征进行了分析。结果表明:1)当能见度低于1 000 m时,相对湿度为99%,能见度介于1 000～2 000 m之间时,相对湿度为95%～99%。2)近地面层30°N以北黄海海域持续吹东南风,并在青岛形成水汽辐合中心,有利于青岛形成海雾;当东南风转为东北风,水汽辐合中心减弱或消失时,海雾趋于消散。3)在海雾维持阶段,逆温层最低高度稳定在980 hPa以下,总逆温差逐渐增强,逆温梯度跃升与海雾强度增强同步;最大逆温层厚度和逆温层总厚度下降12 h后海雾逐渐减弱,逆温层最低高度上升时能见度也随之上升。4)白天逆温层之上为下沉运动,之下为上升运动,夜间700 hPa之下均为上升运动,且上升运动中心位于逆温层之下,这种垂直结构有利于逆温层和海雾的维持;当逆温强度减弱,垂直运动穿越逆温层贯穿700 hPa以下对流层时,海雾趋于消散。 相似文献
2.
《海洋气象学报》2018,(4)
2017年1月1—5日,山东出现了一次大范围的平流辐射雾过程。利用山东地区自动气象站观测资料、青岛探空站资料、风廓线雷达资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,通过分析此次连续大雾过程的大尺度环流背景场、温湿场特征,地面、高空气象要素条件,揭示了其形成原因、维持机制和消散机理。结果表明:中高纬度平直的大气环流、静稳的垂直结构是此次大雾形成的背景条件;水汽输送阶段变化造成的低层水汽浓度变化是大雾阶段变化的原因;两次弱低槽冷锋过程显著增加了雾的强度和范围,也使雾的性质由平流雾变为辐射雾。当低层水汽持续减少,中低层东风气流增强并破坏了大气的稳定层结时,大雾逐渐消散。 相似文献
3.
利用多种观测资料、再分析资料和WRF模式,对2008年4月29-30日和5月2-3日两次黄海春季海雾进行对比分析,研究黄海海雾影响沿海地区的因素。分析表明：（1）两次海雾过程均属于平流冷却雾过程。在低层水平方向上,合理的高、低压配置,使气流持续地从暖湿海面输送到冷海面上,有利于形成深厚的海雾,进而在海风的作用下影响沿海地区。在垂直方向上,边界层内上干下湿的结构有利于海雾的发展与维持。（2）边界层内稳定持续的逆温层结构,使水汽在逆温层内累积,有利于海雾的发展与维持。雾顶的长波辐射冷却作用以及雾层内适度的湍流有利于海雾的发展与维持;而低层风速增大会引起机械湍流的迅速增长,进而导致海雾消散。（3）海雾影响明显时,对应黄海海域上空的暖平流较强,水汽通量较大,暖湿平流来源于较暖的海面。反之,对应黄海海域上空的暖平流较弱,水汽通量较小,暖湿平流来源于较冷的海面。 相似文献
4.
平流雾和辐射雾时边界层温度场及风场结构特征的对比分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文利用多普勒声雷达所获取的在时间、空间(垂直方向)较为密集的实时资料,分别对两次性质不同的(平流和辐射)大雾的边界层温度场、风场结构特征进行了对比分析.得出在华北地形槽下的平流雾得以稳定维持的根本原因是与位于各逆温层之上的、和平均极大风速达10.72m/s的偏北大风相联系的下沉逆温密切相关.下沉逆温随着与之相伴的偏北大风的减弱、消失而逐渐趋于消失.其边界层逆温较大辐度地减弱是动力(动量下传)、热力(对流)共同作用的结果.而发生在雨(雪)之后的变性冷高压之下的辐射雾,其温度场结构为主付层式的逆温结构.自始至终,逆温处在弱的均一风场之中,没有湍流的发生发展,其逆温的减弱消散仅和热力作用有关. 相似文献
5.
黄海雾季开始日期的确定及其年际变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据山东省14个气象站1979—2007年4次/d的大气能见度观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、JRA等资料,提出了黄海雾季开始时间的以候为时间尺度的标准,并对影响雾季开始的可能因素进行了分析。结果表明:黄海气候平均雾季开始在第20候,从此候开始,盛行风向、湿度平流、温度平流、大气层结等都有利于海雾的产生;不同年份雾季开始的时间有差别,导致不同年份雾季开始早晚的主要原因是海-气温差、湿度、盛行风;黄东海海温正(负)距平,且东海北部黄海南部海温正(负)距平比黄海北部海温正(负)距平强度更大时,黄海北部雾季开始时间较早(晚)。海-气温差<0℃是海雾季节开始的先决条件,但对海雾季节开始的早晚没有明显的影响。黄海反气旋对大气层结的稳定有一定的贡献,有利于雾的形成和维持。逆温对于雾季的形成和维持有重要作用,但逆温强度与雾季开始的早晚没有直接关系;逆温层的高度可能影响海雾季节的发生,雾季开始偏早年逆温层更接近地面。 相似文献
6.
利用站点观探测资料、气象卫星资料和ERA-Interim数据对2017年2月21日下午到23日早晨海南岛东部沿海一带出现的一次海雾过程进行成因分析。结果表明:(1)此次海雾具备辐射和平流两种性质,海雾生命周期中,层云和海雾发生4次相互转化,而新一轮冷空气使海雾过程结束;(2)海雾发生在入海变性的高压脊天气系统中,100～200 m有逆温层存在,为海雾的生成维持提供较好的背景环境;(3)海雾期间边界层高度小于300 m,边界层适度的抬升有利于海雾生成和维持;(4)低层偏南风为海南岛东部海面输送水汽和热量。在海雾生成发展阶段,感热输送大于潜热,而消散阶段潜热输送大于感热。风场输送的热量增大海气温差,增强湍流热量输送,造成降温增湿使海雾生成维持。 相似文献
7.
《海洋气象学报》2015,(2)
利用常规观测资料、自动站加密观测资料、NCEP1°×1°再分析资料、卫星FY-2E的TBB资料、多普勒天气雷达观测资料等,对2011年7月25日山东乳山强降水进行分析研究,结果表明:(1)这次强降水主要影响系统是高空槽、低层暖式切变线和副高边缘的低空急流。强降水产生在850h Pa和925h Pa切变线附近,低层850h Pa以下有较强的西南气流向北输送大量的水汽,强降水的水汽来源于低层近海面的水汽输送和辐合。(2)强降水产生在高温高湿区,强降水期间,低层有明显的暖平流,高层有明显的冷平流,低层暖平流增强或高层冷平流增强时,降水强度也明显增强。(3)强降水期间,乳山的特殊海岸线地形抬升作用产生的上升运动与中高层入侵的干冷空气(伴有下沉运动)相遇,从而触发对流不稳定能量释放,降水强度增大,产生强降水。(4)乳山出现短时强降水主要是由中-β尺度对流云团造成的,此次强降水的TBB在-63~-52℃,云团发展迅速,高度较高,在云团发展阶段,其反应的云顶温度比实际的云顶温度偏高。(5)风暴低层逆风区和中-γ尺度气旋性涡旋,及风暴顶的强烈辐散,利于回波发展与维持,同时使高值区维持在风暴中层及以下高度,在环境因子有利的情况下产生降水效率较高的强降水风暴。 相似文献
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9.
青岛近海夏季海雾年际变化的低空气象水文条件分析——关于水汽来源的讨论 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文采用1971-2009年月雾日数资料、1970-2007每日4次能见度观测资料、MICAPS系统提供的每日3h/1次的地面观测资料、JRA-25再分析资料,对青岛近海夏季(6～7月)海雾年际变化的低空气象水文条件进行了合成分析,发现长江口以东的东海海域是影响青岛近海海雾多寡的水汽来源关键区域(122°E～130°E,28°N～32°N),黄海局地海表面蒸发增湿所提供的水汽贡献不大.海表面温度(SST)对海雾的形成在黄、东海起着不同的重要作用.多雾年,东海SST偏高,海面蒸发较大,为低空气流提供了热量和水汽,黄海SST偏低,海面蒸发较小,有利于低空气流的降温增湿,从长江口以东海域向黄海输送的低空暖湿平流是海雾形成的主要物质基础.去掉月平均合成中降水、沙尘等因素对能见度的影响,针对2005-2007年6、7月42个雾日的统计分析,进一步证明了长江口以东海域水汽输送对黄海海雾形成有重要影响;对其中5个雾日的水汽源地追踪,表明在天气时间尺度下,水汽路径是从东海在低空南风的引导下向北到达青岛近海. 相似文献
10.
用实况降水、雷达反射率、欧洲中心(ECMWF)全球模式细网格及0. 5°×0. 5°分辨率ERA-Interim再分析等资料,对2016年15日发生在浙江省沿海地区的强降水过程进行分析和诊断,结果表明:该过程是由14号台风"莫兰蒂"的外围螺旋雨带产生的; 15日在浙江东部沿海地区有充沛的水汽,源源不断的水汽输送和明显的不稳定层结条件;在边界层辐合线、山脉地形、边界层急流头部三者共同作用下,该区域形成强烈的边界层辐合上升运动,触发了对流;对流层高层200 h Pa高空急流右后侧和气流发散区叠加,提供了强的高空水平辐散,有利于低层辐合上升的维持和发展,最终导致浙江沿海地区发生强降水。对比分析发现模式预报的边界层东南偏东急流及边界层辐合线均明显比实况弱,这可能是各大数值预报中心对这次过程的预报都明显偏小的主要原因,说明边界层东南偏东急流及边界层辐合线对于强降水具有重要作用。 相似文献
11.
Arne Schnack-Friedrichsen Angela M. Davis Jim D. Bennell Dei G. Huws 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(4):221-243
The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths. 相似文献
12.
Shigehisa Nakamura 《Marine Geodesy》2000,23(1):55-61
Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone. 相似文献
13.
The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics. 相似文献
14.
Coastal inundation associated with extreme sea levels is the main factor which leads to the loss of life and property whenever a severe tropical cyclonic storm hits the Indian coasts. The Andhra and Orissa coasts are most vulnerable for coastal inundation due to extreme rise in sea levels associated with tropical cyclones. Loss of life may be minimized if extreme sea levels and associated coastal flooding is predicted well in advance. Keeping this in view, location specific coastal inundation models are developed and applied for the Andhra and Orissa coasts of India. Several numerical experiments are carried out using the data of past severe cyclones that struck these regions. The simulated inland inundation distances are found to be in general agreement with the reported flooding. 相似文献
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16.
《海洋学报(英文版)》2014,(9):F0003-F0003
<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology, 相似文献
17.
Hoi-Soo Jung Kap-Sik Jeong Yong-Shik Chu Sung-Hyun Park Ki-Hyune Kim 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(3):181-195
Grain size and water content in box-core sediments from the Clarion-Clipperton fracture zone (C-C zone) in the northeast equatorial Pacific were analyzed in detail to understand the downcore variations across a hiatus between Quaternary and Tertiary layers. Grain-size distributions in the topmost core sediments show two modes: a coarse mode (peaked at 50 μm) and a fine mode (at 2-25 μm). The coarse mode disappears gradually with depth accompanied by the dissolution of siliceous fossil tests, whereas the fine mode coarsens due to the formation of authigenic minerals. Water content increases abruptly across a color boundary between an upper pale brown layer and a lower dark brown layer that is the hiatus between Quaternary and Tertiary layers. Abundant smectites and microvoid molds, which are created by the prolonged fossil dissolution in the underlying sediment, are attributed for the abrupt downcore variation of water content. Overall variations in grain size and water content in the topmost core sediments in the western C-C zone are possibly constrained by the dissolution of biogenic siliceous fossils. Variations in geotechnical properties related to these changes must be considered in the design of nodule collectors. 相似文献
18.
Shigehisa Nakamura 《Marine Geodesy》2001,24(1):27-33
This article concerns an interrelation between the sea levels and the western boundary flow near a tectonic boundary in a local zone in the Northwestern Pacific. In this zone, sea level variations at stations located on the coast facing the Pacific are studied to find the interrelation between variations of the Kurosio flow as an index of the distance of the flow axis off a specific coast. The result is discussed after data processing of the monthly means of the sea levels, and a notice is taken of variations caused by active crustal upheavals during a seismic event, a local earthquake. 相似文献
19.
This study tests the hypothesis that the in situ void ratio of surficial marine sediments may be predicted from shear wave velocity-depth data with a reliability equal to that of other methods currently available. Shear wave velocity is fundamentally controlled by the number of grain-to-grain contacts per unit volume of material and by the effective stress across those contacts. In this study, three previously established empirical formulae are used to predict void ratio from velocity-depth data. Field data were acquired along a transect off the northern Californian coast across which water depth increased from 35 to 70 m and seafloor sediment type varied from sand to silty-sand, respectively. A towed seafloor sled device was used to collect shear wave refraction data, and a marked, systematic decrease in velocity was observed along the line, ranging from 35-70 m/s for the coarse, near-shore material to 25-40 m/s for the finer, offshore deposits. Void ratios predicted from these velocities were compared with data measured directly from box-core samples. Of the formulae used for prediction, two agree remarkably well with the control data. Both predicted and control values increase from 0.6-0.8 for the sandy material to 1.1-1.5 for the silty-sand. Thus, this study does not disprove the hypothesis set and demonstrates the potential of field shear wave velocity-depth data as a means of delineating spatial variation in void ratio for surficial marine sediments in a remote, nondestructive manner. 相似文献
20.
Particulate samples were collected from the Changjiang river system during a flood period, in May 1997, and POC, stable isotope and lipids associated with particles were examined. Results showed the decrease (0.84% ～ 1.88%) of organic carbon content from the upper reaches to the estuary.δ13C values of particulate organic carbon was in the range of -24.9×10-3 to -26.6×10-3, which were close to the isotopic signature of continental C3 vegetation. Total particulate n-alkanes concentrations varied from 1.4 to 10.1μg/dm3,or from 23.7 to 107μg/g of total suspended matter. Fatty acids were present in all the samples, from 1.4 to 5.4μg/dm3, with saturated and unsaturated straight-chain and branched compounds in the carbon number range from C12 to C30. Both δ13C and the ratio of carbon content to nitrogen content indicate the predominance of terrestrial inputs (soil organic matter) among the particles. The biomarker approach has been used to identify the relative portion of terrigenous and autochthonous fraction in the particulate samples. The distribution of fatty acids suggests a striking phytoplanktonic and microbial signal in most particle samples. The terrestrial alkanes are used to estimate the contribution of terrestrial inputs along the mainstream. 相似文献