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1.
牡蛎礁是一种重要的海岸地貌系统，礁体的空间分布格局，深刻影响着周围的水动力和沉积动力过程，进而反作用于牡蛎礁自身演化。江苏海门蛎蚜山牡蛎礁为中国海岸重要且稀有的生态系统，近年来，沉积物覆盖和人为捕捞导致牡蛎礁退化严重。本文利用无人机对蛎蚜山牡蛎礁进行地貌观测，基于运动恢复结构（SfM,Structure from Motion）摄影测量技术重建出航拍区域的高分辨率三维模型，包括正射影像和数字高程模型（DEM），并对重建的模型进行目视解译和剖面分析。结果表明，位于航拍区域的牡蛎礁主要有三种形态：条带状、斑块状和环状。条带状牡蛎礁脊线整体上呈南北走向，可能由环状牡蛎礁退化或牡蛎的生物自组织过程形成。航拍区域的地貌面高差可达5 m以上，地势最高处高程为0.5 m(85高程，下同)，最低处高程为-4.7 m。礁区内的礁体仍处于退化状态，其演化过程主要为：礁体表面出现坑洼→坑洼进一步扩张、延伸→形成溶槽→礁体分隔、分解，同时伴有沉积物对礁体的掩埋。本研究表明，无人机SfM技术可以高效获取牡蛎礁的地貌信息，为研究牡蛎礁演化过程提供了有力支持。 相似文献
2.
江苏南部海岸牡蛎礁演化的几何模型 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
牡蛎礁是具有重要生态功能的海岸带生境,并且记录了丰富的环境演化信息。根据碳酸盐沉积层序模拟的方法,提出了一个牡蛎礁演化模型,由海平面波动过程、碎屑沉积物顶面高程、牡蛎礁垂直生长率、牡蛎礁顶部高程等四个模块所构成。垂向生长率函数的输入参数通过牡蛎礁沉积环境分析和古今地貌对比方法而确定。应用该模型探讨了江苏海岸小庙洪牡蛎礁的定殖、生长和最终被埋藏的演化历程。模拟结果显示,牡蛎礁顶部水深和河口湾环境参数是牡蛎礁演化的两大限制因素,小庙洪牡蛎礁的最大垂向生长率约为12mm/a,礁体发育初期以垂向增生为主,大约910年前礁体出露于平均低潮面后,转向以侧向扩张为主。该礁体的出露规模在330年前达到最大,目前牡蛎礁的生长几乎停滞,并将在250年后被埋藏,其时牡蛎礁的最大可能厚度达12m。牡蛎礁演化模型显示牡蛎礁建造过程具有复杂性,是海平面变化、地面沉降速率、碎屑沉积速率、盐度、悬沙浓度等诸多因素共同作用的结果。牡蛎礁顶板应看成是低于当时海平面的标志,并不代表海平面高度。 相似文献
3.
江苏小庙洪牡蛎礁的地貌-沉积特征 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：6
利用卫星影象和野外实地勘察资料对江苏小庙洪牡蛎礁的地貌-沉积特征进行分析。结果表明，该牡蛎礁发育在强潮淤泥质潮坪上，造礁牡蛎主要是近江牡蛎和长牡蛎，表层的鲜活牡蛎为褶牡蛎。牡蛎礁区海水属盐度较高(27—30)的半成水，含沙量较大，为0．2—0．3g／L。活体牡蛎堆积体顶面高于周围潮间下带滩面1．0—1．5m。潮流较强，多在0．5—2．0m／s。海岸剖面可分为4个带，即礁后潮间带、潮沟、礁体生长带及礁前斜坡带。由于处于海岸侵蚀段，礁后潮坪缺失潮上带和大部分的潮间上带。礁后潮坪主要以粗粉砂为主，礁后潮沟冲淤变化较大，故礁体生长带时而为一沙洲，时而又与岸滩相连。礁体生长带分布在潮间下带，可看到独立的斑状礁体、带状礁体和大面积环状礁体群。环状礁的微地貌可以划分为礁塘(泻湖)、塘口和塘沟、塘口三角洲、礁墙和礁平台等。 相似文献
4.
江苏小庙洪牡蛎礁大型底栖动物多样性及群落结构 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于2011年春季的生态调查资料,报道了江苏小庙洪自然潮间带牡蛎礁大型底栖动物的多样性及其群落结构。通过16SrDNA基因序列分析发现,在小庙洪牡蛎礁内分布有3种牡蛎(熊本牡蛎Crassostrea sikamea、近江牡蛎C.ariakensis和密鳞牡蛎Ostrea denselamellosa),其中分布于潮间带区的造礁活体牡蛎为熊本牡蛎,其平均密度和生物量分别为(2199±363)ind/m2和(12361±1645)g/m2。在该牡蛎礁内记录到定居性大型底栖动物(不包括3种牡蛎)共计43科66种,礁体大型底栖动物的总栖息密度和生物量分别达到(2830±182)ind/m2和(499.59±35.41)g/m2,显著高于邻近的软相潮间带泥(沙)质滩涂[密度(102±29)ind/m2;生物量(53.10±22.80)g/m2]和潮下带泥滩[密度(140±60)ind/m2;生物量(43.23±22.37)g/m2](P<0.001)。 相似文献
5.
渤海湾西北岸沿海平原的众多埋藏牡蛎礁体内部,除正常牡蛎壳堆积层外,还存在一些水平夹层,以往的文献对其成因有多种解释。对渤海湾西北岸埋藏牡蛎礁体中所含水平夹层特征进行了研究,并与江苏海岸南部现代活体牡蛎礁顶部沉积特征进行对比,结果表明渤海湾埋藏礁体中局部范围内分布的水平夹层与江苏海岸活礁体顶部的现代沉积相似,其特征与礁体生长时的局部水动力条件有关;但是,江苏海岸活牡蛎礁顶部的现代沉积特征不同于那些大范围分布于埋藏礁体内的水平夹层的特征,后者的成因尚待进一步研究。礁体剖面记录的垂向层序,在反映环境演化的同时,也反映了礁体生长时的平面特征。 相似文献
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7.
渤海湾西北岸滨海湖埋藏牡蛎礁古生态环境 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对渤海湾西北岸沿海平原滨海湖埋藏牡蛎礁的分布形态进行了综合调查,并对位于礁体中央部位的一个垂直剖面上的礁体下伏沉积物、礁体内的泥砂质充填物连续取样。综合研究表明,该埋藏礁体生长于河流入海口处,长轴方向NW—SE、沿古河床分布。礁体开始建造于2445aBP前,基底坐落于当时的潮间带下部。持续建礁约160年后,至2287aBP时,礁体建造至潮间带中部海平面位置。随着岸线的推进,河流携带的大量泥砂逐渐掩埋了平均厚度约2m的滨海湖牡蛎礁。 相似文献
8.
点礁是在空间上呈点状分布的礁体,是一种重要的珊瑚暗礁地貌类型,南海南沙群岛北部海区的一系列环礁发育有众多的珊瑚点礁。目前,对点礁地貌的形态特征、发育过程和机制的研究相对匮乏,南海地区的珊瑚点礁地貌定量研究尚为空白。以南沙群岛北部郑和环礁西南端的小南薰礁发育的点礁为研究对象,利用多波束水深实测数据结合Google Earth WorldView-2遥感影像,对所识别的123个点礁的顶底水深、高度、顶底直径等形态参数进行量测与统计分析,结果表明,其底部最大水深为35.05 m,顶部最小水深为7.89 m,平均高度2.62 m。其中,88个点礁(占71.5%)分布于水深25～35 m(深水点礁),27个(占17.9%)分布于水深10～18 m(浅水点礁)。点礁顶部和底部直径的平均值分别为8.49和19.13 m,形状因子和顶底关系因子的平均值分别为0.15和0.42,其剖面形态呈峰丘型(21.1%)和礁坪型(占78.9%),且多呈孤立型分布,亦见少数以群落型分布。浅水点礁以礁坪型为主,其顶部和底部直径较大,而形状因子较小,反映了波浪动力的控制作用;峰丘型仅见于深水点礁,其形状因子较大(>... 相似文献
9.
南沙群岛珊瑚礁动力地貌特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
南沙群岛受季风、台风和波浪的影响，珊瑚礁体呈ＮＥ－ＳＷ向椭圆形态，西南礁坪宽于东北礁坪。位于不同波能带内的珊瑚礁体发育了与之相适应的动力地貌单元。礁前斜坡高波能带地形陡峭，向风坡礁脊一槽沟系发育。外礁坪消耗大量波能，广泛覆盖生物碎屑，珊瑚生长稀疏。内礁坪宽广平坦，珊瑚生长良好。外礁坪堆积许多大礁块，尤以东北礁坪为甚。在湖低波能带，通常东坡缓于百坡，湖盆一般浪静流缓，为生物碎屑堆积区。 相似文献
10.
渤海湾西北岸中全新世埋藏牡蛎礁的硅藻记录及古环境意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对渤海湾西北岸大吴庄牡蛎礁壳体内部的泥质填充物中硅藻组合的研究,试图探讨该区沉积硅藻组合变化指示的礁体古气候环境变化.分析结果表明,在 7 200～5 600 cal. a BP 整个礁体建造期间,沿岸种 Cyclotella stylorum 是含量最丰富的硅藻种类,其与海水种 Thalassionema nitzschioides 的含量变化指示了礁体生长区河流径流与海水相互作用的强弱波动,主要包括三个阶段:7 200～6 500 cal. a BP,礁体建造初期,礁体受海水影响显著;6 500～5 720 cal. a BP,礁体建造中期,礁体生长区的盐度降低,海水作用减弱,淡水作用增强;5 720～5 600 cal.a BP,礁体建造结束期,礁体生长区的盐度显著降低,礁体受海水影响进一步减弱. 相似文献
11.
C. D. Woodroffe D. M. Kennedy D. Hopley C. E. Rasmussen S. G. Smithers 《Marine Geology》2000,170(3-4):331-346
The platform and fringing reefs of Torres Strait are morphologically similar to reefs of the northern Great Barrier Reef to the south, except that several are elongated in the direction of the strong tidal currents between the Coral Sea and the Gulf of Carpentaria. Surface and subsurface investigations and radiocarbon dating on Yam, Warraber and Hammond Islands reveal that the initiation and mode of Holocene reef growth reflect antecedent topography and sea-level history. On the granitic Yam Island, fringing reefs have established in some places over a Pleistocene limestone at about 6 m depth around 7000 years BP. Emergent Holocene microatolls of Porites sp. indicate that the reefs have prograded seawards while sea level has fallen gradually from at least 0.8 m above present about 5800 years BP. On the Warraber Island reef platform drilling near the centre indicated a Pleistocene limestone foundation at a depth of about 6 m over which reefs established around 6700 years BP. Reef growth lagged behind that on Yam Island. Microatolls on the mature reef flat indicate that the reef reached sea level around 5300 years BP when the sea was around 0.8–1.0 m above present. On the reef flat on the western side of Hammond Island bedrock was encountered at 7–8 m depth, overlain by terrigenous mud. A progradational reef sequence of only 1–2 m thickness has built seaward over these muds, as sea level has fallen over the past 5800 years. Reef-flat progradation on these reefs is interpreted to have occurred by a series of stepwise buildouts marked by lines of microatolls parallel to the reef crest, marking individual coalescing coral heads. Detrital infill has occurred between these. This pattern of reef progradation is consistent with the radiocarbon dating results from these reefs, and with seismic investigations on the Torres Reefs. 相似文献
12.
Peter T. Harris Andrew Heap Vicki Passlow Michael Hughes James Daniell Mark Hemer Ole Anderson 《Marine Geology》2005,220(1-4):181-204
The formation of incised valleys on continental shelves is generally attributed to fluvial erosion under low sea level conditions. However, there are exceptions. A multibeam sonar survey at the northern end of Australia's Great Barrier Reef, adjacent to the southern edge of the Gulf of Papua, mapped a shelf valley system up to 220 m deep that extends for more than 90 km across the continental shelf. This is the deepest shelf valley yet found in the Great Barrier Reef and is well below the maximum depth of fluvial incision that could have occurred under a − 120 m, eustatic sea level low-stand, as what occurred on this margin during the last ice age. These valleys appear to have formed by a combination of reef growth and tidal current scour, probably in relation to a sea level at around 30–50 m below its present position.
Tidally incised depressions in the valley floor exhibit closed bathymetric contours at both ends. Valley floor sediments are mainly calcareous muddy, gravelly sand on the middle shelf, giving way to well-sorted, gravely sand containing a large relict fraction on the outer shelf. The valley extends between broad platform reefs and framework coral growth, which accumulated through the late Quaternary, coincides with tidal current scour to produce steep-sided (locally vertical) valley walls. The deepest segments of the valley were probably the sites of lakes during the last ice age, when Torres Strait formed an emergent land-bridge between Australia and Papua New Guinea. Numerical modeling predicts that the strongest tidal currents occur over the deepest, outer-shelf segment of the valley when sea level is about 40–50 m below its present position. These results are consistent with a Pleistocene age and relict origin of the valley.
Based on these observations, we propose a new conceptual model for the formation of tidally incised shelf valleys. Tidal erosion on meso- to macro-tidal, rimmed carbonate shelves is enhanced during sea level rise and fall when a tidal, hydraulic pressure gradient is established between the shelf-lagoon and the adjacent ocean basin. Tidal flows attain a maximum, and channel incision is greatest, when a large hydraulic pressure gradient coincides with small channel cross sections. Our tidal-incision model may explain the observation of other workers, that sediment is exported from the Great Barrier Reef shelf to the adjacent ocean basins during intermediate (rather than last glacial maximum) low-stand, sea level positions. The model may apply to other rimmed shelves, both modern and ancient. 相似文献
13.
Many low-lying tropical and sub-tropical atolls fringed by coral reefs are susceptible to coastal inundation during extreme wave events. Previous studies have shown that the infragravity (IG) wave is the dominant component of shoreline run-up compared to the sea and swell (SS) wave and the wave-induced setup. To better understand both the SS and IG wave dynamics over a fringing reef with various morphologies, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted in a wave flume based on an idealized fringing reef profile. The shoreline responses of waves to different reef morphologies with/without the reef crest, the lagoon and the reef surface roughness were examined. IG wave resonance on the reef flat was identified by a spectral analysis of the shoreline wave records. Subsequently, a numerical model based on the Boussinesq equations was validated by the experimental data. The model was then applied to investigate the impacts of varying reef morphologic features (fore-reef slope, reef-crest width, lagoon width, and reef roughness coefficient) on the shoreline wave motions. 相似文献
14.
基于面向对象影像分析方法的我国西沙珊瑚礁地貌单元信息提取 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
珊瑚礁地貌单元的空间分布对于理解珊瑚礁生态系统的地质构造过程具有重要作用。然而,基于像素的影像分析方法往往获取不到较高精度的分类结果。本文基于面向对象的影像分析方法,利用Landsat 8卫星影像数据对我国西沙地区的珊瑚环礁进行了地貌单元的遥感信息提取。借鉴于美国千年珊瑚礁测绘项目的工作成果,本文首先针对研究区特点定义了十类珊瑚礁地貌单元类型。然后,基于对象的多层次关系特点,并综合利用对象的光谱、形状、上下文关系等特征,建立合适的分类规则集,获取了研究区较大尺度的珊瑚环礁地貌分区图,其分类精度普遍高于80%。虽然研究结果表明基于面向对象的影像分析方法可以有效的进行珊瑚礁遥感信息提取,但其规则集的可移植性仍需要今后的工作加以改善。 相似文献
15.
南沙群岛永暑礁7个表层礁坪原生块状珊瑚的高精度TIMS U-Th和12个常规^14C测年结果表明，永暑礁表层礁坪形成于现代，与钻探研究结果吻合。全新世永暑礁系从约7300aBP开始，以现代礁坪面以下17m左右的晚更新世礁灰岩为基底连续发育至今，因此，与南海周边地区的珊瑚礁不同，南沙群岛珊瑚礁的表层块状珊瑚不能够提供全新世高海平面的证据。由于现代珊瑚礁的堆积速率大于地壳沉降速率，可能会形成更多的灰沙洲或灰沙岛。 相似文献
16.
Spatial discordance in fish,coral, and sponge assemblages across a Caribbean atoll reef gradient 
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下载免费PDF全文 Certain biodiversity patterns on coral reefs are generally consistent but we still lack fundamental insight into how assemblages vary across spatially heterogeneous reef systems. We compared fish, coral, and sponge assemblages across a symmetrical physiographical gradient (windward forereef, lagoon patch reef, leeward forereef) of the Glover's Reef atoll, Belize. Species richness of fishes and corals was highest in the deep habitat (15 m) on the windward forereef. Sponges were diverse and abundant on both deep windward and leeward forereefs but not on the exposed shallow (5 m) windward forereef. Fish and benthic assemblages were relatively distinct in each reef zone, with the lagoon patch reef communities consisting of a combination of leeward and windward species. Nevertheless, there were no clear patterns in community similarity matrices of fish and benthic assemblages, suggesting that overall coral and sponge assemblages had weak or no direct association with patterns in fish assemblages. A closer examination of fish trophic groups indicated that planktivores and predators were predictably associated with depth, whereas herbivores were associated with shallow protected reefs. None was specifically associated with spatial location along the atoll gradient. These patterns of diversity distribution are important for identifying spatial conservation priorities. A Marine Protected Area (MPA) at Glover's Reef encompasses substantial windward forereef and patch reef habitats. A much lesser extent of protection is afforded the leeward forereef that supports faunal assemblages that are unique and productive, if not as diverse as the windward forereef. Isolated coral atolls can serve as ideal systems to study spatial heterogeneity and biodiversity patterns, but more experimental studies are needed to reveal the mechanistic processes underlying these patterns. 相似文献
17.
Qing-Shan Meng Ke-Fu Yu Ming-Jian Hu Xin-Zhi Wang Chao Yang 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(4):296-308
Coral reef calcareous sediment, a special category of rock-soil material, has representative geological structure and environmental characteristics. It is widely distributed in shallow areas of the tropical ocean; therefore the exploration instruments and technologies for engineering geology studies of coral reef calcareous sediments are very different from those used in land or deep-sea. Obtaining undisturbed cores from the Holocene unconsolidated stratum of coral reefs has been a key problem in the field of marine geology and environment surveying. The authors have designed a novel floating drilling platform equipped with a drilling machine, and successfully achieved undisturbed cores from both reef flats (with water depth 0.5 to 2 m) and a enclosed lagoon (with water depth 2–12 m) of Yongshu Reef (9°32–9°42 N, 112°52–113°04 E), southern South China Sea. Based on the detailed observation on the cores and the analysis from engineering geology, Yongshu Reef was split into reef three engineering geological zones: leading edge, reef flat (including outer reef flat, middle reef flat and inner reef flat) and lagoon. The sediments are classified in the stratum as fine sand, medium sand, coarse sand, gravel and weak-cemented reef limestone. 相似文献
18.
为了探究岛屿周围珊瑚礁在抵御海啸灾害中的作用,采用激波捕捉类Boussinesq模型FUNWAVE-TVD,对孤立波在理想化三维岛礁地形上的传播及爬坡开展了现场尺度的平面二维数值模拟,分析了入射波高、礁坪水深、礁坪宽度、礁前斜坡坡度、礁后斜坡坡度、珊瑚礁糙率对岛屿四周孤立波爬高分布的影响。结果表明,珊瑚礁的存在总体上可有效降低岛屿四周孤立波的最大爬坡高度;入射波高、礁坪水深、礁坪宽度、珊瑚礁糙率是影响珊瑚岛礁四周孤立波爬坡分布的主要因素,岛礁四周最大爬坡高度会随入射波高和礁坪水深的增大、礁坪宽度和珊瑚礁糙率的减小而不断增大;当礁坪水深增大到一定程度时,珊瑚礁主要会对岛屿背浪面的爬高失去影响,而当礁坪宽度和珊瑚礁糙率减小至一定程度时,会出现岛礁四周最大爬高高于无珊瑚礁时爬高的现象;礁后斜坡的变缓会使岛礁周围的最大爬高有所减小,而礁前斜坡坡度对珊瑚岛礁周围的最大爬高几乎没有影响。 相似文献