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1.
氯盐干湿环境下受弯横向裂缝对钢筋混凝土耐久性影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了研究持续开裂状态下横向裂缝对钢筋混凝土结构耐久性的影响特性,开展了8根受弯开裂钢筋混凝土梁构件的盐溶液干湿循环试验;借助无损检测技术和破损实测方法,分别对氯离子侵入量、钢筋半电池电位、腐蚀电流密度以及平均锈蚀率等进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,裂缝的存在将提高混凝土的渗透性,裂缝处及周围混凝土内的氯离子含量明显增大;对于一定裂缝分布状况的钢筋混凝土试验梁,内部钢筋的腐蚀电位、腐蚀电流密度以及平均锈蚀率均高于裂缝自愈及无裂缝的试验梁,并受到保护层厚度与裂缝开展状态的影响,其影响规律可用单位长度内的平均裂缝宽度与保护层厚度的比值wm/c来进行综合评价。综合试验结果,初步建议海洋干湿侵蚀环境下钢筋混凝土构件的最大裂缝宽度wmax宜小于0.003 3 c,相关结论可为海洋混凝土结构的耐久性设计提供参考。 相似文献
2.
围绕海洋混凝土结构的环境作用等级划分和耐久性设计参数限值,对国内外现行的混凝土结构耐久性设计规范进行了系统对比分析。首先分析了国内外14个国家和地区的32部混凝土结构耐久性设计规范的技术特点,然后对比了不同规范对于海洋氯盐环境条件和环境作用等级划分的依据和差异性,进而从最低混凝土强度等级、最大水胶比、最小胶凝材料用量、最小保护层厚度、抗氯离子渗透性指标限值、最大初始氯离子含量和最大裂缝宽度等方面,系统对比分析了不同规范对于海洋混凝土结构耐久性设计参数限值的差异性,为海洋混凝土结构的耐久性设计提供了参考。 相似文献
3.
系统阐述宁波舟山港主通道跨海工程混凝土结构耐久性评估与维护技术。首先介绍宁波舟山港主通道工程概况及100年使用年限的总体要求;确定耐久性极限状态为海洋氯离子侵入引起的钢筋表面脱钝。针对此极限状态,建立了氯离子侵入过程的耐久性评估模型,确定了不同暴露条件下模型参数的统计规律;根据混凝土保护层厚度的现场实测数据和修正的暴露条件下氯离子扩散系数,对模型参数进行了更新;考虑施工阶段混凝土构件的耐久性附加措施,以某标段非通航孔桥为例,使用全概率方法计算了各类混凝土桥梁构件的失效概率和可靠指标;最终在混凝土构件耐久性评估的基础上,提出了某标段非通航孔桥各类混凝土构件的基本维护制度和维护周期。 相似文献
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海洋环境下,码头等港口基础设施混凝土结构因受氯离子侵蚀而面临严峻的耐久性问题。目前对结构物的耐久性诊断主要通过定期人工检测的方式。随着传感器及通讯技术的发展,以监测手段为主的耐久性诊断得到越来越多的应用。监测、检测方法原理上的差别导致了基于两类数据实施的状态评估和寿命预测方法的不同。依托某高桩码头工程建立的耐久性监测系统,对阳极梯监测数据进行分析,并利用检测手段开展数据对比研究。已有监测数据显示,大部分监测点氯离子未渗透到传感器,码头状态良好。基于部分已出现腐蚀特征的传感器的监测数据计算得到构件寿命为58 a。进一步的实体结构氯离子浓度检测分析结果表明,氯离子渗透情况与阳极梯监测数据具有一致性。基于检测计算的构件寿命为63 a,监测数据计算的寿命较检测数据计算的寿命更短。 相似文献
5.
Probabilistic Durability Assessment of Concrete Structures in Marine Environments: Reliability and Sensitivity Analysis 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0 
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下载免费PDF全文 A probabilistic framework for durability assessment of concrete structures in marine environments was proposed in terms of reliability and sensitivity analysis, which takes into account the uncertainties under the environmental, material, structural and executional conditions. A time-dependent probabilistic model of chloride ingress was established first to consider the variations in various governing parameters, such as the chloride concentration, chloride diffusion coefficient, and age factor. Then the Nataf transformation was adopted to transform the non-normal random variables from the original physical space into the independent standard Normal space. After that the durability limit state function and its gradient vector with respect to the original physical parameters were derived analytically, based on which the first-order reliability method was adopted to analyze the time-dependent reliability and parametric sensitivity of concrete structures in marine environments. The accuracy of the proposed method was verified by comparing with the second-order reliability method and the Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, the influences of environmental conditions, material properties, structural parameters and execution conditions on the time-dependent reliability of concrete structures in marine environments were also investigated. The proposed probabilistic framework can be implemented in the decision-making algorithm for the maintenance and repair of deteriorating concrete structures in marine environments. 相似文献
6.
Partial equivalent conductances and partial equivalent volumes of the major constituents in seawater were used to evaluate the specific gravity-conductivity-chlorinity-salinity relationships in the marine environment. For example, in the open ocean, the relationships between Cl‰ and both S‰ and specific gravity are valid to within 0.014‰ and 0.014 σt, respectively. The relationships between conductivity and S‰ and specific gravity are valid to within 0.006‰ and 0.007 σt. In river diluted nearshore areas specific gravity anomalies inferred from Cl‰, can be as great as 0.06 σt and 0.04 σt when inferred from a conductivity ratio measurement. 相似文献
7.
Recently, multi-layered targets have become commonplace in both military and civilian applications, such as marine hulls, armored vehicle bodies, outside structures of bulletproof cars, and aerospace vessels. This paper studies the resistant performance of perforation in multi-layered targets. An estimation procedure is established based on the concepts of the conservation of momentum, impulse-momentum law, and conservation of energy. Experimental results of the test of Almohandes et al. are adopted to check the residual velocity of multi-layered targets. The results of the verification are good in terms of agreement for impact velocities ranging from 700 to 800 m/s, when the ratio of the projectile length to the projectile diameter (i.e. L/D) is 4.2, and the average residual velocity error of single, double- or triple-layered targets range approximately from 4.42 to 8.40%. The ballistic performance is best for the double target when the ratio of the first layer thickness to the total thickness (i.e. t1/(t1+t2)) is about 0.75, and the worse performance occurs when the ratio t1/(t1+t2) is 0.5. An air gap slightly influences the resistant performance of perforation in multi-layered targets. These results may serve as a useful reference for designers. 相似文献
8.
表面氯离子含量(C_s)是研究海洋环境条件下混凝土结构耐久性和服役寿命的氯离子扩散方程的边界条件,是海洋混凝土结构耐久性分析和定量设计的重要参数。依据国内外大量自然暴露试验与工程实测数据,通过采用Excel、Origin等数据分析软件进行数据统计和回归分析,确定了海洋混凝土结构表面自由氯离子含量(C_(sf))与表面总氯离子含量(C_(st))之间的相互关系,探讨了海洋混凝土结构的C_(sf)时变规律,建立了C_(sf)与暴露时间之间的关系表达式及其取值范围,并运用可靠度理论和修正氯离子扩散理论分析了C_(sf)时变性对海洋混凝土结构寿命的影响。结果表明:C_(sf)与C_(st)线性相关,且C_(sf)随着暴露时间的延长呈指数或者幂函数的增长关系;采用不同的C_(sf)时变性规律,对海洋混凝土结构寿命具有重大的影响。 相似文献
9.
To study the inhibitory effects of chloride ions on concrete sulfate attack in the marine adsorption environment, a series of cubic concrete specimens was fabricated. These specimens were totally submerged or partially submerged in 10% Na2SO4 solutions with 0, 0.5, 2, and 5% NaCl concentration. Three specific aspects, namely, superficial phenomenon, compressive strength degradation, and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry analysis, were studied during 450 days of long-term exposure. Results showed that Na2SO4 solution had a strong corrosive effect on concrete in both the adsorption and submersion zones, especially in the adsorption zone. Chloride ions exerted inhibitory effects on concrete sulfate attack in both the submersion and adsorption zones, and higher concentration of chloride ions will produce stronger inhibitory effects. However, given the different inhibitory effects of chloride ions on concrete sulfate attack with different corrosion mechanisms, the inhibitory effect of the same chloride concentration on concrete sulfate attack was a little lower in the adsorption zone than in the submersion zone. 相似文献
10.
采用线性极化电阻法,测试了C60全珊瑚海水混凝土（coral aggregate seawater concrete,简称CASC）的线性极化曲线、自腐蚀电位（Ecorr）和极化电阻（Rp）,研究了不同暴露时间、不同种类钢筋CASC的钢筋腐蚀行为,提出了提升岛礁CASC结构耐久性的建议措施。结果表明：随着暴露时间的延长,CASC的Ecorr和Rp均逐渐降低,钢筋的耐蚀性能逐渐减弱。不同种类钢筋CASC耐蚀性能规律为：316不锈钢筋优于有机新涂层钢筋,优于普通钢筋。即使暴露0 d,CASC中普通钢筋仍会发生锈蚀,表明普通钢筋在不附加任何防腐措施的条件下不适用于岛礁CASC结构。综合分析阻锈效果和成本因素,316不锈钢筋的性价比明显低于有机新涂层钢筋,建议岛礁CASC工程优先选用有机新涂层钢筋。 相似文献
11.
对服役12年的华南某跨海大桥典型构件开展碳化性能、氯离子扩散性能等指标的耐久性检测,评估了海水环境下掺粉煤灰的高性能混凝土长期耐久性。研究表明:随高程的增加混凝土碳化深度逐渐增大,其中大气区浪溅区水位变动区,碳化作用对粉煤灰混凝土结构耐久性的影响较小;粉煤灰可显著提升实体结构混凝土抗氯离子侵蚀性能,粉煤灰高性能混凝土的氯离子扩散系数不大于0.40×10-12m2/s,比普通混凝土氯离子扩散系数降低了约6倍;利用规范计算了引桥承台混凝土中氯离子含量计算值,其计算值与实测值吻合较好,可用于实体工程混凝土结构的耐久性评估,评估结果显示采用粉煤灰高性能的桥梁典型构件满足100年设计使用寿命的要求。 相似文献
12.
Pumping rate of a mud shrimp,Callianassa japonica, in its burrow was measured by continuous monitoring of dye concentration in the burrow water. Measurement of dilution in
two directions from stained overlying seawater to normal burrow water andvice versa, gave no significant difference in results. The rate of exchange (v) of burrow water was estimated from,v=(u
t−u
0)V/(m−u
t−1)t, whereV is volume of burrow water,u
0,u
t−1 andu
tis dye concentration of burrow water at time 0,t−1 andt, respectively, andm is dye concentration of overlying water. The pumping rate ranged from 0.63 to 5.46 ml min−1, which corresponded to a turnover time for the burrow water of 7–51 min. Short term changes in the pumping rate were correlated
to intermittent behaviour of the shrimp in the burrow. 相似文献
13.
沿海地区氯盐侵蚀会对混凝土结构造成严重的耐久性问题,混凝土设计使用寿命难以保障。对于新建工程,若在自由水含量较高混凝土养护期进行电迁阻锈处理,则有利于电迁移性阻锈剂在钢筋周围聚集以达到更佳的阻锈效果。为此,针对两种电迁移性阻锈剂对处于氯盐侵蚀环境中的混凝土适用性展开研究,并测试了干湿循环前后混凝土内钢筋电化学参数、氯离子扩散特征及钢筋周围电迁移性阻锈剂含量研究两种电迁移性阻锈剂对混凝土耐久性保障的作用。结果表明,试验中养护期介入电迁阻锈后试件阻锈效果良好,经过干湿循环后钢筋腐蚀电位正向高于-162.6 m V,同时,钢筋附近出现明显的阻锈剂聚集现象,能保持钢筋的钝化状态。 相似文献
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模拟海洋大气腐蚀试验方法的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文以不同浓度的天然海水、人造海水和氯化钠溶液对五种钢材进行了试验,结果表明,采用天然海水喷雾模拟性和试验重现性为最佳,腐蚀形态与海洋环境腐蚀结果基本一致· 相似文献
16.
Higher plant n-alkane average chain length as an indicator of petrogenic hydrocarbon contamination in marine sediments 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The n-alkane average chain length (ACL) is the weight-averaged number of carbon atoms of the higher plant C25–C33 n-alkanes. The abundance of individual n-alkanes from higher plant sources generally increases with increasing carbon number in coastal marine sediments around Taiwan, but this trend is reversed for petrogenic hydrocarbons. The ACL would potentially be lowered if petrogenic hydrocarbons were added to sediments containing biogenic hydrocarbons alone. To test this idea, a marine environment off southwestern Taiwan known to contain both biogenic and petrogenic hydrocarbons and two nearby rivers were selected for investigating possible difference in ACL values between their sediments. The average CPI of C25–C33 n-alkanes was 4.08 ± 2.04 (range 1.90–8.96, n = 15) for the river sediments and 1.70 ± 0.16 (range 1.43–1.97, n = 15) for the marine sediments. The ACL of C25–C33 n-alkanes for river sediments ranged from 29.2 to 30.5 (average 29.9 ± 0.4), and for marine sediments from 28.4 to 29.3 (average 28.9 ± 0.3). The ACL difference between marine and river sediments was significant (Student's t test at 99% confidence) although it appeared small. It is suggested that the ACL can be an additional indicator for detection of petrogenic hydrocarbons in coastal marine sediments. 相似文献
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H. Searl Dunn 《Ocean Engineering》1977,4(1):23-39
The optimum performance of a simple Rankine cycle ocean thermal energy conversion plant is investigated analytically. It is shown that the ratio of maximum net power output to heat exchanger surface area varies as H(Δt − t0)2 where H describes the overall heat transfer properties of the evaporator and condenser, Δt is the temperature difference between the warm and cold sea water supplies, and t0 is a parameter depending primarily upon the pressure drops across the warm and cold sea water pumping systems. The model is relatively insensitive to the choice of working fluid, although ammonia is used as the illustrative example. 相似文献
19.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(1):281-300
Fishery-dependent and fishery-independent distribution analyses together reveal four discrete areas of white stumpnose Rhabdosargus globiceps abundance between Port Nolloth and the Kei River off the Cape Province of South Africa: the Western Cape (Saldanha Bay), the South-Western Cape, the Southern Cape and the South-Eastern Cape. On the basis of migratory patterns determined from tagging and catch data, and on differences in growth rate and size-at-maturity, it is concluded that these areas of abundance represent four separate stocks. Each stock apparently disperses offshore in winter (to c. 130 m depth) and concentrates inshore (<60 m depth) in response to ocean ographic patterns during summer. Growth rate and size-at-50% maturity (L 50) increased clinally from the South-Eastern Cape through to the South-Western Cape, and in all three regions males matured at larger size than females. Sizes at maturity for male and female R. globiceps were respectively 18.6 and 15.3 cm (fork length, FL) in the South-Eastern Cape, 22.1 and 18.1 cm in the Southern Cape and 24.3 and 23.6 cm in the South-Western Cape. The fitted Von Bertalanffy growth equations for the three regions were: Lt = 349 (1?e?0.114(t+3.60)) mm for the South-Eastern Cape; Lt = 337 (1?e?0.207(t+1.05)) mm for the Southern Cape; and Lt = 379 (1?e?0.290(t+0.16)) mm for the South-Western Cape. Maximum ages recorded in each region were 21 years for the South-Western Cape, 20 years for the Southern Cape and 10 years for the South-Eastern Cape. Lack of older fish in the South-Eastern Cape sample, attributed to inadequate sample size, has probably resulted in overestimates of both L ∞ and K in this region. Spawning is from August to February, with a peak in spring (September–November). Early juvenile R. globiceps recruit into estuarine and surf-zone marine nursery areas at around 2–5cm (±3 months), but move progressively farther offshore with growth; those trawled deeper than 50 m east of Cape Agulhas were predominantly adults (20–35 cm FL). Because of cooler water temperatures west of Cape Agulhas, adults there are found from the surf zone to depths of only 20 m in summer. 相似文献
20.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(3):289-295
The processes of bioaccumulation and elimination of cadmium by tissues of Styela clava (Herdman 1881) were investigated based on a semi-static two-compartment model. The kinetic parameters (accumulation rate constant k 1, elimination rate constant k 2, bioconcentration factor BCF, biological half-life t 1/2 and maximum equilibrium concentration C Amax) were obtained by non-linear regression. The results showed that S. clava accumulates cadmium from its aquatic environment. BCF decreased with increasing metal concentration in the water, and when the accumulation achieved balance, C Amax correlated positively with metal concentrations in the water. Concentrations of cadmium in different tissues of S. clava were: gonad > digestive gland ≈ other parts > tunic. The t 1/2 values for cadmium were 15.54-50.40 days in the accumulation process and 11.53-24.55 days in the elimination phase. The high rate of accumulation and elimination of cadmium from the body reveals the potential of the organism to be used as a biomonitor of short-term cadmium fluctuation in marine systems. 相似文献