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岩浆侵入的流体流动模拟表明.侵入体上方是流体聚焦流动的位置,流体通量远大于旁侧围岩,流体在此产生沸腾作用.随温度降低,侵入体上方渗透率逐渐增大,最大渗透率出现在侵入体的顶部.含水岩浆侵位后在其顶上带发生二次沸腾和减压过程,释放出的巨大机械能远大于围岩的抗张强度,足以引起围岩发生脆性破坏.岩浆岩顶上带的水饱和外壳及其围岩发生破裂形成陡倾裂隙和水力破裂.直立长椭球状岩浆体的侵入会在岩浆岩顶上带产生放射状和同心圆状裂隙,同时产生爆破角砾岩筒.因此侵入体顶上带的岩钟、岩枝、岩脉,放射状、同心圆状裂隙和角砾岩筒均为构造弱化带,是热液矿脉密集发育的部位.矿床地质学研究已充分证明.岩浆岩顶上带确是容纳与中酸性岩浆有关的热液矿床的最佳部位.在开展深部成矿预测和找矿的过程中,探寻隐伏岩体项上带和/或岩钟.是寻找深部与花岗岩类有关的多金属矿床的捷径. 相似文献
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对东川因民铁铜矿区辉长岩类侵入体的侵入构造几何学特征、物质组成和储矿构造样式进行研究,认为侵入构造特征复杂,辉长岩类以岩墙、岩床、岩株、岩枝和岩脉等产出,受落(雪)因(民)复式褶皱-断裂带核部及核部发育的SN向、NE向和NW向断裂控制,辉长岩类侵入体在空间上与铁铜矿体关系密切。从侵入构造中心向外具有三大构造岩相学分带,依次为侵入构造岩相带→热液蚀变角砾岩相带(体)→液压致裂-碎裂岩化相带,即侵入构造带(侵入角砾岩相带+含矿隐爆角砾岩相)→热液角砾岩体(筒)(热液角砾岩相+含矿热液角砾岩相)→断裂裂隙破碎带(含矿液压致裂角砾岩+含铜硫化物脉带)是本区主要含矿构造岩相带,是寻找和预测深部隐伏IOCG型矿体和热液型脉带状铜矿体的直接找矿预测标志。辉长岩类侵入体与落因复式褶皱-断裂带、小溜口岩组与因民组之间不整合面构造等形成了构造复合和储矿构造样式的多样性。本区储矿构造样式主要有辉长岩类侵入构造、隐爆角砾岩筒(带)和钠长石角砾岩筒(带),落因复式褶皱-断裂带与辉长岩类侵入体的复合叠加构造、辉长岩类侵入体与不整合面之间的叠加构造等,控制了不同类型矿化组合和矿床类型(成矿多样性)。在因民铁铜矿区深部小溜口岩组及落因背斜东翼,围绕辉长岩类侵入构造带是今后寻找IOCG矿床的主要靶位。 相似文献
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方维萱 《大地构造与成矿学》2016,(2):237-265
含矿热液角砾岩类和非含矿角砾岩类的成岩成矿机制、独立填图单元确定和构造岩相学填图等问题,一直是困惑地质学家的难题。有效解决这些难题,对于研究和恢复矿田构造具有重要价值。在热液角砾岩成岩成矿系统中,热液角砾岩类不但是流体–岩石的多期次地球化学耦合与叠加作用、强烈流体交代作用的物理–化学反应库,也是各类叠加地质作用过程和结果的构造岩相学物质记录。因此,对其深入研究有助于提升成岩成矿系统理论认识水平。在综述以往研究基础上,本文提出了热液角砾岩构造系统概念、研究内容、研究方法和技术组合。在对角砾岩相系分类基础上,针对热液角砾岩相系的复杂性,通过岩相学填图实例解剖,总结专项填图中构造岩相学填图单元建立方法和填图技术,探索采用岩相学填图恢复热液角砾岩构造系统的新方法及技术组合。通过专项研究认为热液角砾岩系统主要形成有利的构造地质背景有:(1)复式侵入岩体在多期次岩浆侵入过程中,岩浆结晶分异和不混溶作用、岩浆冷却与围岩–先存构造多重耦合过程、同岩浆侵入期的脆韧性剪切带耦合、侵入岩体在后期构造–流体叠加过程等,对于形成热液角砾岩构造系统有利;(2)在火山岩相系中,早期次火山侵入体、晚期次火山岩侵入体和后期岩浆侵入岩体等,对于形成热液角砾岩体构造系统十分有利;(3)在沉积盆地后期叠加改造过程中,先存火山角砾岩、岩溶角砾岩和沉积角砾岩相系等,在后期盆地流体注入和多期次岩浆侵入过程中,有利于形成叠加热液角砾岩体构造系统;(4)在多期次的构造–岩浆–角砾岩杂岩带中,有利于形成热液角砾岩构造系统。研究认为多期次岩浆侵入体、火山–次火山岩侵入体和盆地中热流体是形成热液角砾岩构造系统的主要机制,包括与多期次复式侵入体有关的岩浆热液角砾岩构造系统、火山–次火山热液角砾岩构造系统、构造热液角砾岩构造系统和复合热液角砾岩系统等,它们均属矿田构造类型,也是多矿种共生矿床的成岩成矿机制。采用构造岩相学专项填图技术,对不同类型热液角砾岩构造系统及成岩成矿中心进行重建,有助于寻找和发现深部隐蔽构造和隐伏铁氧化物铜金型(IOCG)矿床找矿预测。 相似文献
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安徽宣城茶亭铜金矿床是近年来在长江中下游浅覆盖区之南陵—宣城中—新生代火山—沉积盆地中新发现的一个大型矿床。文章以赋矿石英闪长玢岩侵入体内发育的隐爆角砾岩为对象，通过详细的钻孔岩心观察和显微岩相学研究，确定其地质特征并探讨其与成矿的关系。根据钻孔岩心观察确定的岩石构造特征及钻孔剖面圈定的角砾岩空间分布特征，茶亭铜金矿床发育的隐爆角砾岩呈上大下小的不规则筒状体，被隐伏的石英闪长玢岩侵入体包孕。根据角砾特征以及角砾间的裂隙和胶结物特征，可将隐爆角砾岩划分为隐爆浆屑角砾岩、隐爆热液角砾岩和隐爆破裂角砾岩三类，三类隐爆角砾岩空间上有规律地分布，以隐爆浆屑角砾岩为中心向外或向上依次过渡为隐爆热液角砾岩→隐爆破裂角砾岩→石英闪长玢岩。基于隐爆角砾岩与蚀变和矿化的关系推测，岩浆—气液隐蔽爆破作用所产生的大量裂隙为后期含矿岩浆热液和大气降水热液的运移、交代、混合乃至卸载、沉淀成矿提供了有利的构造空间。茶亭铜金矿床的矿体赋存于浅成斑岩侵入体中，其围岩蚀变类型与分带，以及矿化呈细粒浸染状和细脉—网脉状等地质特征显示其与斑岩型矿床极为相似，但矿化富集部位与隐爆角砾岩筒（体） 的一致，且矿床同时发育角砾状、脉状、团块状矿化，矿脉中发育热液硬石膏甚至形成硬石膏岩等地质特征又明显不同于斑岩型矿床。因此，文章将茶亭铜金矿床确定为一个与中酸性浅成斑岩侵入体密切相关的隐爆角砾岩型矿床。 相似文献
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白锡腊矿段深部铁铜矿体属于与碱性钛铁质辉长岩侵入体有关的铁氧化物铜金型(IOCG)矿床。采用井巷工程构造岩相学填图技术,对云南东川白锡腊碱性钛铁质辉长岩类侵入体的侵入构造系统和控矿规律进行研究,认为滥泥坪-白锡腊铁铜矿段深部IOCG矿体产于碱性钛铁质辉长岩类侵入体的边缘,古火山机构、碱性钛铁质辉长岩侵入体、隐爆角砾岩体、多期叠加断裂构造和裂隙破碎带等是白锡腊IOCG矿床的控制构造组合样式。在辉长岩类侵入体中发育的脆韧性剪切带、热液角砾岩带和断裂-裂隙带等构造岩相学部位,构造-热流体耦合和水岩反应强烈,形成了蚀变构造岩相带。IOCG矿体的储矿构造类型为辉长岩类侵入体的膨大与转折部位的底部和产状变化部位、隐爆角砾岩和构造裂隙破碎带等。辉长岩侵入体的过渡相、含矿隐爆角砾岩相和蚀变构造岩相带等,它们是隐伏IOCG矿床的直接找矿预测标志。预测在白锡腊矿段深部和白锡腊-哑巴峡倒转背斜-断裂破碎带北翼深部具较大找矿前景,是寻找大型IOCG矿床有望靶区。 相似文献
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岩浆中心成矿系——岩浆岩体和矿床组合的空间分带理想模式 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
系统总结和分析了当前大量热液金属矿床与岩浆岩体的空间和成因关系,参考首先由俄罗斯地球化学家提出的以矿床为中心的元素地球化学理想分带模式,提出了以岩浆岩为中心的矿床理想分布模式--“岩浆中心成矿系”。该模式以侵入近地表含水围岩的岩浆岩体顶部为中心,一个完整的高温矿床→中温矿床→低温矿床从内带-过渡带-中带-外带有规律分布。内带主要为Nb、Ta、Hf、Li等经常在岩浆岩体内生成的矿床,形态受岩浆岩体控制,多为等轴状;过渡带为W、Sn、Mo、Bi等高温热液矿床,形态以三维等轴状为主;中带为Cu、Pb、Zn等中温矿床,以透镜状、脉状为主;外带为Au、Hg、Sb等低温矿床,矿体呈脉状、串珠状,受构造线控制,顺从构造线分布。矿床系列围绕岩浆中心成矿有独特的形成过程：岩浆岩侵入含水围岩后,形成局部高温度场并导致热液和矿床物质循环和温度场内的时空温度差是岩浆中心成矿系形成的关键。在理想模式下产生的个体(岩体矿床组合体）同时受到形成条件的影响：岩浆体侵入的深度、围岩的岩性或含水性,岩浆的物理化学性质、侵入温度、岩浆规模都会导致岩浆中心成矿系的完整性和形态等变异。 相似文献
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从区域尺度和矿床尺度两个方面论述了斑岩铜矿系统的特点.区域尺度上：1）斑岩铜矿多呈矿带或成矿域出现,带内众多斑岩铜矿呈簇或组合呈线状产出,这是构造作用控制下不连续岩株呈线状侵入就位的表现; 2）主要产于俯冲作用形成的岛弧和陆缘环境,构造应力属挤压但与中等拉张作用也有关,最近的研究证实大陆碰撞造山带也是斑岩型矿床产出的重要环境;3）其形成是通过具氧化性,S饱和,富含金属的岩浆熔体侵入所致,岩浆侵入作用为成矿提供了物质来源; 4）围岩的物理性质以及化学组成对矿床的规模、品位以及矿化类型具有极强的控制作用,碳酸盐岩围岩主要赋存近源Cu-Au夕卡岩矿床,少量远程Zn-Pb或Au夕卡岩矿床,在夕卡岩前缘还形成交代型Cu和Zn-Pb-Ag±Au矿床.矿床尺度上：1）含矿斑岩与斑岩型矿床时空相依,成因相联,是斑岩铜矿重要的含矿母岩和金属-S的可能载体;2）火山角砾岩筒在深部与矿化体平行或斜交,其与围岩的接触带,一般也是富硫金成矿带的一部分;3）与矿化有关的斑岩成矿系统内的角砾岩主要有爆发角砾岩、侵入角砾岩、爆发侵入角砾岩、热液角砾岩和热液卵石脉;4）斑岩铜矿系统中的热液蚀变自下而上可分为不含矿的早期钠质-钙质蚀变→含矿的钾化→绿泥石化-绢云母化→绢云母化→高级泥化,热液蚀变互相套合,矿化互相叠加;5）岩帽是斑岩型热液-成矿活动-蚀变体系的重要组成部分,是重要的找矿标志. 相似文献
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Laurani矿床是玻利维亚Altiplano盆地内典型的高硫化浅成低温热液矿床,发现和开采历史悠久,但研究程度低,控矿因素和找矿潜力不清。通过矿床地质特征精细解剖,文章查明了该矿床控矿因素,分析了深部找矿潜力。研究表明,构造-岩浆作用为其主导性控矿因素。火山穹窿构造与环状断裂约束了矿床的定位,侵入接触构造、爆破角砾岩筒和NE向断裂裂隙控制了矿体(脉)的形成和展布。岩浆岩为二长花岗斑岩、英安岩/英安斑岩和凝灰岩组合,属于高钾钙碱性、钾玄岩系列,具有较一致的锆石U-Pb年龄(约7.5 Ma),反映它们为晚中新世同期岩浆活动的产物。该矿床发育斑岩型Au-Cu、爆破角砾岩型Au-Cu、接触带型Cu-Au-Ag和热液脉型Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn四类不同产出特征的矿(化)体。成矿元素组合分带显著,平面上Huari Humana断裂上盘为Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn组合,下盘为Ag-Pb-Zn组合;垂向上深部为Au-Cu元素组合,浅部为Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn元素组合。热液蚀变强且分带明显,平面上以英安斑岩为中心,从内至外依次为黄铁绢英岩化带→青磐岩化带→碳酸盐化带,泥化带不同程度地叠加在黄铁绢英岩化带和青磐岩化带内,石英-明矾石化-重晶石化主要沿热液脉型矿体及其旁侧分布;垂向上从深至浅依次为黄铁绢英岩化带→青磐岩化带→泥化带;钾硅酸盐化带目前尚未揭露,可能产在深部。成矿后弱构造作用使矿床得以较好保存,结合钻孔揭露深部存在斑岩型、爆破角砾岩型矿化,笔者认为Laurani矿床深部具有寻找斑岩型矿体的较大潜力。 相似文献
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云南马厂箐多金属矿床地质地球化学特征及成矿机制探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
云南马厂箐多金属矿床是金沙江-哀牢山构造带上与喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩有关的Cu、Mo、Au 成矿的典型代表之一。矿体（脉）的产出与富碱斑岩体（脉）在空间上共存、时间上相近或稍晚、成因上密切相关, 蚀变和成矿分带明显。岩体内产出斑岩型Mo、Cu 矿化, 以Mo 矿化为主; 岩体与围岩接触带产出接触交代型Cu、Mo、Au、Fe 矿化, 以Cu、Fe 矿化为主, Au 矿化较弱; 而距接触带稍远的围岩地层中则产出Au、Pb、Zn 矿化。流体包裹体研究表明, 从马厂箐矿段→乱硐山矿段→人头箐-金厂箐矿段, 流体包裹体具有相态组合逐渐简单, 温度、盐度逐渐降低, 成矿压力逐渐减小, 成矿深度逐渐变浅的趋势。同位素地球化学研究表明, 马厂箐Cu、Mo、Au 多金属矿属于同一个岩浆和流体成矿系统在不同物理化学条件下的产物, 表现出随流体成矿作用的进行, 矿化由斑岩体内部向接触带和围岩地层推进, 富碱岩浆和地幔流体作用逐渐减弱, 而围岩地层的影响则逐渐增强, 流体性质由幔源向壳幔混合直至壳源为主演化。最后探讨了马厂箐Cu、Mo、Au 多金属矿的成矿机制, 并初步预测该矿床具有较好的深部成矿潜力。 相似文献
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《International Geology Review》2012,54(4):285-311
Porphyry copper deposits are the major source of copper and significant sources of molybdenum, gold, and other metals. They are associated with the near-surface intrusion of small stocks of intermediate composition. They can form when H2O-unsaturated magma is emplaced into wall rock that is cool enough that steep lateral thermal gradients create a narrow solidification front. At depths less than ～4 km, cooling and crystallization cause fluid saturation to occur within sidewall magma that is mobile because it contains less than ～25% suspended crystals. After a sufficient volume of bubbles forms, mobile sidewall magma buoyantly rises instead of sinking. The bubbles expand as they decompress, and at depths of ～2 km they become large enough to rise on their own. separate from the upwelled magma, and charge the cupola at the top of the stock with magmatic fluid. The partially degassed magma sinks into the interior of the stock. Upwelling of saturated sidewall magma entrains deeper-seated, nearly saturated magma, which decompresses and saturates as it rises. As the system cools, the depth of H2O saturation and sidewall upwelling increases. Bubbles of copper-rich fluid are generated where the saturation front extends to depths of ～6 km or more. Overall, the system is cooling, but the upward advection of heat maintains the cupola region at roughly constant position for the life of convective upwelling along the sidewalls. Porphyry copper ore deposits can form where draining of the fluid pocket beneath a cupola is steady and a large volume of magma is cycled through the system. Magma in the stock that escapes to intrude commonly has a porphyritic texture because crystal growth is enhanced, and nucleation is suppressed when the magma is H2O saturated. Porphyry copper deposits of common size can form during the solidification of large stocks. Super-giant porphyry copper deposits can form where the saturation front propagates from a stock into an underlying batholithic chamber with a magma volume on the order of 1000 km3 and a top at depths of 10 to 15 km. 相似文献
13.
矿床形成深度与深部成矿预测 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
阐述了不同类型内生矿床的成矿深度和金属沉淀的垂直范围。热液成矿作用的深度下限可以下降到10000～12000m。不同类型矿床的成矿深度范围与成矿时的具体地质构造特征有关,且有很大的变化空间。金属矿床的形成深度受成矿母岩岩浆侵位深度的约束,而岩浆侵位的深度又与岩浆中挥发组分的数量、流体释放的时间、成矿元素的矿物/熔体和溶液/熔体分配系数等因素有关。据此可以解释斑岩铜-(钼)、斑岩钼-(铜)和斑岩钨矿床形成深度的差异。地温梯度和多孔岩石的渗透率也与成矿深度有关。CO2等挥发组分的溶解度对压力非常敏感,因此流体包裹体地质压力计对于成矿深度的确定有重要的应用价值。在开展深部成矿预测和找矿时,探寻隐伏岩体顶上带或岩钟是寻找深部与花岗岩有关的多金属矿床的捷径之一。 相似文献
14.
摘要：阐述了不同类型内生矿床的成矿深度和金属沉淀的垂直范围。热液成矿作用的深度下限可以下降到10000～12000m。不同类型矿床的成矿深度范围与成矿时的具体地质构造特征有关,且有很大的变化空间。金属矿床的形成深度受成矿母岩岩浆侵位深度的约束,而岩浆侵位的深度又与岩浆中挥发组分的数量、流体释放的时间、成矿元素的矿物/熔体和溶液/熔体分配系数等因素有关。据此可以解释斑岩铜－（钼）、斑岩钼-(铜)和斑岩钨矿床形成深度的差异。地温梯度和多孔岩石的渗透率也与成矿深度有关。CO2等挥发组分的溶解度对压力非常敏感,因此流体包裹体地质压力计对于成矿深度的确定有重要的应用价值。在开展深部成矿预测和找矿时,探寻隐伏岩体顶上带或岩钟是寻找深部与花岗岩有关的多金属矿床的捷径之一。 相似文献
15.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(1):43-65
Porphyry copper deposits sometimes form during the solidification of stocks of relatively oxidized magma of intermediate composition. Most workers have assumed ore-forming systems have special chemical attributes, but none has been found that is useful to guide exploration efforts. Stocks can form where strike–slip movements generate pull-apart pathways into which intrusions can rise from batholithic magma chambers. Upwelling of buoyant, bubble-bearing magma along the sides of a stock brings magmatic fluid to shallow depths where large bubbles can separate and pool under the cupola separating solidified igneous rock from mobile magma. Where rapid seismogenic movement on the bounding strike–slip fault ruptures the solidified, but hot and ductile carapace, downward propagating extension fractures can drain an accumulation of magmatic fluid. Decompression and cooling of fluid that jets upward into extension fractures causes mineral precipitation. Where strike–slip movements cause pull-aparts to dilate with sufficient recurrences – from decades to perhaps a century or so, throttling of the fluid accumulation acts as a safety valve that prevents explosive detonation of the system. Concurrently, the upward infiltration of magmatic fluid from the cupola is strongly focused into the pull-apart and generates the characteristic concentric alteration zones that guide exploration drilling. We conclude that porphyry copper ore deposits form where strike–slip movements are concurrent with the early stages of deep-seated bubbling (?6 km) along the walls of a rapidly cooling stock of magma. Supergiant deposits form where the bubbling front extends into the top of a parent batholith. 相似文献
16.
The Horní Slavkov–Krásno Sn–W ore district is hosted by strongly altered Variscan topaz–albite granite (Krudum granite body) on the northwestern margin of the Bohemian Massif. We studied the fluid inclusions on greisens, ore pockets, and ore veins from the Hub Stock, an apical expression of the Krudum granite. Fluid inclusions record almost continuously the post-magmatic cooling history of the granite body from ～500 to <50°C. Rarely observed highest-temperature (～500°C) highest-salinity (～30?wt.% NaCl eq.) fluid inclusions are probably the result of secondary boiling of fluids exsolved from the crystallizing magma during pressure release which followed hydraulic brecciation of the gneissic mantle above the granite cupola. The greisenization was related to near-critical low-salinity (0–7?wt.% NaCl eq.) aqueous fluids with low amount of CO2, CH4, and N2 (≤10?mol% in total) at temperatures of ～350–400°C and pressures of 300–530 bar. Crush-leach data display highly variable and negatively correlated I/Cl and Br/Cl values which are incompatible with both orthomagmatic and/or metamorphic origin of the fluid phase, but can be explained by infiltration of surficial and/or sedimentary fluids. Low fluid salinity indicates a substantial portion of meteoric waters in the fluid mixture that is in accordance with previous stable isotope data. The post-greisenization fluid activity associated with vein formation and argillitization is characterized by decreasing temperature (<350 to <50°C), decreasing pressure (down to ～50–100 bar), and mostly also decreasing salinity. 相似文献
17.
18.
The Ohio and Mt. Baldy mining districts near Marysvale, Utah, are situated within a calc-alkalic rock assemblage of the Bullion Canyon Volcanics. The assemblage is divisible into three portions: 1) a lower laharic sequence of epiclastic breccias and autobreccias, 2) a middle portion containing mostly lava flows, including a dacite flow with cupola magma characteristics, and tuff and lapilli breccias, and 3) an upper portion containing a local volcanic vent complex and the ash-flow Delano Peak Tuff Member. Fissuring and veining accompanied magmatic doming. Vein types include: 1) early-stage quartz veins, 2) preproductive main-stage quartz veins, 3) productive main-stage quartz veins, and 4) alunite veins. Each vein of the latter two types is surrounded by advanced argillic, sericitic, argillic, and propylitic alteration halos. Environmental changes during vein fluid deposition account for a district wide zonation of vein types: 1) the boiling level accounts for bonanza precious metal deposits at shallower depths than base metal deposits, and 2) a change from an alkaline or neutral state to an acidic, oxygenated environment, near the paleo-water table, accounts for the presence of alunite veins at shallower depths than ore-bearing veins. Vein mineralogy and texture, wallrock alteration, and geologic structure suggest that an unexposed, ore-generating pluton underlies the area and that the districts represent fringe area mineralization and surface expression of a postulated, ore-bearing pluton. 相似文献
19.
Endogreisen and exogreisen weakly mineralized with Bi, Sn, and Mo are associated with two of three granite porphyry (granite) cupolas hosted in Silurian metasedimentary rocks at True Hill, southwestern New Brunswick. The epizonal, weakly peraluminous and compositionally evolved True Hill granite is quartz and K-feldspar porphyritic; groundmass textures, such as granophyric patches, miarolitic cavities, and pegmatite pods, are indicative of rapid cooling and vapor saturation.The greisen mineralization in cupolas B and C is overprinted by various types of alteration, reflecting multi-stage devolatilization of the magma. The most intense topaz-bearing greisen is confined mainly to the apical parts of the granite. In places, fluorite is associated with silicification, sericitization, and chloritization, which is common to greisen-type alteration. The alteration types reflect the physical and chemical changes in the hydrothermal fluid that was derived principally by second boiling of the magma. Al-normalized, mass-balanced geochemical data supported by petrographic observations show that in the greisenized True Hill granite, Fe, Mn and Mg enrichment corresponds to chlorite and/or Fe-muscovite alteration and are coincident with leaching of Na and K and deposition of SiO2. Ca was remobilized in the greisen environment, but erratically deposited as fluorite. Minor P and LREE enrichment are reflected by the presence of monazite in the greisen. The HFSE are mobile to a minor degree, based on correlations with elements known to be hydrothermally mobile. The base metals correlate with S and other ore-forming elements. The distribution of many of the trace elements is related to alteration, including the leaching of alkalis, which leads to the stabilization of aluminosilicates, principally muscovite and topaz. The distribution of trace elements reflects their relative mobility during greisenization, with high-field-strength elements (Zr and Ti) the most immobile and the lithophile and chalcophile elements the most mobile. Breccias and greisen alteration in cupola C at True Hill are similar to those at the base of the W-Mo-Bi porphyry-greisen in the Fire Tower zone above the Mount Pleasant fine-grained granite. 相似文献