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1.
Earth fissures in Jiangsu Province,China and geological investigation of Hetang earth fissure 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Earth fissures are a geohazard in Jiangsu Province, China. They can be caused by earthquakes and active faults, underground
mining, groundwater extraction and landslides. In order to establish a provincial rehabilitation plan in Jiangsu, a range
of monitoring programs, surveys, geological investigations and modeling have been implemented or planned. One of the focuses
of the project is the land subsidence and earth fissures caused by excessive groundwater withdrawal in Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou
(Su-Xi-Chang) area, southern Jiangsu Province. Hetang earth fissure within the Su-Xi-Chang area was first reported in 1995
and a series of investigation has been conducted since then. The site investigations and geophysical survey in 1997 have recognized
the causative factor as the excessive groundwater drawdown coupled by the underlying bedrock ridge. An open trench excavation
in 2007 and a plane strain analysis suggest that Hetang earth fissures may have cracked from the bedrock ridge to ground surface.
Geological drilling in 2007 has further confirmed the existence and configuration of the ridge and extracted soil samples
for laboratory tests to obtain soil parameters for numerical analyses and modeling of land subsidence and earth fissures in
the Su-Xi-Chang area, Jiangsu, China. The laboratory tests are currently in progress and the result of numerical analyses
and modeling is expected to be presented in the near future. 相似文献
2.
Land subsidence and earth fissures due to groundwater withdrawal in the Southern Yangtse Delta,China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Yun Zhang Yu-Qun Xue Ji-Chun Wu Jun Yu Zi-Xin Wei Qin-Fen Li 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(4):751-762
Excessive extraction of groundwater has caused severe land subsidence and earth fissures in the Southern Yangtse Delta, China.
Based on field data, the temporal and spatial distribution of land subsidence is investigated and the causes for earth fissures
are analyzed. The areal distribution of the land subsidence is closely related to the cones of depression in the main exploited
aquifers. The compaction of a hydrostratigraphic unit depends on its mechanical behavior, thickness, compressibility, and
the piezometric level changing. The primary subsidence layers in Shanghai have been the first aquitard before 1990 and the
third confined aquifer since then. But the second aquitard unit was the primary subsidence layer in Changzhou. Earth fissures,
trending in several directions, occurred in the Husu tectonic zone. They were mainly caused by differential subsidence and
horizontal displacement that resulted from tensile stress and shear stress in units. The majority of fissures in the study
area are tensile. 相似文献
3.
G. Y. Wang Greg Guanlin You B. Shi S. L. Wu J. Q. Wu 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,61(5):1085-1093
Jiangyin County is in the infamous Su–Xi–Chang land subsidence area caused by excessive groundwater withdrawal in Jiangsu
province, China. The maximum accumulated land subsidence reached 1,310 mm near the centre of the subsiding trough in 2006
in southern Jiangyin, and earth fissures of significant vertical offsets have been observed at Changjing, Hetang and Wenlin
which form an arc towards the subsidence trough. An ancient Yangtze River course is found underlying and passing through the
depression in southern Jiangyin, forming a local basin surrounded by outcropped bedrock ridges in the north and south. The
Quaternary stratigraphy demonstrates significant heterogeneities in the basin; the second confined aquifer is much thicker
and deeper and encapsulated inside the basin and absent above the ridges. The development of earth fissures along the Changjing–Hetang–Wenlin
arc might be a combination of an inward rotation of sediments due to a large differential subsidence, an inward movement driven
by seepage force and a steeper slope along the south-eastern shoulder of the basin that facilitates the development of horizontal
tensile strain and/or shear strain necessary for fissuring. The land subsidence has slowed down and no new earth fissure zone
has occurred in the area after the banning of deep groundwater extraction was enacted in 2001. 相似文献
4.
过量开采地下水诱发的地裂缝("采水型"地裂缝)灾害对社会造成严重损失,受到人们普遍关注。近几十年来,国内外学者对其成因机制进行了大量研究,取得了丰硕成果。本文系统分析了前人的研究成果,归纳出"采水型"地裂缝的差异沉降成因、拉张性水平应变成因和四种成因模式;然后针对中国三个典型的"采水型"地裂缝发育区,即汾渭盆地、华北平原、苏锡常地区,阐述了各地地裂缝分布、发育特征和成因机理,并选择典型地段地裂缝进行成因分析,认为汾渭盆地和华北平原地区部分地裂缝属于"先期断层模式",而苏锡常地区地裂缝总体属于"基岩起伏模式",并阐述了该模式下导致地裂缝发育的差异性变形、水平应变作用机理。 相似文献
5.
苏锡常地区地裂缝灾害危险性评价与预测 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
伍洲云 《水文地质工程地质》2004,31(1):28-31,51
苏锡常地区是我国近年来地裂缝灾害最为活跃的地区之一。作者在深入研究其灾害成因机理和形成过程的基础上 ,提取了基岩面起伏、浅部含水砂层差异、隐伏灰岩、浅部土层结构条件、累计地面沉降量、地面沉降速率和主采层水位共 7个主要影响因素 ,选用层次分析法确定权值 ,建立了苏锡常地裂缝危险性评价模型。以GIS软件Arcinfo为主要工具 ,利用其强大的空间分析功能 ,将各影响因素专题图层按照权重进行多重叠加操作 ,进行了不同时期地裂缝灾害危险性分区评价和发展趋势的预测。目前研究区地裂缝灾害危险性仍在增加 ,常州马杭镇与湖塘镇中间、武进横林镇铁路以北和无锡堰桥镇西北地区危险指数最大 ,是今后几年苏锡常地区防治地裂缝灾害的重点区域。 相似文献
6.
基于ANN的苏锡常地裂缝预测研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
伴随着地面沉降灾害的发生,地裂缝作为一种新的地质灾害出现在苏锡常平原上,已有十多年历史,给地区发展造成严重危害。作者在较详细地阐述区域地质背景基础上,着重分析了地下水位和地面沉降在地裂缝形成中的作用。确定了“起伏的基底外加地下水位和地面沉降作用”这一地裂缝成灾模式。研究认为地裂缝的发生与地下水及地面沉降之间不存在简单的线性关系。而是二者共同作用的结果,同时需要有量的配合。初步确定了水位埋深50m,地面沉降量达500mm这样一个苏锡常地区地裂缝的易发环境。通过文章的研究,使得苏锡常地区地裂缝的产生机制更加清晰。文中一些定性和半定量的分析结论将对该地区地裂缝防治区划产生指导作用。 相似文献
7.
由于长期过量开采地下水,苏州、无锡和常州（苏锡常）的局部地区地裂缝发育,在深层地下水禁采十多年后的今天有些地裂缝还在发展。地裂缝的发育及发展受到诸多因素的影响,其具体力学机制尚不明确。为了查明影响地裂缝发育的因素、确定各因素对地裂缝的影响程度,本文在苏锡常地裂缝发育现状的基础上,利用基于确定性系数计算权重法对苏锡常地裂缝发育危险性进行预测分区。模型考虑了基岩埋深、基岩坡度、累计地面沉降量、沉降坡度、第二含水层厚度、第二含水层厚度变化梯度、第二含水层水位降深、第四纪沉积相等8个主要影响因素,分析结果显示苏锡常地区北部地裂缝易发,东南部发生地裂缝的危险性较小。计算结果与苏锡常地裂缝的分布及发育情况基本一致,验证了该方法在地裂缝预测方面的有效性。本研究对苏锡常地区地下水开采及城市建设规划具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
8.
Earth fissures triggered by groundwater withdrawal and coupled by geological structures in Jiangsu Province,China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Earth fissures in Jiangsu Province, China have caused serious damages to properties, farmlands, and infrastructures and adversely
affected the local or regional economic development. Under the geological and environmental background in Jiangsu Province,
this paper presents the earth fissures caused by excessive groundwater withdrawal and coupled by distinctive geological structures
such as Ancient Yellow River Fault in Xuzhou karst area, and Ancient Yangtze River Course and bedrock hills in Suzhou, Wuxi,
and Changzhou area. Although all the earth fissures are triggered by groundwater exploitation, the characteristics are strongly
affected by the specific geological and hydrogeological settings. In particular, in the water-thirsty Xuzhou city, the cone
of depression caused by groundwater extraction enlarged nearly 20 times and the piezometric head of groundwater declined 17 m
over a decade. As groundwater is extracted from the shallowly buried karst strata in the Ancient Yellow River Fault zone,
the development of earth fissures is highly associated with the development of karstic cavities and sinkholes and their distribution
is controlled by the Ancient Yellow River Fault with all the 17 sinkholes on the fault. On the other hand, in the rapidly
developing Southern Jiangsu Province, groundwater is mainly pumped from the second confined aquifer in the Quaternary, which
is distributed neither homogeneously nor isotropically. The second confined aquifer comprises more than 50 m thick sand over
the Ancient Yangtze River Course, but this layer may completely miss on the riverbank and bedrock hills. With a typical drawdown
rate of 4–6 m per annum, the piezometric head of groundwater in the second confined aquifer has declined 76 m at Maocunyuan
since 1970s and 40 m at Changjing since mid-1980s, and a large land subsidence, e.g., 1,100 mm at Maocunyuan, is triggered.
Coupled with the dramatic change of the bedrock topography that was revealed through traditional geological drilling and modern
seismic reflection methods, the geological-structure-controlled differential settlement and earth fissures are phenomenal
in this area. 相似文献
9.
The role of faulting on surface deformation patterns from pumping-induced groundwater flow (Las Vegas Valley, USA) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Land subsidence and earth fissuring can cause damage in semiarid urbanized valleys where pumping exceeds natural recharge. In places such as Las Vegas Valley (USA), Quaternary faults play an important role in the surface deformation patterns by constraining the migration of land subsidence and creating complex relationships with surface fissures. These fissures typically result from horizontal displacements that occur in zones where extensional stress derived from groundwater flow exceeds the tensile strength of the near-surface sediments. A series of hypothetical numerical models, using the finite-element code ABAQUS and based on the observed conditions of the Eglington Fault zone, were developed. The models reproduced the (1) long-term natural recharge and discharge, (2) heavy pumping and (3) incorporation of artificial recharge that reflects the conditions of Las Vegas Valley. The simulated hydrostratigraphy consists of three aquifers, two aquitards and a relatively dry vadose zone, plus a normal fault zone that reflects the Quaternary Eglington fault. Numerical results suggest that a 100-m-wide fault zone composed of sand-like material produces: (1) conditions most similar to those observed in Las Vegas Valley and (2) the most favorable conditions for the development of fissures to form on the surface adjacent to the fault zone. 相似文献
10.
Jesús Pacheco Jorge Arzate Eduardo Rojas Moises Arroyo Vsevolod Yutsis Gil Ochoa 《Engineering Geology》2006,84(3-4):143-160
Sedimentary basins of arid and semiarid zones are often subject to regimes of intense ground-water withdrawal as it is normally the only source of water for development of communities. An associated phenomenon is land subsidence, which can develop to ground failures, and consequently, damage to infrastructure. Aquifer deformation can be analyzed using a stress–strain or a flux–force approach depending on the aquifer material (compact or loose) and on whether the water withdrawal forms a predominant flow direction toward a cone of depression. Geometry of the aquifer system also plays an important role as uneven thickness induces differential compaction and hence, tensional and shear stresses on the ground mass. In this work we present a stress–strain approach to analyze subsidence for an unconfined aquifer of varying thickness; this is done in two steps, namely when the aquifer is in equilibrium, and when it is totally depleted. Using this scheme in a region where ground failure is evident, a portion of the aquifer system of the Querétaro valley is analyzed. The geometry of the hydrologic basement is first modeled using gravity measurements properly correlated with wells and field data. Then a stress analysis is implemented using the finite element method in order to identify probable zones of ground weakness, which are calibrated with known ground failures. The results indicate that both, tensional and shear stress are present, which induce ground failure in the form of surface faults. 相似文献
11.
通过地球物理勘探和地下水动态研究,认为柏乡地裂缝主要是过量开采地下水引起的。过量开采地下水导致了该地区大面积的地面沉降,地层的差异沉降诱发了地裂缝;大量降水造成表层土软化,有些表层土随雨水流入下面的裂缝中,使地裂缝显现出来。 相似文献
12.
衡水地区地裂缝空间发育特征与地下水位降深关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过浅层地震法及高密度电阻率法物探对河北衡水地区最近发现的3条地裂缝调查，探明了地裂缝地下发育深度、宽度、倾向等，发现地裂缝在地表与地下发育特征有明显不同：地表以一条地裂缝存在，在地下深处则以裂缝带发育，裂缝带两侧裂缝埋深不同，地下裂缝形态表现为上窄下宽。对该地区深层钻探、水文地质和多年地下水开采等资料分析表明，该地区的地裂缝是地质历史时期地质构造活动产物，开采深层地下水等资源则是促使地裂缝发展的主要原因。通过对不同地点地裂缝发育深度与近36年以来地下水水位降深的关系分析，结果显示：不同地区地裂缝发育深度与相应深层地下水水位降深呈线性关系。研究成果对地裂缝机理研究及预防开采深层地下水对地质环境的影响具有指导作用。 相似文献
13.
Brian D. Conway 《Hydrogeology Journal》2016,24(3):649-655
Land subsidence due to groundwater overdraft has been an ongoing problem in south-central and southern Arizona (USA) since the 1940s. The first earth fissure attributed to excessive groundwater withdrawal was discovered in the early 1950s near Picacho. In some areas of the state, groundwater-level declines of more than 150 m have resulted in extensive land subsidence and earth fissuring. Land subsidence in excess of 5.7 m has been documented in both western metropolitan Phoenix and Eloy. The Arizona Department of Water Resources (ADWR) has been monitoring land subsidence since 2002 using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and since 1998 using a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). The ADWR InSAR program has identified more than 25 individual land subsidence features that cover an area of more than 7,300 km2. Using InSAR data in conjunction with groundwater-level datasets, ADWR is able to monitor land subsidence areas as well as identify areas that may require additional monitoring. One area of particular concern is the Willcox groundwater basin in southeastern Arizona, which is the focus of this paper. The area is experiencing rapid groundwater declines, as much as 32.1 m during 2005–2014 (the largest land subsidence rate in Arizona State—up to 12 cm/year), and a large number of earth fissures. The declining groundwater levels in Arizona are a challenge for both future groundwater availability and mitigating land subsidence associated with these declines. ADWR’s InSAR program will continue to be a critical tool for monitoring land subsidence due to excessive groundwater withdrawal. 相似文献
14.
先存断裂对抽水沉降及地裂缝活动影响的数值模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
过度抽取地下水对断层构造型地裂缝的加剧作用是很明显的,但具体的作用机制却很复杂,过去的研究多是简单的定性分析,数值模拟和定量计算少有报道。笔者采用比奥(Biot)固结渗流理论和基于A、B面接触判断的库仑滑动和张裂的接触面单元,对抽水作用下地裂缝的活动进行了数值模拟,初步探讨了抽水活动引发和加剧地裂缝活动的机制。结果表明:抽水作用下抽水井周围水平应力场发生近井区挤压、远井区拉张的变化,当拉张区内的拉应力超过土体抗拉强度时将会出现自上而下的张裂缝;先存断裂的存在将影响应力变化的模式,同时由于断裂的软弱性,使得地层容易沿其发生滑动或拉裂,从而加剧地裂缝的活动;先存断裂对地面沉降和地裂缝具有诱导、隔离和放大的作用。 相似文献
15.
近年来由于北京市平原区地裂缝灾害凸显,不仅加速地表水土流失,而且对灾害区基础设施建设造成严重影响。为分析地裂缝形成原因,缓解及减轻地裂缝灾害造成的经济、财产损失,本文以新发现的宋庄地裂缝作为靶区,通过地质调查、InSAR监测、槽探、钻探等方法,揭示了宋庄地裂缝空间发育特征,从地质构造、地层岩性、地面沉降等方面,深入分析成因。结果显示:（1）宋庄地裂缝影响长度达8.7 km,NEE向延伸,受灾体主要展现出拉张形变;（2）区域拉张应力场为宋庄地裂缝形成提供内动力条件,构造影响下的第四系沉积厚度差异及地层岩性不均一,为宋庄地裂缝形成提供重要地质背景;（3）南苑-通县断裂为宋庄地裂缝形成提供了应力积累和传递媒介;（4）地下水超采引发的土体水平、垂向变形是地裂缝形成的诱发条件。受基底伸展变形、隐伏断裂及地下水开采影响,土体发生水平及垂向变形,使得在非饱和带断层区附近形成拉应力集中区,当达到土体抗拉强度时,形成盲裂缝,在雨水侵蚀或潜水位回升作用下,扩展至地表形成裂缝及串珠状土洞。 相似文献
16.
Land subsidence in China 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
Land subsidence in China occurs in different regions. It is primarily caused by excessive groundwater withdrawal. Other reasons
for the subsidence include the oil, warm groundwater withdrawal and the neotectonic movement. The common characteristics of
land subsidence in China are slow, accumulative, irreversible, and other unique properties. The range of subsidence still
keeps extending and the accumulative subsidence increasing though some measures taken. Adjustment of the aquifer exploitation
practice is a subsidiary way to control land subsidence, but it cannot solve this problem completely. In a specfic way of
groundwater changing, the contribution of a certain soil layer to the total subsidence depends on its compressibility and
thickness. Besides the elasticity, both cohesive soil layers (aquitards) and sand layers (aquifers) are observed to be plastic
and creep when the groundwater level fluctuates in a specific way, which often leads to subsidence delay. 相似文献
17.
苏锡常地裂缝危险性分区 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地裂缝作为苏锡常地区的一种地质灾害对该区的发展造成了严重危害。由于地裂缝孕育过程的非线性以及各影响因素作用关系的复杂性,使得难以用线性方法进行地裂缝危险性分区。在分析地裂缝发生的主要影响因素--古基岩面的起伏差异、第四纪沉积结构差异、地面沉降的不均一性和地下水的超采的基础上,将该4个因素的6项量化指标--基岩埋深、基岩起伏度、地下水位、地面沉降梯度、含水层导水系数以及粘性土层厚度作为输入量,采用遗传人工神经网络算法,建立了苏锡常地区地裂缝危险性分区模型。结果表明,苏锡常地区地裂缝危险区主要分布在常州东部、无锡中部和江阴南部地段,安全区主要分布在张家港的东北部、常熟市的东部、常州市的北部和西南部,较危险区和次安全区为危险区和安全区的过渡区。 相似文献
18.
Earth Fissuring and Land Subsidence in Western Saudi Arabia 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The present investigation deals with the engineering geological evaluation of earth fissuring associated with land subsidence in Wadi Al-Yutamah. The investigations include surface mapping and sampling, in situ and laboratory soil testing, water well inventory, geophysical survey, and monitoring of open fissures and the level of the wadi floor.The earth fissures in the area developed as a result of land subsidence due to man-induced water level declines caused by pumping water from the wadi aquifer above a safe yield. This situation has produced a compaction of underlying unconsolidated sediments and formed hair fissures above ridges and steps of buried surface bedrock. These hair fissures enlarged later after flood erosion and possible enhancement with hydrocompaction.The wadi soil in the study area consists mainly of silt of low plasticity, low density and high void ratio and it was classified as loess like material and collapsing soil. The settlement in the area is greatly increased by excessive wetting under constant pressures. The calculated coefficients of subsidence (collapse) show that the wadi soils were considered to pose moderate problems when wetted.Monitoring of the existing open earth fissures using extensometers indicates that the width of the fissure increases after flooding or rain falls. Monitoring of the ground level using GPS techniques, shows a good relation between the declination of the water table and the subsidence of the ground of the wadi floor. 相似文献
19.
河北平原地裂缝分布特征及成因机制研究 总被引：14，自引：8，他引：14
河北平原是地裂缝地质灾害较发育的地区。通过河北平原地裂缝地质灾害时空分布规律研究,对河北平原地裂缝形成的主要因素及成因机制进行了研究。河北平原地裂缝主要分布在山前冲洪积扇裙区,发育在全新世地层中。地裂缝地质灾害平面形态上可分为直线型、雁列型、锯齿型、折线型和弯曲形。地裂缝地质灾害空间分布上有方向性、群集性和系统性。河北平原地裂缝分布范围呈逐渐扩大的趋势;分布区域从时间上呈逐渐由南向北扩展之势。河北平原从时间上地裂缝发育条数和发育长度随时间各有不同特点。导致河北平原地裂缝发生的主要因素有地震构造、地下水超采和地面塌陷。 相似文献