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1.
Excessive groundwater withdrawal from an aquifer system leads to three-dimensional displacement, causing changes in the states of stress and strain. Often, land subsidence and sometimes earth fissures ensue. Field investigation indicates that land subsidence and earth fissures in Wuxi, a city in eastern China, are mainly due to excessive groundwater withdrawal, and that they are temporally and spatially related to groundwater pumping. Groundwater withdrawal may cause tensile strain to develop in aquifer systems, but tensile strain does not definitely mean tensile stress. Where earth fissures are concerned, the stress state should be adopted in numerical simulations instead of the strain state and displacement. The numerical simulation undertaken for the Wuxi area shows that the zone of tensile strain occupies a large area on the ground surface; nevertheless, the zone of tensile stress is very limited. The zone of tensile stress often occurs near the ground surface, beneath which the depth to the bedrock surface is relatively small and has considerable variability. Earth fissures often initiate near the ground surface where tensile stress occurs. Tensile stress and earth fissures rarely develop at the centers of land subsidence bowls, where compressive stress is dominant. 相似文献
2.
基于ANN的苏锡常地裂缝预测研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
伴随着地面沉降灾害的发生,地裂缝作为一种新的地质灾害出现在苏锡常平原上,已有十多年历史,给地区发展造成严重危害。作者在较详细地阐述区域地质背景基础上,着重分析了地下水位和地面沉降在地裂缝形成中的作用。确定了“起伏的基底外加地下水位和地面沉降作用”这一地裂缝成灾模式。研究认为地裂缝的发生与地下水及地面沉降之间不存在简单的线性关系。而是二者共同作用的结果,同时需要有量的配合。初步确定了水位埋深50m,地面沉降量达500mm这样一个苏锡常地区地裂缝的易发环境。通过文章的研究,使得苏锡常地区地裂缝的产生机制更加清晰。文中一些定性和半定量的分析结论将对该地区地裂缝防治区划产生指导作用。 相似文献
3.
G. Y. Wang Greg Guanlin You B. Shi S. L. Wu J. Q. Wu 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,61(5):1085-1093
Jiangyin County is in the infamous Su–Xi–Chang land subsidence area caused by excessive groundwater withdrawal in Jiangsu
province, China. The maximum accumulated land subsidence reached 1,310 mm near the centre of the subsiding trough in 2006
in southern Jiangyin, and earth fissures of significant vertical offsets have been observed at Changjing, Hetang and Wenlin
which form an arc towards the subsidence trough. An ancient Yangtze River course is found underlying and passing through the
depression in southern Jiangyin, forming a local basin surrounded by outcropped bedrock ridges in the north and south. The
Quaternary stratigraphy demonstrates significant heterogeneities in the basin; the second confined aquifer is much thicker
and deeper and encapsulated inside the basin and absent above the ridges. The development of earth fissures along the Changjing–Hetang–Wenlin
arc might be a combination of an inward rotation of sediments due to a large differential subsidence, an inward movement driven
by seepage force and a steeper slope along the south-eastern shoulder of the basin that facilitates the development of horizontal
tensile strain and/or shear strain necessary for fissuring. The land subsidence has slowed down and no new earth fissure zone
has occurred in the area after the banning of deep groundwater extraction was enacted in 2001. 相似文献
4.
苏锡常地区地裂缝灾害危险性评价与预测 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
伍洲云 《水文地质工程地质》2004,31(1):28-31,51
苏锡常地区是我国近年来地裂缝灾害最为活跃的地区之一。作者在深入研究其灾害成因机理和形成过程的基础上 ,提取了基岩面起伏、浅部含水砂层差异、隐伏灰岩、浅部土层结构条件、累计地面沉降量、地面沉降速率和主采层水位共 7个主要影响因素 ,选用层次分析法确定权值 ,建立了苏锡常地裂缝危险性评价模型。以GIS软件Arcinfo为主要工具 ,利用其强大的空间分析功能 ,将各影响因素专题图层按照权重进行多重叠加操作 ,进行了不同时期地裂缝灾害危险性分区评价和发展趋势的预测。目前研究区地裂缝灾害危险性仍在增加 ,常州马杭镇与湖塘镇中间、武进横林镇铁路以北和无锡堰桥镇西北地区危险指数最大 ,是今后几年苏锡常地区防治地裂缝灾害的重点区域。 相似文献
5.
先存断裂对抽水沉降及地裂缝活动影响的数值模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
过度抽取地下水对断层构造型地裂缝的加剧作用是很明显的,但具体的作用机制却很复杂,过去的研究多是简单的定性分析,数值模拟和定量计算少有报道。笔者采用比奥(Biot)固结渗流理论和基于A、B面接触判断的库仑滑动和张裂的接触面单元,对抽水作用下地裂缝的活动进行了数值模拟,初步探讨了抽水活动引发和加剧地裂缝活动的机制。结果表明:抽水作用下抽水井周围水平应力场发生近井区挤压、远井区拉张的变化,当拉张区内的拉应力超过土体抗拉强度时将会出现自上而下的张裂缝;先存断裂的存在将影响应力变化的模式,同时由于断裂的软弱性,使得地层容易沿其发生滑动或拉裂,从而加剧地裂缝的活动;先存断裂对地面沉降和地裂缝具有诱导、隔离和放大的作用。 相似文献
6.
Earth fissures in Jiangsu Province,China and geological investigation of Hetang earth fissure 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Earth fissures are a geohazard in Jiangsu Province, China. They can be caused by earthquakes and active faults, underground
mining, groundwater extraction and landslides. In order to establish a provincial rehabilitation plan in Jiangsu, a range
of monitoring programs, surveys, geological investigations and modeling have been implemented or planned. One of the focuses
of the project is the land subsidence and earth fissures caused by excessive groundwater withdrawal in Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou
(Su-Xi-Chang) area, southern Jiangsu Province. Hetang earth fissure within the Su-Xi-Chang area was first reported in 1995
and a series of investigation has been conducted since then. The site investigations and geophysical survey in 1997 have recognized
the causative factor as the excessive groundwater drawdown coupled by the underlying bedrock ridge. An open trench excavation
in 2007 and a plane strain analysis suggest that Hetang earth fissures may have cracked from the bedrock ridge to ground surface.
Geological drilling in 2007 has further confirmed the existence and configuration of the ridge and extracted soil samples
for laboratory tests to obtain soil parameters for numerical analyses and modeling of land subsidence and earth fissures in
the Su-Xi-Chang area, Jiangsu, China. The laboratory tests are currently in progress and the result of numerical analyses
and modeling is expected to be presented in the near future. 相似文献
7.
通过地球物理勘探和地下水动态研究,认为柏乡地裂缝主要是过量开采地下水引起的。过量开采地下水导致了该地区大面积的地面沉降,地层的差异沉降诱发了地裂缝;大量降水造成表层土软化,有些表层土随雨水流入下面的裂缝中,使地裂缝显现出来。 相似文献
8.
过量开采地下水诱发的地裂缝("采水型"地裂缝)灾害对社会造成严重损失,受到人们普遍关注。近几十年来,国内外学者对其成因机制进行了大量研究,取得了丰硕成果。本文系统分析了前人的研究成果,归纳出"采水型"地裂缝的差异沉降成因、拉张性水平应变成因和四种成因模式;然后针对中国三个典型的"采水型"地裂缝发育区,即汾渭盆地、华北平原、苏锡常地区,阐述了各地地裂缝分布、发育特征和成因机理,并选择典型地段地裂缝进行成因分析,认为汾渭盆地和华北平原地区部分地裂缝属于"先期断层模式",而苏锡常地区地裂缝总体属于"基岩起伏模式",并阐述了该模式下导致地裂缝发育的差异性变形、水平应变作用机理。 相似文献
9.
Earth Fissuring and Land Subsidence in Western Saudi Arabia 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The present investigation deals with the engineering geological evaluation of earth fissuring associated with land subsidence in Wadi Al-Yutamah. The investigations include surface mapping and sampling, in situ and laboratory soil testing, water well inventory, geophysical survey, and monitoring of open fissures and the level of the wadi floor.The earth fissures in the area developed as a result of land subsidence due to man-induced water level declines caused by pumping water from the wadi aquifer above a safe yield. This situation has produced a compaction of underlying unconsolidated sediments and formed hair fissures above ridges and steps of buried surface bedrock. These hair fissures enlarged later after flood erosion and possible enhancement with hydrocompaction.The wadi soil in the study area consists mainly of silt of low plasticity, low density and high void ratio and it was classified as loess like material and collapsing soil. The settlement in the area is greatly increased by excessive wetting under constant pressures. The calculated coefficients of subsidence (collapse) show that the wadi soils were considered to pose moderate problems when wetted.Monitoring of the existing open earth fissures using extensometers indicates that the width of the fissure increases after flooding or rain falls. Monitoring of the ground level using GPS techniques, shows a good relation between the declination of the water table and the subsidence of the ground of the wadi floor. 相似文献
10.
基于DFOS的苏州第四纪沉积层变形及地面沉降监测分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
苏州地区广泛分布松散第四纪沉积物,大量抽取地下水导致了苏州大范围的地面沉降,严重影响了该区经济发展。本文在苏州盛泽200m钻孔内安装了分布式感测光纤,采用BOTDR及FBG等分布式光纤感测技术(DFOS),对第四纪沉积层压缩及地面沉降进行了长期的监测分析。分析结果表明:苏州盛泽地区第四纪土层可分为3个含水层(Af)及4个弱透水层(Ad),现阶段含水层压缩已不明显,主要压缩层为与抽水含水层相邻的两个隔水层,且与抽水含水层距离越近的部位压缩越明显; 第四纪沉积层的变形与抽水含水层孔隙水压变化基本一致,呈现出夏季压缩,冬季略回弹的趋势,并且存在滞后现象; 定义压缩度为各层累计压缩量与其自身厚度的比值,即每米压缩量。各土层沉降趋势可用压缩度判断,对于黏土隔水层沉降程度Ad2 Ad3 Ad4 Ad1,对于含水砂层,Af2为主要变形层,Af1及Af3变形基本稳定。DFOS技术为研究地面沉降机理,评价土层压缩变形潜力提供了十分先进的监测手段。 相似文献
11.
地裂缝是中国主要地质灾害之一，至2015年已在全国22个省区1500余处发现地裂缝超过5002条，这些地裂缝给沿线地区造成了大量的经济损失。本文基于一系列的地质研究方法包括野外调查、地质绘图、地质勘探等，总结了中国地裂缝的空间分布，揭示了中国地裂缝的发育规律，并概化了中国地裂缝的运动特征。结果表明:中国地裂缝主要分布在大华北地区，尤以汾渭盆地、河北平原和长江三角洲最为严重，其中大于1 km的巨型地裂缝主要分布在汾渭盆地和河北平原。地裂缝分布表现出沿断裂带集中、顺地貌变异带展布、与地面沉降伴生、在黄土湿陷区散布、大中城市群发的规律。地裂缝运动特征可划分为拉张型、拉张-剪切型、剪切-拉张型和剪切型4种类型。 相似文献
12.
苏锡常地裂缝危险性分区 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地裂缝作为苏锡常地区的一种地质灾害对该区的发展造成了严重危害。由于地裂缝孕育过程的非线性以及各影响因素作用关系的复杂性,使得难以用线性方法进行地裂缝危险性分区。在分析地裂缝发生的主要影响因素--古基岩面的起伏差异、第四纪沉积结构差异、地面沉降的不均一性和地下水的超采的基础上,将该4个因素的6项量化指标--基岩埋深、基岩起伏度、地下水位、地面沉降梯度、含水层导水系数以及粘性土层厚度作为输入量,采用遗传人工神经网络算法,建立了苏锡常地区地裂缝危险性分区模型。结果表明,苏锡常地区地裂缝危险区主要分布在常州东部、无锡中部和江阴南部地段,安全区主要分布在张家港的东北部、常熟市的东部、常州市的北部和西南部,较危险区和次安全区为危险区和安全区的过渡区。 相似文献
13.
The role of faulting on surface deformation patterns from pumping-induced groundwater flow (Las Vegas Valley, USA) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Land subsidence and earth fissuring can cause damage in semiarid urbanized valleys where pumping exceeds natural recharge. In places such as Las Vegas Valley (USA), Quaternary faults play an important role in the surface deformation patterns by constraining the migration of land subsidence and creating complex relationships with surface fissures. These fissures typically result from horizontal displacements that occur in zones where extensional stress derived from groundwater flow exceeds the tensile strength of the near-surface sediments. A series of hypothetical numerical models, using the finite-element code ABAQUS and based on the observed conditions of the Eglington Fault zone, were developed. The models reproduced the (1) long-term natural recharge and discharge, (2) heavy pumping and (3) incorporation of artificial recharge that reflects the conditions of Las Vegas Valley. The simulated hydrostratigraphy consists of three aquifers, two aquitards and a relatively dry vadose zone, plus a normal fault zone that reflects the Quaternary Eglington fault. Numerical results suggest that a 100-m-wide fault zone composed of sand-like material produces: (1) conditions most similar to those observed in Las Vegas Valley and (2) the most favorable conditions for the development of fissures to form on the surface adjacent to the fault zone. 相似文献
14.
中国地面沉降及其需要解决的几个问题 总被引：46，自引：2，他引：46
我国地面沉降主要出现在东、中部17个省市,总面积超过5×104km2,同时在17个省市出现成因上与它有关的地裂缝,危害是多方面的。沉降发生在经济高速发展的东部地区,造成的危害和损失也更大。我国地面沉降有下列特点:过量开采地下水是主要原因;各土层变形量既与其压缩性有关,也与它本身的厚度有关;砂土变形基本特征是压缩过程中总的应力与应变关系为非线性,压缩变形以塑性变形为主并包含有蠕变;水位恢复到开采前水平,沉降仍在继续,存在滞后等。从目前研究,特别是模拟研究的现状出发,指出存在8个方面的不足,进而提出需要研究解决的6个科学问题,为提高我国的研究水平献策。 相似文献
15.
河北平原地裂缝分布特征及成因机制研究 总被引：14，自引：8，他引：14
河北平原是地裂缝地质灾害较发育的地区。通过河北平原地裂缝地质灾害时空分布规律研究,对河北平原地裂缝形成的主要因素及成因机制进行了研究。河北平原地裂缝主要分布在山前冲洪积扇裙区,发育在全新世地层中。地裂缝地质灾害平面形态上可分为直线型、雁列型、锯齿型、折线型和弯曲形。地裂缝地质灾害空间分布上有方向性、群集性和系统性。河北平原地裂缝分布范围呈逐渐扩大的趋势;分布区域从时间上呈逐渐由南向北扩展之势。河北平原从时间上地裂缝发育条数和发育长度随时间各有不同特点。导致河北平原地裂缝发生的主要因素有地震构造、地下水超采和地面塌陷。 相似文献
16.
根据西安地下水监测和详细的地层剖面资料,采用比奥固结理论和不连续面的接触分析,建立了含2条地裂缝的典型地段的二维抽水沉降计算模型,对先存断裂存在时抽水作用下的地面沉降进行了尽可能精细地模拟计算。结合该计算段的监测资料,分析了西安市抽水作用下地层压缩量垂向上的分布特点及地面沉降水平位置上存在差异的原因。研究认为,西安市的地面沉降量主要由100～300 m深度范围内土层的压缩量组成,地裂缝的出现不单是地层厚度不同产生的差异沉降引起的,先存断裂面的作用也很大。由于断裂的存在以及其正断层的特点,沉降过程中上盘（南盘）的沉降得到了放大,而下盘（北盘）沉降缩小,不同结果导致地面沉降在断裂位置出现差异放大现象,导致地裂缝越来越严重。研究成果很好地解释西安地裂缝附近地面沉降的反常差异现象,对于进一步确定地裂缝的成因、预测其发展变化规律具有一定的作用。 相似文献
17.
弱透水层与含水层相互作用是国际水文地质学界关注的热点问题,特别是黏性土弱透水层与孔隙含水层的相互作用。近年来,在自然沉积、过量开采地下水、现代化农业机械与建筑业重型机械应用等自然与人为活动影响下,黏土弱透水层会发生有效应力增加、孔隙结构变形和孔隙度减少、渗透性降低、溶解氧和贮水能力减少以及侧向和垂向排水等的压实作用,导致地下水污染、地面沉降等环境问题的发生。本文重点介绍了黏性土弱透水层压实作用的原理,分析了地下水系统中4种不同状态下沉积物压实与孔隙流体压力的关系,基于压实物理模拟和数值模拟两个方面对压实作用的研究方法与技术进行了系统总结,随后探讨了压实作用下黏性土弱透水层对地下水水量与水质的影响,并对此研究的发展趋势及其在地球科学、环境科学等研究领域的潜在应用提出了展望。 相似文献
18.
地裂缝的成因可以分为天然构造地裂、人为诱发地裂和复合成因地裂、地震断裂,抽水不均匀地面沉降伴生地裂和渗透变形地裂是最主要的地裂缝类型。地裂缝以构造地裂和构造地裂基础上由人为活动诱发现象为主,用优势面观点和方法分析和研究是可行的。根据优势面的原理,提出防灾和减灾的思路,指出地裂灾害预测和预警系统研究对分析、评估和减灾是最有效的手段。防治地裂缝的原则是针对性治理和顺应自然取代对抗,对策是注重避让与选址、引调地表水、做好结构设计和地基处理、制定相应的防灾区域管理法规。 相似文献
19.
Xiaoqing Shi Jichun Wu Shujun Ye Yun Zhang Yuqun Xue Zixin Wei Qinfen Li Jun Yu 《Engineering Geology》2008,100(1-2):27-42
Su-Xi-Chang area and Shanghai City, located in the south of Yangtze Delta, China, has subsided due to groundwater overpumping. Because of the regional scale of the groundwater exploitation, cone of depression and land subsidence at present, Su-Xi-Chang area and Shanghai City are treated as a single area for land subsidence study to avoid the uncertainty of boundary condition due to the regionalism. The characteristics of aquifer system compaction are complex because of the difference in the types, compositions and structures of the soils that the hydrostratigraphic units are composed of, and in the histories of groundwater level change the hydrostratigraphic units have experienced. Considering the fact that different hydrostratigraphic units have different kinds of deformation and that an identical unit may also present different deformation characteristics, such as elasticity, elasto-plasticity, and visco-elasto-plasticity, at different sites of the cone of depression or in different periods, corresponding constitutive laws have been adopted. This avoids the shortcomings of the previous research that the same constitutive law was adopted in all the hydrostratigraphic units during the entire time period. A coupled flow and subsidence model, which includes a three-dimensional flow model with variable coefficients and a one-dimensional (vertical) subsidence model, is built according to the complicated hydrological condition in the region. The simulation model is calibrated using observed data, which include compression of individual strata from groups of extensometers and groundwater levels from observation wells from 1995 to 2002. The model reproduced that the primary subsidence layer in Shanghai shifts from the shallow aquitard to the fourth confined aquifer because of the groundwater yield variations and the change of exploitation aquifers. However the third aquitard was the primary subsidence layer in Su-Xi-Chang area and the compaction deformation of the sandy aquifers was remarkable. The simulation results could provide some reasonable advice about groundwater exploitation in the future. 相似文献
20.
衡水地区地裂缝空间发育特征与地下水位降深关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过浅层地震法及高密度电阻率法物探对河北衡水地区最近发现的3条地裂缝调查，探明了地裂缝地下发育深度、宽度、倾向等，发现地裂缝在地表与地下发育特征有明显不同：地表以一条地裂缝存在，在地下深处则以裂缝带发育，裂缝带两侧裂缝埋深不同，地下裂缝形态表现为上窄下宽。对该地区深层钻探、水文地质和多年地下水开采等资料分析表明，该地区的地裂缝是地质历史时期地质构造活动产物，开采深层地下水等资源则是促使地裂缝发展的主要原因。通过对不同地点地裂缝发育深度与近36年以来地下水水位降深的关系分析，结果显示：不同地区地裂缝发育深度与相应深层地下水水位降深呈线性关系。研究成果对地裂缝机理研究及预防开采深层地下水对地质环境的影响具有指导作用。 相似文献