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1.
江阴南部地面沉降及地裂缝研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
江阴南部地区在构造上呈现"两隆一凹"的格局,南、北边缘为基岩隆起带,中心为第四系松散沉积平原,受基底起伏及古河道的控制,土层厚度、岩性、结构及水文地质特征差异较大。由于长期超量开采第Ⅱ承压水,不仅形成了区域水位降落漏斗,也形成了地面沉降漏斗,最大水位漏斗中心水位埋深约75m,沉降漏斗中心最大沉降量达1 300mm以上。并在长泾、河塘、祝塘等地由于差异沉降形成三处地裂缝,这些裂缝具有相似的发育特征,即在主裂缝处形成陡坎,陡坎高约10~30cm,主裂缝的NW侧则相对下错并形成宽约20~60m的凹陷带,带中发育有规模较小的次级裂缝。基底隆起及其所控制的第四系松散层厚度及结构差异是地裂缝发育的空间乃至时间特征的基础,是控制因素;深层地下水的长期超量开采所导致的地层压缩或固结是地裂缝形成的主导因素,地裂缝正是基岩隆起带地层差异压缩所形成的差异地面沉降的结果。据估算,其发育深度可达基岩隆起的最浅处,并实际上已发展成为小断层。 相似文献
2.
由于长期过量开采地下水,苏州、无锡和常州（苏锡常）的局部地区地裂缝发育,在深层地下水禁采十多年后的今天有些地裂缝还在发展。地裂缝的发育及发展受到诸多因素的影响,其具体力学机制尚不明确。为了查明影响地裂缝发育的因素、确定各因素对地裂缝的影响程度,本文在苏锡常地裂缝发育现状的基础上,利用基于确定性系数计算权重法对苏锡常地裂缝发育危险性进行预测分区。模型考虑了基岩埋深、基岩坡度、累计地面沉降量、沉降坡度、第二含水层厚度、第二含水层厚度变化梯度、第二含水层水位降深、第四纪沉积相等8个主要影响因素,分析结果显示苏锡常地区北部地裂缝易发,东南部发生地裂缝的危险性较小。计算结果与苏锡常地裂缝的分布及发育情况基本一致,验证了该方法在地裂缝预测方面的有效性。本研究对苏锡常地区地下水开采及城市建设规划具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
3.
针对采动作用下煤矿地表裂缝发育问题,本文对地表裂缝的形成机理进行了分析。考虑采动附加应力的影响,结合土层的强度理论及广义的胡克定律建立了采动作用下地裂缝发育极限深度力学模型,并对力学模型进行了探讨,得到了采动影响下地表裂缝发育深度的公式,结果表明:地表裂缝的产生大致分为4个时期,分别为移动变形积累期、裂缝产生期、裂缝扩展期、裂缝闭合期。地表裂缝的发育深度除与土层的本身性质有关以外,还与地表的水平变形有关。地表的水平变形越大,说明地表土层受到采动作用越明显,地表裂缝发育的极限深度也就越大。最后根据某矿的实际工程地质情况,采用地裂缝预计公式进行了计算,并与监测数据进行了对比。结果表明,该公式能够较好的预计采动作用下的地裂缝发育深度,对预防煤矿采区地表灾害、保护人民财产安全具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
4.
江苏常州横林地裂缝1989年始发,是苏锡常地区最早被发现的地裂缝,整体沿NE向走向,落差100～500 mm,裂缝带宽度50～350 m,局部地裂缝分布和走向受古潜山控制。地裂缝空间上主要发育于古潜山的边缘及砂层与岩溶接触带,时间上其发展与地下水主采层水位下降速度加快、岩溶水水位低于第Ⅱ承压水水位的阶段相对应。综合分析推断,横林地裂缝是由地下水过度开采、基岩起伏导致的不均匀沉降,以及岩溶土洞等因素共同诱发的,兼具岩溶塌陷型与基岩潜山型特点。 相似文献
5.
河北省沧州市地质灾害与地下水关系研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
文章主要对沧州市的地面沉降、地裂缝等地质灾害的发育特征进行了分析研究，论述了其与地下水的关系。得出深昙地下水水位降深70m可作专控制地面沉降发展的警戒水位降深，浅层地下水水位埋深7m可作为地裂缝多发的警戒水位埋深的结论。这专地质灾害监测工作相对滞后，而地下水水位监测系统相对完善的平原地区，如何控制地质灾害的发生、发展提供了一个可资借鉴的思路。 相似文献
6.
通过实际观察、探井揭露和电法、浅层地震勘探等物探手段对某厂工程场地发现的地裂缝的形态、平面和竖向的延伸和分布以及裂缝中的充填物等特征进行了较深入的研究，明确了地裂缝是地下断裂在地表的反映。根据区域构造及场区历史地震的活动特征，从地裂缝发育的细微特征入手，分析、推断地裂缝的成因和时代，确定该断裂属微弱全新世活动断裂。 相似文献
7.
频繁矿震诱发断层活化以及由此引起的地裂缝不仅对矿井生产构成威胁。同时对于城市安全、居民生活也构成严重危害。论文根据工程场地岩土体破裂的观点,以辽宁抚顺地裂缝为例,采用理论解析、数值模拟等手段,开展了矿震引发地裂缝扩展效应探讨。研究认为：地下开采对抚顺地区的地质环境造成了破坏,地表沉陷为地裂缝的发育提供了运移空间及应力条件。浑河断裂带为抚顺地区地裂缝发育提供了地质构造基础。频繁发生的矿震加剧了地表裂缝的扩展及破坏作用。 相似文献
8.
为保护黄河流域矿区生态环境,以府谷县庙哈孤矿区安山煤矿125203工作面为背景,采用数值模拟实验、相似材料模拟实验和理论分析相结合的手段,基于工作面过双沟地形开采时地表裂缝发育位置、发育形态等参数,总结出开采诱发地表裂缝发育规律。通过理论分析,建立了浅埋煤层过双沟地形开采地表裂缝发育相对位置函数T及其判别条件,讨论了双沟地形沟谷参数与地表裂缝发育相对位置之间的关系。研究表明,工作面过支沟G1时,共发育地表裂缝4条,最大裂缝宽度23 cm,最大错台11 cm,裂缝发育超前于工作面推进;过主沟G2时共发育地表裂缝7条,最大裂缝宽度79 cm,最大错台45 cm,裂缝发育滞后于工作面推进。裂缝发育相对位置受地质条件、沟深、坡度和沟谷跨度等因素共同影响。地表裂缝发育相对位置函数与裂缝超前(滞后)距离、裂缝宽度和错台以及单沟裂缝总条数密切相关。双沟相互影响程度与工作面推进方向有关。研究结果可为浅埋煤层沟谷下开采地表裂缝发育研究提供一定的理论依据。 相似文献
9.
江苏省地下水在开发利用过程中,由于开采布局不合理和存在＂三集中＂以及水文环境地质条件脆弱等因素,出现水位逐年下降,并形成区域性超采漏斗,致使部分地段地下水资源枯竭、水质咸化和诱发地面沉降、地裂缝、岩溶塌陷等诸多环境地质问题。本文着重分析全省深层地下水开发利用的四个阶段、主采层区域水位降落漏斗的发展过程和因深层水超量开采诱发的水资源枯竭、水质咸化和地面沉降、地裂缝、岩溶塌陷等环境地质问题的发育特征及演化趋势,从地下水资源管理和可持续发展的角度,提出地下水资源合理利用的对策建议。 相似文献
10.
2018年雨季期间,东非裂谷肯尼亚段地表突然出现一条7~8 km长的巨大地裂缝,该裂缝直接导致连接肯尼亚东西区域的主干道B3公路的毁坏(以下称为B3地裂缝),而作为我国“一带一路”倡议的重点项目“内罗毕至马拉巴标准轨铁路”仅距离该裂缝几公里,科学解释地裂缝的形成机理是铁路工程设施安全运营的重要保障。本文对该地裂缝的空间展布和形成机理进行研究,利用遥感影像详细解译了地裂缝空间位置,通过无人机航拍测绘建立了裂缝带高分辨率数值高程模型,在此基础上详细测量了地裂缝两侧地表垂向位移、地裂缝宽度和深度等指标。通过野外调查发现地裂缝发育在裂谷东边界F4活动断层之上,其空间位置受F4断层控制,地裂缝垂向剖面显示全新世沉积物有明显断错,且有多条破裂结构面贯穿其中:地裂缝下部火山碎屑岩层有明显拉张裂隙,这成为雨季期间地表水垂向下渗的通道,使浅表部松散沉积物向下运移。同时,裂谷区发育的南北向断层系统是雨季期间地下水横向流动的主要通道,这些过程导致地下水径流在雨季期间会不断潜蚀下部的土层,致使地表物质不断向下搬运,从而造成地表大规模开裂和塌陷,形成裂谷区受活动断层空间分布控制的构造型地裂缝。 相似文献
11.
通过地球物理勘探和地下水动态研究,认为柏乡地裂缝主要是过量开采地下水引起的。过量开采地下水导致了该地区大面积的地面沉降,地层的差异沉降诱发了地裂缝;大量降水造成表层土软化,有些表层土随雨水流入下面的裂缝中,使地裂缝显现出来。 相似文献
12.
Jianbing Peng Lingchao Meng Quanzhong Lu Yahong Deng Zhenjiang Meng 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(11):407
Since the 1980s, increasing human activity and continuing over-exploitation of groundwater resources have caused the earth fissures in the rift basin in Shanxi, China, to enter an active phase. Buildings along these earth fissures have been seriously damaged. Four massive earth fissures that developed in the Taigu and Qixian areas of the eastern Taiyuan basin endanger the operational safety of the high-speed railway that passes through this region. Using field observations, measurements, and exploration, we determined that the four earth fissures are parallel to each other, have a northeast trend, and are separated by approximately equal distances. The rupture zones of these earth fissures are generally 10–50 m wide and are formed by the main fissures and secondary fissures. The width of the zone affected by the earth fissures is 20–50 m based on deformation and the damage done to buildings. These fissures formed on the Earth’s surface; their hanging walls are lower than their foot walls, forming normal faults; and the ground surface around the fissures exhibits ridges and depressions. The fissures are connected to deep hidden faults. The fault displacement increases with increasing depth, which is characteristic of syn-sedimentary faults. These earth fissures are characterized by vertical displacement, and their average annual activity rate is 1–3 cm. We believe that the formation of this large-scale fissure group may be related to the tectonic structure of the hidden faults in the basin and may also be affected by the continuous regional extensional stress of the basin. The current increased level of activity could be caused by the over-exploitation of groundwater in the area. 相似文献
13.
Earth fissures in Jiangsu Province,China and geological investigation of Hetang earth fissure 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Earth fissures are a geohazard in Jiangsu Province, China. They can be caused by earthquakes and active faults, underground
mining, groundwater extraction and landslides. In order to establish a provincial rehabilitation plan in Jiangsu, a range
of monitoring programs, surveys, geological investigations and modeling have been implemented or planned. One of the focuses
of the project is the land subsidence and earth fissures caused by excessive groundwater withdrawal in Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou
(Su-Xi-Chang) area, southern Jiangsu Province. Hetang earth fissure within the Su-Xi-Chang area was first reported in 1995
and a series of investigation has been conducted since then. The site investigations and geophysical survey in 1997 have recognized
the causative factor as the excessive groundwater drawdown coupled by the underlying bedrock ridge. An open trench excavation
in 2007 and a plane strain analysis suggest that Hetang earth fissures may have cracked from the bedrock ridge to ground surface.
Geological drilling in 2007 has further confirmed the existence and configuration of the ridge and extracted soil samples
for laboratory tests to obtain soil parameters for numerical analyses and modeling of land subsidence and earth fissures in
the Su-Xi-Chang area, Jiangsu, China. The laboratory tests are currently in progress and the result of numerical analyses
and modeling is expected to be presented in the near future. 相似文献
14.
The analyses focusing on formation mechanism of Nanzhangzhuang ground fissure in Hengshui City,China 
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下载免费PDF全文 The paper focuses on the formation of Nanzhangzhuang ground fissure through emphatically analysing factors including the intersection fault dislocation, the deep ground-water over-exploitation together with the landform and lithology features. Features of the ground fissure are explained in detail after describing the geological setting in the study area. The paper also provides dynamic mode of the ground fissure formation via force analysis of the soil body unit at ground fissures. Conclusions can be drawn that the stress state of soil bodies changed with the activities of two intersection faults, namely Hengshui fault and Hubei fault. In addition, the stress fields control the development of ground fissure. The deep groundwater in Hengshui area dropped considerably in recent years, to be precise, the water elevation of deep groundwater dropped from -26 m to -94 m by 2010 at the centre of groundwater funnel. The over-exploitation of deep groundwater in Hengshui area enlarged the ground fissures. The data concerning shallow borehole show that the vertical lithology mainly consists of silt, silty clay and silty sandy soil, which all belong to the middle-compressed soil. The lateral extension of the soil bodies occur with pumping and tectonic creep, and the clay layers on both sides of the cracks can stay upright. Thus the ground fissure came visible. 相似文献
15.
地裂缝是临汾盆地主要的地质灾害之一, 自20世纪70年代盆地开始出现地裂缝以来, 至2012年8月共发现86条地裂缝。本文以临汾盆地内部典型地裂缝临汾果场地裂缝为研究对象, 详细地论述了地裂缝发育的地质环境背景。利用野外调查、测量、槽探、钻探和物理勘探等地质手段, 主要研究了地裂缝的发育特征, 包括平面特征、灾害特征、浅部剖面结构特征和深部特征4个方面, 总结了地裂缝的活动规律。发现果场地裂缝平面延伸长, 宽度大, 走向稳定, 灾害严重; 浅表层上宽下窄, 呈喇叭状, 深部结构显示地裂缝下伏隐伏断层, 地裂缝活动受降雨控制。通过分析影响地裂缝形成的各个因素:盆地构造、超采地下水和强降雨, 将果场地裂缝的形成分为3个阶段:孕育阶段、出露阶段和扩展阶段; 最后概化了果场地裂缝的成因机理:构造孕缝、抽水诱缝和降雨扩缝。 相似文献
16.
Earth fissures triggered by groundwater withdrawal and coupled by geological structures in Jiangsu Province,China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Earth fissures in Jiangsu Province, China have caused serious damages to properties, farmlands, and infrastructures and adversely
affected the local or regional economic development. Under the geological and environmental background in Jiangsu Province,
this paper presents the earth fissures caused by excessive groundwater withdrawal and coupled by distinctive geological structures
such as Ancient Yellow River Fault in Xuzhou karst area, and Ancient Yangtze River Course and bedrock hills in Suzhou, Wuxi,
and Changzhou area. Although all the earth fissures are triggered by groundwater exploitation, the characteristics are strongly
affected by the specific geological and hydrogeological settings. In particular, in the water-thirsty Xuzhou city, the cone
of depression caused by groundwater extraction enlarged nearly 20 times and the piezometric head of groundwater declined 17 m
over a decade. As groundwater is extracted from the shallowly buried karst strata in the Ancient Yellow River Fault zone,
the development of earth fissures is highly associated with the development of karstic cavities and sinkholes and their distribution
is controlled by the Ancient Yellow River Fault with all the 17 sinkholes on the fault. On the other hand, in the rapidly
developing Southern Jiangsu Province, groundwater is mainly pumped from the second confined aquifer in the Quaternary, which
is distributed neither homogeneously nor isotropically. The second confined aquifer comprises more than 50 m thick sand over
the Ancient Yangtze River Course, but this layer may completely miss on the riverbank and bedrock hills. With a typical drawdown
rate of 4–6 m per annum, the piezometric head of groundwater in the second confined aquifer has declined 76 m at Maocunyuan
since 1970s and 40 m at Changjing since mid-1980s, and a large land subsidence, e.g., 1,100 mm at Maocunyuan, is triggered.
Coupled with the dramatic change of the bedrock topography that was revealed through traditional geological drilling and modern
seismic reflection methods, the geological-structure-controlled differential settlement and earth fissures are phenomenal
in this area. 相似文献
17.
衡水市地裂缝形成机制分析及防治 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
衡水市地裂缝穿越民房、穿过农田,致使建筑物破损、农田毁坏,影响到人民生活,以及厂矿生产和安全。该区规模较大的地裂缝截至2002年已发展到14条,遍及冀州、枣强、马朗、阜城、武强、饶阳等地,主要以NE走向为主,均为张性裂缝,分布不均匀,连通性好,平面形态为折线形或羽状,最长者累计长度可达5 km。文章认为地裂缝的分布受当地基础构造控制,由人工过量抽汲地下水诱发形成,提出调整地下水开采层次作为其防治措施。 相似文献
18.
Excessive groundwater withdrawal from an aquifer system leads to three-dimensional displacement, causing changes in the states of stress and strain. Often, land subsidence and sometimes earth fissures ensue. Field investigation indicates that land subsidence and earth fissures in Wuxi, a city in eastern China, are mainly due to excessive groundwater withdrawal, and that they are temporally and spatially related to groundwater pumping. Groundwater withdrawal may cause tensile strain to develop in aquifer systems, but tensile strain does not definitely mean tensile stress. Where earth fissures are concerned, the stress state should be adopted in numerical simulations instead of the strain state and displacement. The numerical simulation undertaken for the Wuxi area shows that the zone of tensile strain occupies a large area on the ground surface; nevertheless, the zone of tensile stress is very limited. The zone of tensile stress often occurs near the ground surface, beneath which the depth to the bedrock surface is relatively small and has considerable variability. Earth fissures often initiate near the ground surface where tensile stress occurs. Tensile stress and earth fissures rarely develop at the centers of land subsidence bowls, where compressive stress is dominant. 相似文献
19.
The influence of faults in basin-fill deposits on land subsidence,Las Vegas Valley,Nevada, USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Thomas J. Burbey 《Hydrogeology Journal》2002,10(5):525-538
The role of horizontal deformation caused by pumping of confined-aquifer systems is recognized as contributing to the development
of earth fissures in semiarid regions, including Las Vegas Valley, Nevada. In spite of stabilizing water levels, new earth
fissures continue to develop while existing ones continue to lengthen and widen near basin-fill faults. A three-dimensional
granular displacement model based on Biot's consolidation theory (Biot, MA, 1941, General theory of three-dimensional consolidation.
Jour. Applied Physics 12:155–164) has been used to evaluate the nature of displacement in the vicinity of two vertical faults.
The fault was simulated as (1) a low-permeability barrier to horizontal flow, (2) a gap or structural break in the medium,
but where groundwater flow is not obstructed, and (3) a combination of conditions (1) and (2). Results indicate that the low-permeability
barrier greatly enhances horizontal displacement. The fault plane also represents a location of significant differential vertical
subsidence. Large computed strains in the vicinity of the fault may suggest high potential for failure and the development
of earth fissures when the fault is assumed to have low permeability. Results using a combination of the two boundaries suggest
that potential fissure development may be great at or near the fault plane and that horizontal deformation is likely to play
a key role in this development.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
20.
隆尧地裂缝在华北地区是典型表生灾害,不仅对地表造成了潜蚀、塌陷、张裂、错断、龟裂等地质灾害,而且给当地的农业生产、工程建设、人民生活造成严重经济损失。为揭示其成因,本文利用地质调查、监测与测量、槽探、物理勘探等方法,主要研究了隆尧地裂缝的发育特征,包括平面、剖面、深部、活动4个方面,总结了地裂缝的发育规律,最后从孕裂环境、启裂条件、破裂过程等3个方面对其成因展开分析。通过研究,本文认为:(1)隆尧地裂缝出露于十余个村镇达30km,分别向NWW、NEE方向延伸,与隆尧断裂高度一致; 其活动时间具有周期特征,可分为开启-闭合-缓变-骤变等4个时期。(2)隆尧地裂缝受控于隆尧断裂,区域内的深部构造、断裂构造、构造地貌等条件为地裂缝的形成提供了孕裂环境。孕裂过程经历了应力积累、破碎带形成2个时期。(3)断裂活动是开裂的动力基础,地下水抽采、地表水入渗是开裂的重要因素。(4)隆尧地裂缝的开裂过程具有时间和空间上的不均性。从目前的勘察和研究情况来看,隆尧地裂缝活动正处于活跃期。 相似文献