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1.
基于GPR图像的福建海坛岛北部海岸冲积扇沉积构造及其成因的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
福建海坛岛北部海岸发育一座覆盖淡灰黄色风成砂层、相对高度达30 m的大沙山,外貌很像风成大沙丘,但同时又具有冲积扇形态。其成因和沉积环境有待考证,而探明大沙山内部沉积构造是判别其成因的主要途径之一。在野外考察的基础上,运用探地雷达（GPR）对大沙山内部沉积构造进行探测,获得约20 m深度范围内的沉积构造图像数据。结果表明:大沙山中上部发育由棱角状砾石或粗砂细砂组成的沉积旋回和沟槽沉积构造,显示出冲积扇上部的沉积构造组合特点;中下部层面中交替呈现弧形沉积构造,大沙山南侧发育有向南倾斜28°～30°的前积层理。结合大沙山西侧冲沟剖面沉积构造、大沙山表面的棱角状砾石特征以及现代风沙地貌分布规律,初步认为大沙山是山前多期沟谷洪流携带的碎屑物沉积形成的冲积扇残余堆积体,沉积间隙受海岸带风沙活动影响。 相似文献
2.
河北省沙质岸滩存在海岸侵蚀现象,对沙滩旅游、海滩工程建设造成严重威胁,制约河北省海洋经济社会发展。海岸侵蚀监测结果显示,区域海滩滩面受波浪、潮流影响较大,时冲时淤,摆动频繁,沙质岸滩整体处于侵蚀状态,各区段蚀淤情况有所差异,高潮线以上有所淤高,海滩坡度开始变陡,呈下蚀状态。海岸侵蚀灾害已引起沙滩沙质粗化、滩肩变窄、滩坡变陡及基岩裸露比率增多等问题。针对这一突出问题,通过定点测量与遥感监测相结合的方式,研究了河北省海岸线动态演变特征,经计算,河北省各侵蚀岸段海岸侵蚀速率达1.0~4.0m/a,单宽体积侵蚀量-1.42~-19.08m~3/m·a。综合分析显示,人类海岸工程建设、区域海洋水文条件及输砂量减少,是河北省发生海岸侵蚀发生的主要原因。 相似文献
3.
沙坝是波浪作用下砂质海岸地貌的主要表现形态之一,对于海滩的动力稳定状态具有重要的指示意义。从沙坝的形态参数、沙坝形成理论、沙坝迁移的动力机制以及数值模拟方法等方面概述了水下沙坝横向迁移的研究进展和存在的不足。虽然国内外学者对沙坝横向迁移进行了大量研究,然而由于海滩复杂的动力过程以及沙坝迁移与泥沙输运之间的耦合作用,目前仍存在许多问题尚待解决,未来进一步研究的方向主要包括沙坝迁移过程的空间差异、沙坝迁移的临界条件、波浪破碎对近底泥沙运动和沙坝迁移的影响、数学模型的改进以及沙坝迁移与泥沙输运的耦合机制等方面。 相似文献
4.
内蒙古中东部浅覆盖区荒漠化的驱动因素及其演化的地质依据 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
内蒙古中东部荒漠草原浅覆盖区因其特殊的地质地貌成为了地球科学、环境科学等研究的热点地区。在这个区域内,一方面针对水土资源和矿产资源的开发利用,从多角度、多维度对其覆盖层的揭露探索取得一定成效;另一方面又存在沙质荒漠化和生态环境退化等问题,其覆盖层结构、风沙来源,驱动因素和演化趋势等问题亟待解决。通过研究沙质荒漠化主要成因类型及其形成演变规律、成因机制和未来的发展趋势。以驱动因素-现今状态-影响趋势-地质解释为主线。分析认为：（1）、借助青藏高原隆升影响气候变化可能造就中国北方干旱气候的大背景,新构造运动为沙质荒漠化的孕育圈闭了沉积空间。同时,因构造抬升使得周围山体在外动力地质作用的推动下易于风化剥蚀沙质的沉积;（2）、气候干旱和水资源匮乏是沙质荒漠环境重要影响因素,河流的改道和变迁也是沙质荒漠化发生的动力条件。现代河流阶地和河漫滩上丰富的沙物质是现代沙质荒漠化和沙尘暴的沙源;（3）、空间上半干旱典型的气候带是多动力复合侵蚀的根本原因,时间上,季节性风沙和河流的更替使得复合侵蚀作用更为突出;（4）、人为活动对自然的改造速度是有目共睹的,不合理的人类活动是沙质荒漠化发生和发展的催化剂。在上述背景下,以地质成因的角度揭示沙质荒漠化形成与演化,为荒漠化的科学治理提供相应的地质依据。 相似文献
5.
Sedimentary records are potential to provide long-term evidence for better understanding the development mechanism of coastal hypoxia, shedding some light on the forecast, prediction and controlling-measure development to mitigate hypoxia. Therefore, recent research advances in the formation mechanism and evolution history of coastal hypoxia were briefly reviewed, specially with focus on sedimentary records and proxy methods. First, marine environments with hypoxia were classified into semi-enclosed marginal sea/gulf and open shelf sea based on the degree of bottom-water circulation and ventilation, and main characteristics for the hypoxic development were discussed respectively. Secondly, the methodology was reviewed in the efficiency by using different proxies to reconstruct hypoxia development history from sediment cores, including redox indicators of sedimentology, biology, mineralogy and geochemistry. Ultimately, recent research advance in hypoxic development mechanism and evolution history off the Changjiang Estuary were summarized. It is worth noting that long-term evolution history has been less studied from long cores. It is therefore suggested that a synthetic methodology involving multi-core comparison with different-proxy interpretation should be employed to study the development history of seasonal hypoxia off the Changjiang Estuary. 相似文献
6.
The failure criteria and dynamic evolution process of tunnel system deformation and instability have been one of the popular areas in the research field of underground engineering albeit one of the most difficult. The energy evolution model and critical failure criterion of the dynamic process in tunnel system instability are studied in this paper. Based on in situ measurements and the dissipative structure theory, the energy dissipation and dynamic evolution characteristics of the tunnel system instability has been presented. By using the basic laws of thermodynamics, the energy dissipation mechanism of the whole tunnel system has been explored, and an energy evolution model of the tunnel system instability has been established. On this basis, the degree of stability evolution process has been determined depending on the sample size (more than or <3,000). The energy criterion is proposed in accordance with the unstable and failure features of each evaluation stage of the tunnel system. This study has proved that the energy evolution model and critical failure criterion is reasonable and reliable in studying the stability analysis of an overlapped tunnels in Guangzhou metro, China. It also provides a significant guideline for the calculation and analysis of tunnel stability. 相似文献
7.
近年来国内外对砂脉的研究非常重视,尤其是近期国外含油气盆地大型砂脉(砂注入体,sand injectite)的发现更加刺激了人们的研究热情。笔者主要从5个方面简要阐述了砂脉的研究现状与进展: (1)砂脉几何学特征;(2)砂脉的物质成分;(3)砂脉的成因;(4)砂脉的分类;(5)砂脉的地质意义。尽管中国不少学者已经做了一些相关工作,但与砂脉的复杂性和国际同类研究的先进水平和关注度相比,尚存在许多问题亟待解决。因此,有必要基于中国丰富且复杂的砂脉资源,精细解剖典型实例,阐明砂脉的三维几何特征,并探讨其与地震的关系和成因动力机制,为丰富和完善沉积学基础理论提供素材。 相似文献
8.
地幔动力系统与演化最新进展评述 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
评述了９０年代以来地幔动力学研究的一些最新的观测和理论模拟的进展,探讨该领域的几个主要热点问题,包括地幔内部转换带和核幔边界的物理化学性质与演化,俯冲板片热结构及其与地幔的相互作用,热点物理化学性质与地幔柱动力学模拟,地幔对流系统及其对表层地质过程的影响等。这些结果是在多学科交叉研究的背景下取得的。地震层析的结果超越了８０年代取得的大尺度地幔结构,得到了越来越精细的结构,如俯冲板片的结构,６６０ｋｍ间断面的起伏,ＣＭＢ的超低速层和各向异性等。俯冲板片在某些区域平躺在上地幔底部,造成６６０ｋｍ间断面的凹陷。已有明显的迹象表明,俯冲板片至少在某些区域达到了地幔底部,说明下地幔是驱动地表板块运动的地幔对流不可分隔的一部分。全地幔对流模式对地幔中存在不同的地幔地球化学源区的看法提出重大挑战,计算机模拟三维球坐标地幔对流已经成为现实,新的研究正试图把地表板块加入到对流的模拟之中,并再造板块运动的动力学演化史。最后,对这些领域的最新进展提出自己的分析和看法,认为地球动力系统演化研究所面临的难题是地球内部动力状态演变的历史记录问题。而这样的记录,尤其是早期记录,只能从地球表面的造山带和盆地记录中去寻找。认为建立地质记录与? 相似文献
9.
通过水槽试验研究浅水非线性波作用下沙纹床面底层流动特性,利用CCD图像技术观测分析非对称沙纹的形成和演化规律。利用声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)测量非对称沙纹底床上的流场,得到了不同波高、周期、水深条件下的沙纹峰顶和谷底断面的瞬时速度。试验结果分析表明,浅水非线性波作用下床面上形成非对称沙纹,其近底流速具有较强紊动特性,随着距床面距离的增大紊动强度逐渐减弱。在水流方向改变时,沙纹背部具有明显漩涡运动。沙纹背后形成的漩涡能起到维持沙纹的作用。浅水非线性波作用下,沙纹的形成原因主要是床面泥沙颗粒在非对称流动和床面近壁粘性底层中漩涡结构动力作用下,作受迫摆动、推移所致。 相似文献
10.
海平面上升的海岸形态响应研究方法与进展 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：12
海岸带是人口最稠密的地带,全世界几乎一半的人口生活在沿海地区[1](根据UNCEDDE的定义,以距海岸线150 km计)。受全球变化,尤其是21世纪海平面加速上升的影响,海岸将发生复杂的形态响应过程,包括海岸侵蚀、滩地淹没和湿地沉积平衡的调整等,从而危害人类的生存和发展,引起世界沿海各国政府和科学界的广泛关注。从海平面上升海岸响应历史记录研究、海岸均衡剖面研究和形态响应模拟研究三个方面概述了海平面上升海岸形态响应的国内外研究进展,并对各种研究方法的适用范围、优点及局限性进行了讨论。 相似文献
11.
将构造演化过程与油气成藏过程有机结合,深入剖析新疆火焰山逆冲推覆构造带的演化过程、动力学机制、构造模式,及其与该区油气成藏的关系。研究表明,地震多发造就了该区油气生成运移的地球化学环境,火焰山构造带从早侏罗世开始的断褶运动和品质良好的烃源岩是有机质演化生烃的重要条件,中侏罗统为主要的储集层段,晚侏罗世沉积的一套厚800～1000 m的棕红色泥岩是侏罗纪油气藏的区域性盖层,断褶构造运动为油气运移提供动力。该地区的勘探已见相当数量的油气显示,以中小油气田为主。火焰山东端与七克台之间的地带是目前勘探的重点区域。 相似文献
12.
13.
海底滑坡海啸的颗粒流耦合模型 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
海底滑坡的运动可能引发海啸,破坏离岸设施,威胁海岸带安全。国内外关于海底滑坡引发海啸的研究方兴未艾。采用Mih颗粒流模型控制具弱黏聚力的砂土滑坡运动,利用两相流模型计算岩土体-水体相互作用及RNG湍流模型控制水体运动,构建了基于颗粒流模型的海底滑坡海啸全耦合数值分析方法。通过简单水槽水下滑坡案例进行了海底滑坡海啸全过程研究。数值分析再现了变形滑体的不均一运动、密度分异流动、水滑机制和以波谷为典型特征的涌浪波等典型海底滑坡及海啸现象,这表明数值模型具有有效性。许多海域（包括中国南海北部）都存在弱黏聚力和无黏聚力的水下滑坡,该数值方法值得推广和进一步研究完善。 相似文献
14.
浅谈城市地下空间开发中的关键科学问题与创新思路 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
城市地下空间开发是提高城市土地利用率,扩大城市容积率,增强城市综合承载能力,缓解交通拥堵,解决环境污染及洪涝灾害等“城市病”,促进城市可持续发展的重要途径。概述了目前我国城市地下空间开发中存在的问题及危害,分析了城市地下空间开发中涉及地下建筑结构与地质结构系统的关键科学问题：地质结构要素间的多场耦合作用机理不清;地质结构系统动态平衡的动力学机制不明;地质结构与地下建筑结构的互馈机理仍需深入探索;地下建筑结构的灾变机理及其演化的动力学机制不清;地下空间工程的灾害预测与动态调控机制有待深入研究。最后提出了相应的创新思路：研究施工扰动下地质结构的多场耦合作用机制与边际效应以及地质结构与地下建筑结构在多场耦合作用下的互馈机制和综合系统的动力学过程,概化其力学模型;厘清内外动力作用对地下建筑结构的边界效应及材料性能劣化机制,破解复杂地质结构环境下地下建筑结构灾变机理及演化过程,建立地下建筑结构与地质结构综合系统的灾变理论;建立城市地下空间工程灾害超前判识、预警预报与风险控制理论及安全防护理论体系,形成地下空间工程的防灾减灾机制。 相似文献
15.
A. Di Matteo M. Milli Ph.D. 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2008,5(3):415-424
This paper outlines the results of a study recently carried out on the western coast of the Sestri Levante peninsula (Eastern Liguria-Italy), aiming to assess the effects of newly accomplished defensive measures against coastal erosion: the accretion of the beach with natural sand and its protection with artificial structures orthogonal and parallel to the shoreline. Through conventional and more innovative methodologies (respectively single beam echo sounders and global positioning system) the research work has resulted in a new evaluation of the morphological, bathymetric and sedimentological features that make up this shoreline and its volumetrical change over the century. The survey and the research carried out on the studied area have enabled us to give a more detailed picture of the evolution of the littoral, to assess the possible use of “non-traditional” techniques of beach development monitoring, to evaluate the volumetric variations of the emerged and submerged beaches, to establish the sedimentological activity of the beach after the latest nourishment measures, and finally, to verify the effectiveness of the protection measures implemented on this coastline. The acquired data have been stored in the database and a geographic information system has been used to process, analyze, and evaluate the results. The main findings show that the latest intervention has brought about a new phase in the evolution of the coastline, giving rise to a new pseudo-balanced condition. The re-distribution of materials used for the beach nourishment, leads us to believe that the defence underwater barrier has only partially worked. The main conclusion for a correct coastal zone management underline the necessity to plan local and more wide monitoring during at least 8–10 consecutive years. 相似文献
16.
Internal structure of a trough blowout, determined from migrated ground-penetrating radar profiles 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) was used to investigate the relationship between the geomorphological development of a large aeolian trough blowout and the stratigraphy and internal sedimentary structure of its associated deposits. Although analogous, many of the data‐processing techniques routinely applied in seismic reflection are very rarely applied in GPR studies. In this study, a simple migration program was used that significantly enhanced the quality of GPR images from a large trough blowout at Raven Meols on the Sefton coast, northwest England. These improvements aided subsequent data interpretation, which was achieved through application of the principles of radar stratigraphy. GPR shows the pre‐blowout dunes to have a complex internal structure that suggests they were formed in the presence of at least a partial vegetation cover. Subsequent to stabilization of these dunes a thin soil developed. This dune soil forms an important radar sequence boundary and delineates a complex topography beneath the depositional lobe of the blowout. The internal structure of the depositional lobe of the blowout does not conform to a model of simple radial foreset deposition, as derived from contemporary process studies reported in the literature. Instead, the pattern of deposition has been extensively modified by the antecedent dune topography and by varying spatial and temporal exposure to important sand‐transporting winds that is partly controlled by interactions between the regional wind pattern and local dune morphology. Trough blowout deposits in coastal aeolian sedimentary sequences are likely to be recognized by the presence of laterally continuous packets of relatively high‐angle cross‐strata, which often display a spatially‐variable radial dip pattern that is only very poorly or partially developed. In addition, a soil, or other surface representing a significant hiatus in dune deposition, is likely to underlie the blowout deposits, the topography of which will show a clear relationship to the dip and orientation of the overlying cross‐strata. 相似文献
17.
风蚀坑是沙质草原沙漠化的主要地貌响应和驱动,但目前我们对其形成演化的动力机制知之甚少。利用二维超声风速仪和积沙仪观测了共和盆地不同发育阶段风蚀坑表面气流和风沙流特征,研究其形态—动力反馈过程。结果表明:(1)风蚀斑与碗状坑内气流沿主风向先减速后加速,槽形坑内气流则先辐散减速—中部气流加速—积沙体迎风坡风速降低—背风坡风速有所恢复;且发育初期风蚀坑内风速与风速变异系数和风向稳定系数均呈负相关,而发育中期坑内风速与前者呈正相关,与后者呈负相关。(2)受坑体内的涡流影响,槽形坑内风速廓线不符合对数分布规律。(3)槽形坑内不同部位的输沙率随高度均呈指数式递减,但受气流—形态间的反馈作用,各部位输沙通量差异明显,坑底最低、积沙体迎风坡前端最大。风蚀坑内气流场与形态间存在反馈关系,坑体越大反馈效果越明显。 相似文献
18.
Palynologycal information was integrated with the aim to study vegetation history and environmental changes in Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon area (in the southeast of Buenos Aires province, Argentina) related to sea‐level fluctuations during the Holocene. Prior to 5000 yr BP a mosaic of psammophytic and halophytic communities developed on extensive sandy flats. Between 4000 and 2500 yr BP, during a period of sea‐level stabilisation, similar halophytic communities developed in the south and in the middle part of the present lagoon. Between 4500 and 3500 yr BP hydrophytic and halophytic communities developed in Laguna Hinojales. Beginning 2500 yr BP, when sea level was nearing its present position, modern plant communities became established. Pollen records suggest that littoral evolution of the area was much more complex than previous models have described, introducing new evidence of the geomorphological evolution of Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon. The estuarine environment was delimited by a system of barrier islands instead of a linear prograding barrier, as has been proposed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
基于海洋区域地质调查获取的1 438个粒度数据，利用Folk分类方法将中国东部海域表层沉积物划分为砂质粉砂、粉砂质砂、粉砂、砂、砂质泥、泥质砂、泥7种沉积物类型，阐述了不同沉积物类型的粒度组成和参数特征.其中，砂质粉砂、粉砂质砂和粉砂是3种最主要的沉积物类型，分别占样品总数的34.70%、24.20%和15.51%.粉砂质砂呈条带状分布在研究区的南部且向北延伸.粉砂主要分布在长江口-浙闽沿岸、渤海西部和南黄海中北部.砂主要分布在东海外陆架、扬子浅滩和苏北浅滩、朝鲜湾等海区，其中在东海外陆架海区分布最广.影响沉积物分布的主要因素有物源、水动力环境以及水深、地形、地貌等.晚第四纪冰期旋回中海平面变化和海洋环流控制陆源沉积物的入海通量和陆架沉积体系的发育过程.综合沉积物物源供给、海洋环流、冰后期海平面变化过程，基于Folk分类的动力学属性和表层沉积物类型分布，将中国东部海域表层沉积物分布划分为河口沉积、陆架泥质沉积、潮流沉积以及残留沉积等分区.不同沉积分区的形成机制和影响因素差异显著，反映出在中国东部陆架的特殊地形影响下，不同海平面时期陆源碎屑物质的运移过程. 相似文献
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委内瑞拉奥里诺科重油带H区块Oficina下段发育大面积分布的砂质辫状河沉积,储层内重油资源丰富,拥有巨大的开发潜力。研究区目前尚处于开发前期的油藏评价阶段,平均井距较大且缺少三维地震资料覆盖,仅局部存在一定数量的新钻水平井。考虑到现有资料的实际情况,首先从动态角度分别对心滩砂坝与辫状河道的形成、演化过程予以分析,并重点讨论了活动河道、砂质河道充填、废弃河道充填三种河道存在状态的区别。在此基础上,采用现代沉积类比、经验公式调研、水平井资料应用等手段,对研究区辫状河主要沉积单元的关键参数进行表征,以恢复其发育规模。根据以上研究成果,总结本区的砂质辫状河沉积模式,并在其指导下建立三维地质模型。将该模型与研究区的储层分布预测工作相结合,取得了良好的应用效果,对于后续开发方案的实施以及提高新井的砂岩钻遇率具有重要意义。 相似文献