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1.
开都河流域山区径流模拟及降雨输入的不确定性分析 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
选取塔里木河源区的开都河流域为研究区,将流域内气象水文站点数据与遥感数据相结合,利用气象、土壤类型、土地利用和地表覆盖、数字高程(DEM)和降雨等资料,模拟流域水文过程,并在出山口实测径流数据的基础上对模型进行率定和验证;对降雨输入所带来的径流模拟不确定性进行分析,探讨降雨输入的空间异质性对水文预报结果的影响机制.结果表明:MIKE-SHE模型能在水文、气象站点稀少,土壤及水文地质数据缺乏的条件下,模拟开都河流域的日径流过程,但精度上仍有待提高;降雨输入的空间分布程度对径流模拟有重要影响.FY-2C遥感估算降雨资料能够更好地表达降雨时间的空间异质性,相应地对径流模拟精度也有一定程度的提高. 相似文献
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选取具有物理基础的分布式水文模型MIKE SHE来模拟大尺度资料稀缺地区水文过程。以塔里木河主要源区之一开都河流域为研究区域,将流域内气象水文站点观测数据与遥感数据相结合,运用GIS空间分析方法修正数据输入。利用气象、土壤类型、土地利用和地表覆盖、数字高程和降雨等资料,研究大气、陆面、地表水和地下水的相互作用机理,通过模型敏感性分析确定了5个"自由"参数,并依据出山口水文站数据对模型进行率定和验证。结果表明,MIKE SHE能在水文、气象站点稀少,土壤及水文地质数据缺乏的条件下,模拟开都河流域的日径流过程,模型效率系数达到0.7以上,率定期与验证期水量平衡误差均小于3%,模拟径流与实测径流高度相关。 相似文献
4.
选取具有物理基础的分布式水文模型MIKE SHE来模拟大尺度资料稀缺地区水文过程.以塔里木河主要源区之一开都河流域为研究区域,将流域内气象水文站点观测数据与遥感数据相结合,运用GIS空间分析方法修正数据输入.利用气象、土壤类型、土地利用和地表覆盖、数字高程和降雨等资料,研究大气、陆面、地表水和地下水的相互作用机理,通过模型敏感性分析确定了5个"自由"参数,并依据出山口水文站数据对模型进行率定和验证.结果表明,MIKE SHE能在水文、气象站点稀少,土壤及水文地质数据缺乏的条件下,模拟开都河流域的日径流过程,模型效率系数达到0.7以上,率定期与验证期水量平衡误差均小于3%,模拟径流与实测径流高度相关. 相似文献
5.
洮河流域土地利用／覆被变化的水文过程响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土地利用/覆被变化是导致流域水资源发生变化的重要原因.以中国西北地区的洮河流域为研究区,构建适宜于洮河流域的分布式水文模型(SWAT),在综合考虑流域1985-2000年间土地利用/覆被变化特征的基础上建立多种土地利用/覆被情景,并对不同情景下的水文过程进行模拟,得到以下结论:(1)经校准后的SWAT模型,其验证期的相关系数R~2、相对误差R_e和效率系数E_(ns)分别为0.83、-8%和0.68,说明SWAT模型在洮河流域径流量模拟中具有较高的适用性.(2)草地、林地和耕地是洮河流域的主要土地利用类型.林地的壤中流、土壤湿度和产水量最大,耕地的地表径流和蒸散量最大.与1985年相比,2000年土地利用/覆被情景下地表径流增加了1.72%,地下径流和产水量降低了0.8%和0.4%;耕地扩张和城镇建设用地情景下流域地表径流明显增加,生态恢复情景下流域地表径流和产水量均有所降低.(3)从月径流量来看,林草地可以减小最大与最小流量的变幅,而耕地的作用正好相反.与1985年相比,2000年土地利用/覆被情景下汛期地表径流增加1.67%,地下径流减少0.83%,产水量减少0.36%;非汛期地表径流增加1.86%,地下径流减少0.63%,产水量减少0.46%.说明林草地减少对非汛期的影响更大. 相似文献
6.
岩溶泉域降雨径流水文过程的模拟——以重庆金佛山水房泉为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过地貌、水文地质、土壤、植被、地下洞穴管道等实地调查,以及示踪试验确定水房泉泉域范围和地下水文系统特征,并通过代表性点的土壤入渗试验、降雨和流量监测以及DEM数据等获得泉域水文模型所需的面积、结点高程、入渗率、糙率、管道长度、含水层孔隙度、出流系数等参数。选择SCS径流曲线模型估算地表产流,利用SWMM模型模拟泉域对场降雨的径流响应过程。通过运行模型,与实测流量比较,结果显示模拟曲线与观测流量曲线吻合较好,用于校正和验证的两场降雨产流的模拟误差分别为9.5%和12%,表明SWMM可应用于岩溶区以管道流为主要排水系统的含水介质的模拟。 相似文献
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冻土对寒区水文过程具有重要的调节作用,是寒区水循环研究的核心内容之一.在分布式水文模型中对土壤冻融过程进行显式表达,对探索寒区水循环的机理、定量研究寒区流域径流的时空变化十分重要.先在黑河上游八宝河流域对考虑了土壤冻融过程的分布式水文模型进行简单验证,然后分析土壤冻融对流域水文过程的影响.对考虑和不考虑土壤冻融的模型模拟结果进行对比,发现冻土对流域的产流方式和速度有很大的影响,主要表现为：1）考虑冻土时,流域产流以壤中流为主,径流对降雨或融雪的响应速度较快,径流过程线变化较为剧烈,径流系数较高.冻土有效地阻碍了入渗过程,促进地表径流和壤中流的形成.壤中流发生的平均土壤深度冬季深,春季浅,年平均深度约为1.1 m;2）在不考虑冻土时,土壤下渗能力强,地下水补给是考虑冻土时的3倍,流域产流方式以基流为主,径流对降雨或融雪的响应速度减缓,径流过程线较为平滑,夏季洪峰在时间上存在明显的延迟.即便在降水强度较大的夏天,流域内都不会产生地表产流,而且壤中流产流的平均土壤深度平稳地处于2.4 m左右.研究对从机理上认识土壤冻融对水文过程的影响有一定的帮助. 相似文献
8.
《地下水》2015,(3)
基于分布式水文模型SWAT模型,以大洋河沙里寨水文站以上为研究流域,利用沙里寨水文站2000-2010年水文数据、研究流域分辨率为1 km×1 km土地利用数据以及1:100 000土壤类型数据,定量模拟大城子以上流域2000-2010年径流量,通过设定三种土地利用模式情景,定量分析不同土地利用模式情景下对大洋河流域径流量的影响。研究结果表明:SWAT模型在大洋河流域径流模拟具有较好的适用性,模拟相对误差小于10%,确定性系数0.7以上;在三种土地利用模式情景,其中情景II(林地减少10%,城镇用地增加10%)径流深增加7.7mm,径流系数增加0.16,情景I(林地增加10%,旱地减少10%)以及情景III(林地增加10%,城镇用地减少10%)使得径流深分别减少14.1 mm和16.2 mm,城镇用地对径流影响大于旱地。研究成果对于大洋河水资源规划和保护提供参考价值。 相似文献
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喀斯特坡地壤中流与地表径流并存,共同驱动了土壤关键生源物质的迁移,造成该区土壤生产力下降、地下水污染。为揭示喀斯特坡地土壤碳氮流失途径及其水文驱动机制,本研究以喀斯特坡地径流微区(2 m×1.2 m)为研究对象,分析了火烧、轻度砍伐、重度砍伐、人工林、耕地、牧草6种不同土地利用方式对土壤碳氮流失途径、形态及通量的影响。结果表明:降雨是土壤碳氮流失的主要驱动因子,降雨产流阈值为16 mm,55 mm时达到产流峰值。各土地利用方式仅在暴雨下有显著差异,其中,人工林的土壤碳氮流失量较大,而重度砍伐的流失量较小。土地利用方式不改变土壤碳氮的流失途径,各土地利用方式均以地表流失为主(51.29%～75.15%),壤中流为辅,其中壤中流主要通过A层流失(65.20%-89.12%)。氮素流失形态以NO3--N为主(45.84%～56.49%)。研究结果可为揭示喀斯特坡地生源物质流失过程及其水文驱动机制、研发水土流失与面源污染阻控技术提供参考。 相似文献
11.
气候与土地利用变化对水文水资源的影响研究 总被引：27，自引：0，他引：27
水资源短缺和水患灾害已成为全球关心的重大问题。气候与土地利用变化对流域水资源和旱涝的影响以及由此产生的社会经济后果已引起人类社会的广泛关注。深入综合地开展这方面的研究对国民经济建设和可持续发展规划决策有重要的意义。通过分析总结已进行的有关研究工作 ,对该领域的研究进展作了简要回顾 ,讨论了现有工作的不足和今后的研究内容和方法。 相似文献
12.
以淮河流域为研究对象,选择分布式水文模型HMS,结合GIS技术,通过构建数字流域,提取流域特征信息,最终构建了分布式陆面-水文耦合模型(LSX-HMS).采用扰动分析法进行参数敏感性分析,利用实测水文资料进行参数率定和模型验证,确定性系数达0.760～0.939,表明该耦合模型在淮河流域具有较好的适用性.应用LSX-HMS对淮河蚌埠以上集水区域1980—1987年8a平均降水、蒸散发、日径流量和相对土壤含水量的空间分布进行了模拟.结果表明:各水文要素的空间分布存在较大的差异性,降水要素的分布呈随纬度递减的趋势;蒸散发和径流量两个变量都是上游小,中下游大;相对土壤含水量在研究区西部及西南部的山区和丘陵区较低,平原区较高.研究成果为淮河流域水土资源合理开发利用、调配和管理提供依据. 相似文献
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Ata Amini Pezhman Taherei Ghazvinei Mitra Javan Bahram Saghafian 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(8):3271-3279
Recently, water and soil resource competition and environmental degradation due to inadequate management practices have been increased and pose difficult problems for resource managers. Numerous watershed practices currently being implemented for runoff storage and flood control purposes have improved hydrologic conditions in watersheds and enhanced the establishment of riparian vegetation. The assessment of proposed management options increases management efficiency. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of watershed managements on runoff storage and peak flow, and determine the land use and cover dynamics that it has induced in Gav-Darreh watershed, Kurdistan, Iran. The watershed area is 6.27 km2 which has been subjected to non-structural and structural measures. The implemented management practices and its impact on land use and cover were assessed by integrating field observation and geographic information systems (GIS). The data were used to derive the volume of retained water and determine reduction in peak flow. The hydrology of the watershed was modeled using the Hydrologic Engineering Center–Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC–HMS) model, and watershed changes were quantified through field work. Actual storms were used to calibrate and validate HEC–HMS rainfall–runoff model. The calibrated HEC–HMS model was used to simulate pre- and post-management conditions in the watershed. The results derived from field observation and HEC–HMS model showed that the practices had significant impacts on the runoff storage and peak flow reduction. 相似文献
14.
Han Xiao Dingbao Wang Scott C. Hagen Stephen C. Medeiros Carlton R. Hall 《Hydrogeology Journal》2016,24(7):1791-1806
A three-dimensional variable-density groundwater flow and salinity transport model is implemented using the SEAWAT code to quantify the spatial variation of water-table depth and salinity of the surficial aquifer in Merritt Island and Cape Canaveral Island in east-central Florida (USA) under steady-state 2010 hydrologic and hydrogeologic conditions. The developed model is referred to as the ‘reference’ model and calibrated against field-measured groundwater levels and a map of land use and land cover. Then, five prediction/projection models are developed based on modification of the boundary conditions of the calibrated ‘reference’ model to quantify climate change impacts under various scenarios of sea-level rise and precipitation change projected to 2050. Model results indicate that west Merritt Island will encounter lowland inundation and saltwater intrusion due to its low elevation and flat topography, while climate change impacts on Cape Canaveral Island and east Merritt Island are not significant. The SEAWAT models developed for this study are useful and effective tools for water resources management, land use planning, and climate-change adaptation decision-making in these and other low-lying coastal alluvial plains and barrier island systems. 相似文献
15.
黑河流域陆地—大气相互作用研究的几点思考 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
陆地和大气之间是相互作用、相互影响的,不仅陆面分布与地表过程对大气变化有着响应过程,而且陆面物理过程、地表特征分布对大气过程也有着重要影响。我国西北地区地形分布极不均匀,是水资源变化和气候变化的敏感区与脆弱地区。这里,由于海拔高度起伏造就了以水为主线的上游山区冰雪、冻土—中游森林、绿洲—下游戈壁荒漠的多个自然景观带共存的内陆河流域,是开展陆—气相互作用研究的理想场所。文章集中黑河流域水循环过程、冰雪/冻土与大气相互作用、降水异质性、人类活动影响以及尺度等问题,阐述了流域研究现状以及研究热点,指出发挥各学科优势,将大尺度的大气过程与中间尺度和小尺度的陆面水文/生态过程结合,建立流域尺度大气—水文—生态过程真正的双向耦合模式,不仅研究气候变化对陆面水文、生态的影响,同时探讨陆面小尺度过程对大气的反馈机理,探索流域尺度的水循环过程和驱动机理,为水资源合理利用提供理论基础。 相似文献
16.
汾河上游土地利用变化及其水文响应研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
以河岔水文站以上的汾河流域为研究区,采用土地利用转移矩阵和SWAT模型模拟方法,就汾河上游土地利用变化对水文过程的影响进行研究. 流域从1995-2000年,以耕地向林地和草地转变为主;从2000-2010年,城市建设用地不断增加,主要是对耕地的占用. 结果显示,在相同气候背景、不同土地利用情景（1995、2000年2010年）下,流域1992-2000年多年平均产水量微弱增加（分别为85.69 mm、85.75 mm和85.82 mm）,主要因为耕地持续减少,草地和城市建设用地不断增加. 但是各年产水量的大小关系不完全一致,枯水年和平水年与丰水年存在差异,而土壤水分呈现一致的减少状况. 子流域水平上,降水条件同样影响水文过程对土地利用变化的响应程度. 以上结果表明,汾河流域在退耕还林还草政策等影响下,土地利用发生变化并且直接影响流域的水文过程,但是流域水文过程对土地利用变化的响应还受到降水的影响. 相似文献
17.
Influences of subsurface heterogeneity and vegetation cover on soil moisture, surface temperature and evapotranspiration at hillslope scales 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Physical processes are at the root of determining hydrologic response at all scales. Here, the physical mechanisms linking (1) subsurface heterogeneities to soil moisture and (2) resulting land-surface energy feedbacks to the atmosphere, are examined at the hillslope scale using a fully coupled surface-subsurface-land-surface model, ParFlow. A hillslope with a heterogeneous subsurface and uniform topography was modeled numerically using summer atmospheric conditions and a single precipitation event under controlled boundary conditions in order to isolate the contribution of hydraulic conductivity to land-surface hydrological processes and energy interactions. Patterns of subsurface hydraulic conductivity are shown to govern soil-moisture distribution at the hillslope scale following precipitation. This variability in soil moisture is closely linked to the variability in land-surface energy feedbacks. The role that vegetation plays in subsurface soil moisture and land energy communications is also examined. Results show that hillslope soil moisture variation is first established by patterns in vertical hydraulic conductivity, while later on in the dry-down period, vegetation exerts greater control on the land-surface energy fluxes and controls the rate of hillslope dry down. Furthermore, as compared to bare-soil simulations, grass-cover simulations show an increase in near-surface soil moisture despite water up-take along the rooting depth. 相似文献
18.
Due to the existence of fragile karst geo-ecological environments, such as environments with extremely poor soil cover, low
soil-forming velocity, and fragmentized terrain and physiognomy, as well as inappropriate and intensive land use, soil erosion
is a serious problem in Guizhou Province, which is located in the centre of the karst areas of southwestern China; evaluation
of soil loss and spatial distribution for conservation planning is urgently needed. This study integrated the revised universal
soil loss equation (RUSLE) with a GIS to assess soil loss and identify risk erosion areas in the Maotiao River watershed of
Guizhou. Current land use/cover and management practices were evaluated to determine their effects on average annual soil
loss and future soil conservation practices were discussed. Data used to generate the RUSLE factors included a Landsat Thematic
Mapper image (land cover), digitized topographic and soil maps, and precipitation data. The results of the study compare well
with the other studies and local data, and provide useful information for decision makers and planners to take appropriate
land management measures in the area. It thus indicates the RUSLE–GIS model is a useful tool for evaluating and mapping soil
erosion quantitatively and spatially at a larger watershed scale in Guizhou. 相似文献
19.
西苕溪流域城镇化对径流的长期影响研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
城镇化的发展使流域下垫面产生了较大变化,从而使流域降雨径流条件发生变化,随着城市化水平的提高,土地利用性质发生了改变,不透水地面积的增加,对径流的形成过程产生很大影响。长期水文影响模型(Long-Term Hydrological Impact Analysis,L-THIA GIS)是一个基于GIS平台的城市水文模型,可用于评价城市化对径流的长期影响。本文选取太湖上游浙江省安吉县西苕溪流域作为研究区域,利用L-THIA GIS模型对流域31年的长期径流进行模拟,在验证模型有效应用的基础上,探讨了城镇化对径流的影响。 相似文献
20.
Analysis of flow behavior in a landfill with cover soil of low hydraulic conductivity 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Y. -S Jang 《Environmental Geology》2000,39(3-4):292-298
This paper presents the results of field tests of hydrologic parameters in a landfill and the results of numerical simulation
to find the efficiency of the pumping method to reduce leachate levels in the landfill. The field hydraulic conductivity and
storativity of waste and buried cover soils in the landfill are measured by pumping and slug tests. The hydrologic condition
inside the landfill is first calibrated using the drawdown-time curve obtained from the pumping test, and the flow behavior
of leachate during pumping in the landfill, when various layers of waste and buried cover soil exist, is analyzed through
three-dimensional numerical simulation of flow. The results of the field investigation show that the buried cover soil of
low hydraulic conductivity forms an impermeable layer preventing the downward flow of leachate and upward flow of landfill
gas. The hydraulic conductivities of the pumping test and slug tests were quite close on the same order of magnitude. It was
also possible to match the drawdown-time data of the field tests with those of the model using input data close to the hydrologic
property obtained from the field tests. The numerical flow analysis showed that pumping was possible up to 120 tons/day for
a single well without a drain, while the pumping rate could be increased to 300 tons/day for the same well with the drain.
From the vertical section of the flow vector with a horizontal drain, the barrier role of buried cover soil is identified,
which was proposed by examining the water contents of the disposed cover soil and waste in the field.
Received: 15 May 1998 · Accepted: 4 January 1999 相似文献