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1.
近年来在球粒陨石冲击脉体中陆续发现了一些天然高压新矿物和矿物组合，这些发现为地球深部碱性元素的地球化学行为的研究提供了重要依据。在地幔过渡带温度和压力条件下，钠和钙离子优先结合到镁铁－镁铝榴石固溶体和长石高压多形之中，钾离子则选择性地进入到长石高压多形中，副矿物涂氏磷钙石是Na、Ba、Sr和轻稀土等元素的潜在载体相。天然冲击变质球粒陨石为我们提供了探索过渡带和下地幔温度、压力条件下碱性元素载体相特征的重要自然界样品。 相似文献
2.
深部碳循环的Mg同位素示踪 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
大洋板块俯冲导致的深部碳循环可影响地球历史的大气CO2的收支情况及气候变化。沉积碳酸盐岩是地球中轻镁同位素的主要储库,它通过板块俯冲再循环进入地幔有可能引起地幔局部的Mg同位素组成不均一性。因此,在这样一个基本假设基础上,即俯冲岩石的镁同位素在变质脱水和岩浆过程中不发生显著变化,镁同位素有可能成为深部碳循环的示踪剂。前人研究已经证明岩浆过程不会发生显著镁同位素分馏。然而,至今对俯冲、变质过程镁同位素的分馏程度以及低δ26Mg玄武岩成因还属未知。为此,本研究聚焦在高温高压条件下碳酸盐的稳定性和相转换、板块俯冲过程中的镁同位素行为、循环碳酸盐对地幔镁同位素组成可能产生的影响。 相似文献
3.
《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,(Z1)
<正>碳酸盐矿物,如CaCO3,MgCO3,MgCa(CO3)2等,是地壳岩石的重要组成部分。在板块运动中,碳酸盐矿物随着板块俯冲被带入地球内部。近期高温高压实验表明,这些碳酸盐矿物在俯冲板片相对较低的温度下稳定存在,并在下地幔温压条件下发生结构相变。即使少量碳出现在地球深内部,都将会改变地幔矿物的熔点,并使地球内部处于更加还原的状态(Dasgupta and Hirschmann,2010)。因此,研究这些碳酸 相似文献
4.
高温高压实验作为地球科学研究的重要方向之一,通过模拟地球深部的温度和压力条件,了解地球深部物质的物理化学性质、地球内部结构和动力学演化。角闪石属于双链硅酸盐矿物,为地幔岩石圈的重要组成,广泛分布在海洋地壳、俯冲板块、变质岩和火成岩中。作为俯冲带的重要含水矿物,角闪石的广泛分布和高温高压下的脱水对于理解俯冲带水含量以及水迁移具有重要作用,同时在俯冲带的地震活动、高电导率异常、地震波速异常和岩浆活动中扮演重要角色。在过去的近百年时间里,国内外学者对角闪石高温高压物理化学性质进行了大量的研究。角闪石具有非常复杂的元素组成和结构特征,由此也导致了不同角闪石物理化学性质存在显著不同,包括脱水与脱羟基反应中元素迁移的差异、角闪石形成与分解过程中碱性元素(K+Na)和H2O含量对热稳定的影响、不同空间群结构下的高压结构相变、原位条件下不同结晶方向的电导率异常、不同结晶学优选方位(CPO)下的波速异常等。已有的研究对于角闪石的物理化学性质以及其在俯冲带中发挥的作用有了比较清楚的认识,但仍然有许多问题需要进一步研究,如角闪石的高压脱水动力学、热物性和变形机制等。 相似文献
5.
绿帘石记录俯冲带变质流体活动 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
俯冲带是连接地球表生圈层和深部圈层的关键纽带,深刻影响着地球内部的运行方式和人类宜居环境。俯冲板片脱水释放的高压-超高压变质流体控制着俯冲带诸多重要地质过程,如地幔楔交代和部分熔融、岛弧岩浆活动、中/深源地震以及地球内部的元素迁移和分异等等。深入了解这些流体的源区、运移、成分和物理化学条件是理解这些流体性质和行为的前提和关键。绿帘石是俯冲带变质岩中一个常见的含水造岩矿物,具有较宽广的稳定温压范围(绿片岩相-榴辉岩相)、较高的微量元素含量和缓慢的体扩散行为(如Sr、Pb、Th、U、Cr、V和LREE),能够指示俯冲带(多期)变质流体活动和地球化学效应。本文总结了近年来俯冲带变质绿帘石研究的主要进展及其在揭示俯冲带流体活动方面的重要应用,包括探究俯冲带流体的起源、成分特征、运移方式、氧逸度条件、交代效应和多期次结晶行为。这些研究表明绿帘石是一个极好的变质流体活动记录器,能够为理解俯冲带流体活动和深部元素迁移提供关键信息。 相似文献
6.
《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2020,(1)
正地球内部水的分配和运输取决于含水相的稳定性。地幔转换带被普遍认为是重要的储水库,因为它的主要组成矿物瓦德利石和林伍德石都可以含有百分之一数量级质量的H2O。水可以被运输到地幔转换带以下深度的程度取决于俯冲板片中含水相的载水能力。斯石英是俯冲洋壳中的重要矿物,但其在下地幔条件的含水能力仍然存在争议。为了研究这一问题,美国卡耐基研究所地球物理实验室和中国北京高压中心的科学家利用金刚石压砧将斯石英在含水环境下加压到27～58 MPa,利用 相似文献
7.
地幔转换带是联系上下地幔的纽带,对于认识整个地幔的组成和演化、地幔对流、岩石圈深俯冲及深源地震等地球深部动力学问题具有重要意义。一般认为,转换带地震不连续面主要与橄榄石的高压相变密切相关。最新的高温高压实验研究表明,地幔中非橄榄石组分的相变,如辉石和石榴子石的相变,对不连续面的深度和宽度以及转换带内的波速和密度梯度也起到很大的影响。另外地幔全岩成分、端员组分、温度和水也对相变和不连续面具有重要影响,这些精细的实验研究成果更好地解释了转换带地震不连续面一些相对局部的性质和变化,促进了我们对地球深部性质和动力学过程的了解。因为缺少直接来自地球深部的样品,而地球物理和地球化学研究也有它们的相对局限性,所以高温高压实验仍然是我们了解地球深部成分和性质的重要手段之一。 相似文献
8.
夏群科 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2015,(3)
<正>"水"在地幔的矿物中主要以晶格缺陷中的结构水形式存在,尽管其含量可能只有"10-6"的量级,但是这些微量的结构水会强烈的影响深部地幔矿物与岩石的化学物理性质,如矿物结构、岩石应变强度、部分熔融温度等,进而影响地幔的动力学性质和地球物理特征。大洋板块俯冲是"水"进入深部地幔的重要途径,各种高压、超高压含水相矿物是俯冲过程中"水"进入地幔的重要载体。因此,合成与研究超高压含水相硅酸盐矿物及其相变过程一直是实验岩石学的热点。 相似文献
9.
俯冲洋壳的折返及其相关问题讨论 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
大洋俯冲带中高压(HP)和超高压(UHP)岩石的折返机制一直以来都是俯冲工厂中最不为人知的问题之一.本文根据搜集全球折返到地表的洋壳榴辉岩基础数据(包括岩石学特征、峰期温压条件和折返P-T轨迹),初步探讨了洋壳榴辉岩的折返机制.根据峰期矿物组合、温压条件和对应的地温梯度,典型大洋俯冲带中的榴辉岩可以分为三类:含柯石英的UHP硬柱石榴辉岩(2.7～ 3.2GPa,470 ～ 610℃,5～7℃/km)、HP硬柱石榴辉岩(1.7～2.6GPa,360～ 620℃,5～8℃/km)和HP绿帘石榴辉岩(1.5 ～2.3 GPa,540 ～ 630℃,7～12℃/km).与大陆俯冲碰撞造山带中的HP-UHP榴辉岩相比,洋壳榴辉岩具有较低的峰期温压条件和较高的低密度含水矿物的含量,但是普遍缺失高密度的蓝晶石.已有的俯冲洋壳的折返模式都基于一个假设:洋壳榴辉岩密度比周围地幔大.因此,洋壳榴辉岩的折返必须借助于低密度的蛇纹岩或者变沉积岩.MORB体系的热力学模拟研究表明,俯冲洋壳的矿物组合、矿物含量和密度主要受低密度含水矿物(如硬柱石、绿泥石、蓝闪石和滑石等)的稳定性控制,并且在同等深度条件下,冷俯冲洋壳的密度低于热俯冲洋壳的密度.经历冷俯冲(～6℃/km)洋壳的密度在＜ 110～ 120km(P ＜3.3 ～ 3.6GPa)的深度仍小于周围地幔,但是经历热俯冲(～ 1O℃/km)洋壳的密度在＞60km(P＞1.8GPa)的深度就已经超过周围地幔.结合高温高压实验资料和地球物理观察数据,我们认为在＞120km的深度,俯冲基性洋壳本身密度大于周围地幔,不存在低密度的地幔楔蛇纹岩(蛇纹石已发生分解),并且大洋板块的俯冲角度突然增大可能阻碍了更深部的低密度变沉积岩的折返.以上这三个方面的原因可能导致现今折返到地表的洋壳榴辉岩和变沉积岩的形成深度普遍小于120km.折返过程中硬柱石脱水分解会导致洋壳密度增大,退变形成的蓝晶石榴辉岩的密度大于周围地幔,无法折返,这可能是全球洋壳榴辉岩中普遍缺失蓝晶石的主要原因. 相似文献
10.
俯冲物质深地幔循环——地球动力学研究的一个新方向 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地球上发生的各种地壳运动,大规模的火山喷发,不同深度不同规模的地震活动,规模宏大的山脉和高原的形成,以及地球历史上发生的大陆漂移运动,都被认为与板块构造活动密切相关。但这些运动的动力源究竟来自何方?如何去发现和证明它们的存在以及从理论上去认识和解释,是当今地球科学面临的巨大挑战,也是今后很长一段时间内地球科学的前沿和热点问题。近些年,人们通过各种方法,试图从更深部寻找板块作用动力学的证据。首先是地震层析研究取得了很大进展,获得了许多区域性和全球的高分辨率3-D地震地幔波速结构,使得我们得以认识地球深部的结构,探讨地幔的物质组成,流体的作用和动力学过程。证据显示,板块俯冲不仅可以到达地幔过渡带深度,而且可达到下地幔底部,堆积在核幔边界的上部,成为核幔边界产生的地幔柱的重要物质组成。其次是开展了大量的实验岩石学研究,模拟了一系列地球深部的高温高压矿物组合,被认为可能代表了地幔过渡带和下地幔的矿物组合,甚至核幔边界的含水矿物组合。另一方面,计算机模拟实验揭示了冷的大洋岩石圈发生深俯冲是可行的。尤为重要的是,许多来自地幔过渡带甚至下地幔深度的高压矿物已经在自然界陆续被发现,证明其中一些矿物是源自深俯冲的洋壳物质,记录了俯冲洋壳再循环的历史,如产在巴西、南非和加拿大等金伯利岩中的超深金刚石矿物包裹体。此外,洋岛玄武岩和大陆板内玄武岩的研究,也找到了早期俯冲下去的壳源岩石的同位素证据。近些年发现的蛇绿岩型金刚石是另一实证,其金刚石碳同位素和包裹体研究表明它们源自早期俯冲下去的壳源物质,被认为是研究俯冲物质深部再循环的一个新窗口。这些俯冲再循环的物质,被认为是通过地幔柱的活动从深部带至浅表。本文综述了地球深部物质循环的研究现状,强调了该研究的重要性,并认为俯冲物质深部循环是地球动力学研究的一个新方向。 相似文献
11.
Stephen K. Donovan David A.T. Harper Roger W. Portell Willem Renema 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2014
The Late Oligocene oyster Hyotissa antiguensis (Brown) is locally common in the Antigua Formation of Hughes Point, eastern Antigua, Lesser Antilles; it was not commonly bored at that time. Its valves and shells are robust, and reworked into the shallow water near-shore environment in Antigua; it could potentially be incorporated into younger rocks. Its neoichnology includes clues that would facilitate identification of these oysters as reworked fossils. The suite of modern borings found in these specimens includes common Caulostrepsis taeniola Clarke, Gastrochaenolites isp. cf. G. turbinatus Kelly and Bromley and Entobia isp., and rare Oichnus simplex Bromley and Rogerella? isp. The latter three taxa are limited to oyster shell substrates. Of the common ichnotaxa, Caulostrepsis and Gastrochaenolites are particularly prominent in limestone clasts and limestone cemented to oyster shells, which would be an indicator of reworking if found in a post-Oligocene lithified deposit. Caulostrepsis and Gastrochaenolites are relatively less common in oyster shells and valves, and in many specimens are seen to terminate against the shell. Entobia is the only common boring limited to the shell substrate. The fidelity of preservation of modern borings is also superior in limestone clasts. This suite of borings is comparable with those found in the Neogene of the Antillean region. 相似文献
12.
Fabien Knoll Gilles Cuny Pierre-Olivier Mojon Raquel López-Antoñanzas 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2014
The palaeontological content (charophytes and vertebrates) of organic-rich layers from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of the Grands Causses at Mostuéjouls (Aveyron, France) has been examined. It is rich in gyrogonites of Porochara douzensis. The vertebrates of the lower layer include a single hybodontiform tooth, “semionotiform” teeth and scales, and one pycnodontiform tooth whereas the upper layer has yielded one hybodontiform tooth, a variety of actinopterygian remains (mostly Caturus sp. and indeterminate pycnodontiforms) and a few possible reptile remains. The variation in fauna between the two layers is ascribed to a different degree of marine influence. 相似文献
13.
Stephen K. Donovan James Isted 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2014
Nineteenth-century references to clavate borings in woody substrates in the Lower Greensand of the Isle of Wight used a variety of names, but Teredo (a wood-boring bivalve, not a boring), Teredolithes (a junior synonym of Teredolites) and Gastrochaena (a bivalve borer of rock and shelly substrates, not a boring in wood) are all nomenclatorially incorrect. Borings in a beach clast derived from the Lower Greensand Group and recently collected from Sandown Bay, Isle of Wight, are referred to Teredolites isp. cf. T. longissimus Kelly and Bromley. This specimen confirms the presence of Teredolites in the Lower Greensand Group and demonstrates a common ichnological problem of beach clasts; borings, either fossil or modern, are incompletely preserved, making confident classification below the level of ichnogenus problematic. 相似文献
14.
15.
The origin of the genus Bos is a debated issue. From ∼ 0.5 Ma until historic times, the genus is well known in the Eurasian large mammal assemblages, where it is represented by Bos primigenius. This species has a highly derived cranial anatomy that shows important morphological differences from other Plio-Pleistocene Eurasian genera of the tribe Bovini such as Leptobos, Bison, Proamphibos-Hemibos, and Bubalus. The oldest clear evidence of Bos is the skull fragment ASB-198-1 from the middle Pleistocene (∼ 0.6-0.8 Ma) site of Asbole (Lower Awash Valley, Ethiopia). The first appearance of Bos in Europe is at the site of Venosa-Notarchirico, Italy (∼ 0.5-0.6 Ma). Although the origin of Bos has traditionally been connected with Leptobos and Bison, after a detailed anatomical and morphometric study we propose here a different origin, connecting the middle Pleistocene Eurasian forms of B. primigenius with the African Late Pliocene and early Pleistocene large size member of the tribe Bovini Pelorovis sensu stricto. The dispersal of the Bos lineage in Western Europe during middle Pleistocene times seems to coincide with the arrival of the Acheulean tool technology in this continent. 相似文献
16.
Indigofera melanadenia and Tephrosia longipes plant species, collected from Cu–Ni mining area, were evaluated for accumulation of Cu and Ni. The total and bioavailable concentrations of Cu and Ni in the host soils were also determined. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry was used for all metal determinations. The total and bioavailable concentrations of Cu in the soils were in the range 900–9000 μg/g and 200–2000 μg/g respectively. For Ni, the total and bioavailable concentrations were in the range 900–2000 μg/g and ∼ 40–100 μg/g respectively. The concentrations of Cu and Ni in the leaves of I. melanadenia were higher than in the roots with a range 80–130 μg/g in the leaves and 20–80 μg/g in the roots for Cu and a range of 150–200 μg/g in the leaves and 20–60 μg/g in the roots for Ni. Concentration of Cu in T. longipes was in the range of 37–240 μg/g and 150–200 μg/g in the leaves and roots respectively while the concentration of Ni was 80–140 μg/g in the leaves and 25–100 μg/g in the roots. Results indicate that both species have a potential for accumulating Cu and Ni. Translocation factor, a ratio of shoots to roots metal concentration, was used to evaluate the translocation properties of the plants from roots to shoots. Translocation factors of the plants were ≥ 1 suggesting efficient translocation of metals from roots to shoots. 相似文献
17.
Vegetation and climate change on the Bolivian Altiplano between 108,000 and 18,000 yr ago 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Alex Chepstow-Lusty Mark B. Bush Paul A. Baker Sherilyn C. Fritz James Aronson 《Quaternary Research》2005,63(1):90-98
A 90,000-yr record of environmental change before 18,000 cal yr B.P. has been constructed using pollen analyses from a sediment core obtained from Salar de Uyuni (3653 m above sea level) on the Bolivian Altiplano. The sequence consists of alternating mud and salt, which reflect shifts between wet and dry periods. Low abundances of aquatic species between 108,000 and 50,000 yr ago (such as Myriophyllum and Isoëtes) and marked fluctuations in Pediastrum suggest generally dry conditions dominated by saltpans. Between 50,000 yr ago and 36,000 cal yr B.P., lacustrine sediments become increasingly dominant. The transition to the formation of paleolake “Minchin” begins with marked rises in Isoëtes and Myriophyllum, suggesting a lake of moderate depth. Similarly, between 36,000 and 26,000 cal yr B.P., the transition to paleolake Tauca is also initiated by rises in Isoëtes and Myriophyllum; the sustained presence of Isoëtes indicates the development of flooded littoral communities associated with a lake maintained at a higher water level. Polylepis tarapacana-dominated communities were probably an important component of the Altiplano terrestrial vegetation during much of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and previous wet phases. 相似文献
18.
William T. Blows Kerri Honeysett 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2014
A new partial skeleton of the armoured ornithischian dinosaur Polacanthus found in the Wadhurst Clay Formation (Valanginian stage) of Bexhill, Sussex is the oldest recorded occurrence of this taxon. Previous discoveries suggested that at least two armoured ornithischians occur in the Wealden succession: Polacanthus, which was mostly restricted to the Barremian, and Hylaeosaurus, which was recorded as present only in the Valanginian. The new discovery extends the stratigraphic range of Polacanthus into the Valanginian. Although these two taxa appear to be closely similar anatomically, their osteology now suggests they are not synonymous. The new specimen includes the first known jugal as well as a comparatively rare polacanthid plate/spine (splate) which probably comes from the shoulder (pectoral) area of these animals. 相似文献
19.
缅甸硬玉岩地区的热液型钠长石岩 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
产于俯冲带内的低温高压带的由单矿物构成的硬玉岩通常伴有钠长石岩,目前对于硬玉岩研究的关注度较高,而对于钠长石岩则相对较低,很少有相关论文报导.产于缅甸翡翠矿区的钠长石岩,经常与硬玉岩相伴而生,是良好的研究样品.钠长石岩的主要矿物成分是低温钠长石,其次含有硬玉、绿辉石、透辉石等辉石类矿物和钠透闪石、蓝透闪石、镁钠闪石等闪石类矿物,此外还有钠沸石等.钠长石沿着解理和裂隙交代硬玉,说明钠长石形成晚于硬玉岩.钠长岩中的主要组成矿物钠长石的形成温度小于300℃,且其形成压力小于0.5kb,推测是在硬玉岩抬升程中通过交代与沉淀作用形成.其内的透辉石有两种类型,一类可能是被交代的硬玉中的透辉石组分会渐进增加,最终形成透辉石.另一类是被绿辉石包裹的透辉石残留,其很有可能是早期来自地幔楔或者俯冲带岩石中的矿物残留,即异剥钙榴岩或辉石岩类,可以视作硬玉化绿辉石岩和硬玉化异剥钙榴岩的矿物学证据.热液型钠长石岩的存在进一步说明缅甸翡翠矿区钠化热液存在现象的普遍性与穿越性. 相似文献
20.
The hatchling sizes of the Cretaceous nautiloids (Hercoglossa forbesianus and Cimomia angustus; Hercoglossidae) are reported here for the first time as ranging between 20.4-22.2 mm in diameter. These new data for Hercoglossidae and the previously reported data for Nautilidae and Cymatoceratidae suggest that all Cretaceous nautiloids had large hatchlings irrespective of their taxonomy relative to those in ammonoids. Based on the relationship between hatching events and the nepionic constriction in modern nautili, the hatchling size of nautiloids can be recognized by the constriction on the shell surface of the innermost whorl. The range of hatchling diameter in all Cretaceous nautiloids (9-35 mm) is comparable to those of modern nautili (20-32 mm), although the Cretaceous nautiloids are characterized by a wider range with the smaller minimum diameter. The large hatchling size in Cretaceous nautiloids stands in marked contrast to those in ammonoids, which had much smaller hatchling size (mostly <2 mm in diameter) and became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous. Such distinct differences in reproductive strategy (i.e., hatchling and egg sizes) suggest that these differences may have played a significant role in the fate of ammonoids and nautiloids through the K/T mass extinction, as previously hypothesized by several paleontologists. 相似文献