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中国湿地科学的进展与展望 总被引：121，自引：3，他引：121
湿地学在国际上尚未形成完整的理论体系。在中国则处于初创时期,与国际水平差距较大。全面总结了中国湿地50年的主要成就:完成了全国沼泽调查;建成了若干研究基地,取得了一大批研究成果。在湿地生态系统及湿地与全球变化、湿地分类等方面的研究开始进入国际前沿。在此基础上提出8项未来研究与建设重点:湿地区域分异规律、湿地形成的多层圈作用过程与机制、湿地沉积动力学、内陆盐碱湿地与西部开发、湿地环境重建、湿地可持续发展、湿地保护理论与法规、建设数字湿地系统。 相似文献
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湿地具有去除水中营养物质或污染物质的特殊结构和功能属性,在维护流域生态平衡和水环境稳定方面发挥巨大作用。提出了流域湿地是将流域中湿地看作一个整体,研究其水质净化功能。对国内外湿地净水功能的特殊属性、湿地系统各组分对污染物质的去除作用及湿地对污染物质的去除过程研究作了不同程度的探讨。在流域的尺度上,进行了流域湿地水质净化功能的环境因子、影响流域湿地水质净化功能的重要湿地类型和流域湿地整体水质净化功能的研究,总结了流域湿地水质净化功能。对流域湿地水质净化功能未来的研究进行了讨论与展望。 相似文献
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湿地生态系统模型研究进展 总被引：17，自引：3，他引：17
介绍了湿地生态系统模型概念及类型 ,重点分析了河流湿地、沼泽及河漫滩湿地、湿地退化模型。在河流湿地中 ,重点讨论了水文水动力学模型、泥沙冲淤模型、河流水质模型 ;在沼泽及河漫滩湿地中 ,阐述了水量模型、生物量模型、P模型和 N模型 ;最后在分析湿地退化的数学模型基础上 ,探讨了湿地大型植物的控制模型。 相似文献
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新疆博斯腾流域湿地遥感监测及时空变化过程 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
博斯腾流域是新疆最大的湖泊湿地分布区。湿地作为干旱区的一种特殊景观类型,在流域生态环境和水循环中发挥了重要的作用,其产生和消失、扩大和萎缩对区域生态环境将产生重要的影响。以Landsat系列数据为主要数据源,完成了博斯腾流域的3期遥感制图(1990、2000、2010年),分析了博斯腾流域湿地分布现状,探讨了区域湿地的时空变化过程和动态变化特征。结果表明:新疆博斯腾流域的湿地面积总体上一直在萎缩,1990-2010年总面积减少了16.24%;但是减少趋势相对变缓,且不同类型的湿地变化过程有所不同。其中:1990-2000年河流湿地和湖泊湿地表现为增加趋势,芦苇沼泽湿地表现为减少趋势;2000-2010年河流湿地、芦苇沼泽和湖泊湿地面积都表现为萎缩。在变化动态特征上,流域河流、湖泊湿地最近20a呈现倒"V"型波动,而芦苇沼泽湿地则持续下降。通过湿地变化与区域生态环境因子耦合分析表明,在近期内人类活动是造成区域湿地萎缩的主要因素。 相似文献
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人工补水条件下白洋淀湿地演变研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
近几十年来,在自然因素和人类活动的双重作用下,白洋淀湿地及其周边环境发生了明显变化。本文采用综合识别遥感提取技术,对近40年来白洋淀湿地面积信息进行提取并分析其变化特征,在1986—1989年间,湿地面积增加253.29 km~2;1989—1994年间,湿地面积减少181.61 km~2;1994—1997,湿地面积增加158.17 km~2;1997—2004年间,湿地面积减少170.37 km~2;2004—2016年,湿地面积增加106.09 km~2。根据湿地面积提取结果,分析湿地面积与地表水位和地下水位的关系,确定了白洋淀湿地面积变化的主要控制因子为地表水位,其与白洋淀湿地面积的相关性非常好,相关系数达0.99;白洋淀湿地面积与周边区域的地下水位动态变化呈正相关性,说明湿地渗漏量对周边区域的地下水位动态变化有一定影响。针对白洋淀湿地地表水位,采用水均衡法,分析了影响白洋淀地表水位的主控因素,主要为白洋淀湿地的入淀流量和蒸发蒸腾消耗量。通过白洋淀湿地演变及其影响因素的分析,初步揭示了白洋淀湿地与水文过程的相互影响机制,可为制定白洋淀湿地生态修复和水资源可持续利用方案等提供技术支撑和理论参考。 相似文献
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扎龙自然保护区面临的主要生态环境问题及其改善对策建议 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
扎龙自然保护区是国家级以鹤类等水禽为主体和湿地生态自然保护区。本文概述了保护区内生物资源、水资源状况，论述了生态资源保护面临的水质污染、湿地退缩、湿地植被退化等问题，并分析了形成原因。对改善生态环境提出了对策建议。 相似文献
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扎龙湿地水质、水生生物评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文评价了扎龙湿地水质、水生生物的现状。其水生生物评价结果表明；底栖动物、着生藻类和水生生物综合评价在扎龙湖均为重污染。对此，提出了建立科学的资源与环境生态水利体系等可持续利用的措施。 相似文献
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The accumulation of selected plant nutrients and heavy metals in a rapidly accreting Louisiana salt marsh was examined. Sedimentation processes were shown to be supplying large amounts of plant nutrients to the marsh. Accumulation of heavy metals was low and appeared to be associated with the natural heavy metal content of incoming sediment rather than from a pollution source. A large portion of organic carbon from primary production remained in the marsh, contributing to the aggradation process of vertical marsh accretion. Nitrogen accumulated in the marsh at rates as great as 21 g per m2 per yr. 相似文献
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以沉积学、煤岩学和煤相学理论为指导,运用煤相参数,结合宏观、微观煤岩特征分析煤相类型。结果表明:研究区宏观煤岩类型以暗淡型煤为主,显微煤岩类型以微镜惰煤为主,煤田西北部属潮湿-弱覆水环境,东南部属极潮湿-覆水环境;西北部煤层沼泽类型为干燥森林沼泽相,东南部以潮湿森林沼泽相为主,次为干燥森林沼泽相,沉积环境主要为浅沼相。综合分析认为,库姆塔格煤田煤层形成环境为低水位微弱水动力条件下、以潮湿森林沼泽为主、干燥森林沼泽次之的浅沼相,煤岩和煤相分析为聚煤环境分析、煤质评价、煤层对比等提供科学依据。 相似文献
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白山市地处长白山腹地，特殊的自然环境与地质背景为矿泉水和地热水的形成分布提供了有利条件。矿泉水资源居全国首位，地热水资源也名列全省前茅，白山地区矿泉水和地热水资源的优势和特色是广泛而集中，水质独特，无任何污染，碳酸矿泉水水质可与世界知名碳酸矿泉水相媲美，水量极丰富。生态环境优越，白山市水资源的开发战略应该是：统筹规划，合理布局；发挥名牌效应，以名牌战略开拓市场，大力招商引资，扩大开发；产品要求多样化，系列化，确保质量，取信用户……。 相似文献
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This study examined the effects of watershed development on macrobenthic communities in tidal creeks of Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, U.S. Two types of creeks were evaluated: upland creeks which drained watersheds consisting of at least 15% terrestrial land cover, and salt marsh creeks which drained no upland habitat (i.e., only intertidal habitat). Samples of macrobenthic organisms were taken along the longitudinal axis of twenty-three primary (first order) tidal creeks. Water and sediment quality data were also collected including measurements of dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature, sediment characteristics, and toxic chemicals in the creek sediments. Hypoxic conditions occurred more than 15% of the time in both reference and developed creeks and were a natural attribute of these systems. The most severe and frequent hypoxia occurred in impacted salt marsh creeks. Salinity fluctuations were the greatest in developed upland creeks and salinity range was identified as a potentially reliable indicator of the degree to which watershed development has altered hydrodynamic processes. The creeks draining urban and industrial watersheds were degraded environments characterized by watersheds with high (>50%) levels of impervious surface, broad fluctuations in salinity, severe hypoxia, and potentially toxic levels of chemicals in the sediment. These creeks had low macrobenthic diversity and abundance and were numerically dominated by the oligochaeteMonopylephorus rubroniveus in mud sediments, and the polychaeteLaeoreis culveri in sand sediments. Suburban watersheds had 15–35% impervious surface and creeks draining them were exposed to frequent hypoxia and broad salinity fluctuations. The levels of chemical contaminants in sediments of suburban and impacted salt marsh creeks were generally not different from the levels in reference creeks. Macrobenthic diversity and abundance were higher for suburban and impacted salt marsh creeks than for urban and industrial creeks. However, suburban and salt marsh impacted creeks were numerically dominated by a few pollution indicative species including the oligochaetesM. rubroniveus andTubificoides brownae and the polychaeteL. culveri. These creeks appear to be exhibiting early signs of degradation (e.g., a simplified food web). Two promising community-level macrobenthic metrics for assessing environmental quality were identified: the proportional abundance of pollution indicative taxa, and the proportional abundance of pollution sensitive taxa. These indicators were significantly (p<0.05) correlated with the salinity range, the level of chemical contaminants in sediments, and amount of impervious surface in the watershed. 相似文献
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污水人工湿地处理对滨海生态系统修复研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
我国滨海生态系统受到水污染和生态破坏的双重压力。滨海区污水人工湿地处理既能有效去除BOD、氮磷等污染物,又能通过形成淡水帷幕控制海水入侵危害,实现了中水资源的综合利用和滨海生态系统的生态修复。 相似文献
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Little is known about the century‐scale response of water levels in inland estuaries to sea‐level change and human modifications to estuarine morphology. This study explored the ability of using testate amoebae (Protozoa, Rhizopoda) from sediments of a freshwater tidal marsh as indicators of water level in an inland estuary. The hypothesis was that modern testate amoeba assemblages change with surface elevation (approximately the duration of tidal flooding) within a freshwater tidal marsh. Variation in testate amoeba assemblages in relation to multiple environmental variables and sediment characteristics was studied through redundancy analysis. This demonstrated that a significant part of the variation in modern testate amoeba assemblages could be explained by flooding frequency, surface elevation, organic content and particle size of the soil. Transfer functions, partial least squares and weighted average regressions were made to show that testate amoebae can be used for reconstruction of water level (with an accuracy of 0.05 Normalized Elevation). A preliminary test of application of the transfer function to palaeo testate amoeba assemblages showed promising results. Testate amoebae from a freshwater tidal marsh provide a potentially powerful new tool for estuarine water‐level reconstructions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献