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1.
两种方法在地下水位估值中的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对于许多区域水资源问题,用数值方法进行潜水水流模拟时,需要给出每个节点上地下水位值。本文首先简单介绍了趋势面方法,然后着重阐述了泛克里格方法的基本原理及它们在地下水位估值中的应用,通过比较两种方法的计算结果可以得出泛克里格方法是进行地下水位估值的空间最优估计方法。 相似文献
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基于地质统计学的NDVI图像估值技术 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
将疏采样后的NDVI图像作为未受云层影响的已知数据,分别用普通克里格、泛克里格、指示克里格和序贯指示模拟对NDVI图像进行恢复并比较其效果。研究发现,各种克里格法对NDVI图像的估值效果由高到低依次为泛克里格、普通克里格、指示克里格,通常计算方便的普通克里格法就能够满足图像恢复所要求的精度;普通克里格方差和泛克里格方差只能反映数据的构型,不能很好地衡量估值图像的不确定性,指示克里格的条件方差的分布和实际误差的分布基本一致,能够较好地衡量估值图像的不确定性,并且其大小与NDVI影像数据的不确定性大小的分布一致。序贯指示模拟得到的多个等概率实现表现出很大的空间变异性,多个实现的均值图像光滑效应明显,估值精度不高,但是多个实现的方差分布可以很好地表征空间数据的不确定性分布。 相似文献
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随机模拟是地质统计方法的重要内容。在矿石品位估计方法中克里格方法作为一种无偏估计方法,常被用于矿石品位的估计。但克里格法估值存在平滑效应。作者在分析序贯高斯模拟和普通克里格法基本原理的基础上,运用序贯高斯模拟方法和普通克里格方法对某铁矿体内全铁(TFe)品位进行估计,给出了品位估计结果模型。研究从勘探线方向、垂直勘探线方向和竖直方向分别计算变差函数,对球状模型、指数模型、高斯模型的变差函数拟合效果进行了优选,结果表明球型模型拟合效果最好。针对序贯模拟和克里格品位估值效果进行了分析,结果显示:序贯高斯模拟结果在品位分布形态上更接近样品品位分布形态,其平滑效应更小;克里格方法估计与序贯高斯模拟方法相比仅在品位均值方面更接近样本品位均值。因此,认为序贯高斯模拟方法可以更好地刻画矿体内品位分布状态。 相似文献
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依据北江(珠江流域支流)流域6个水文测站年最大洪峰流量资料,分别用Top-kriging(拓扑克里格法)和普通克里格法进行区域洪水频率估计。采用均方根误差作为频率分布线型拟合优度指标。运用线性矩法进行单站洪水频率分析,确定10、50、100、1000年一遇设计洪水值。在此基础上,从Topkriging和普通克里格法设计洪水估计不确定性和相对线性矩法单站洪水频率的估计误差两个方面比较Top-kriging和普通克里格法。结果表明:(1)Top-kriging法是更好的线性无偏估计,相比普通克里格法更适合于区域洪水频率估计;(2)Top-kriging法设计洪水估计不确定性明显小于普通克里格法;(3)Top-kriging法设计洪水估计结果更接近线性矩法单站洪水频率分析结果。 相似文献
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为了提高矿产储量估算的精确性,减小普通克里格法的平滑效应对储量计算的影响,建立了基于相空间重构的克里格法。结合限制性克里格法的计算过程,修订了限制参数及条件并结合实例给出了对原始数据预处理的矿藏储量估计方法和结果。比较普通克里格法的相应结果后,在数值上得到该方法在抑制平滑效应方面较为理想的结论。 相似文献
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划分重磁区域异常与局部异常的一种方法泛克立格法 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在重（磁）资料的分析处理中,经常需要划分区域异常与局部异常。本文对用于矿床品位预测的方法—泛克立格法加以改进、完善,使其适合于求重（磁）资料的区域异常与局部异常。根据某点周围若干个信息点上的重（磁）观测数据估计出该点处的区域异常值,而且这种估计是在满足线性、无偏、最小估计方差条件下求得的。从重（磁）观测数据中减去区域异常就可得到局部异常,这就是泛克立格法。它比经常用来划分区域异常与局部异常的方法—趋势分析方法有许多优点。趋势分析方法只是泛克立格法的一个特例。在本文中,作者还提出在小范围内,重力区域异常适合于用一次多项式拟合;而磁法区域异常适合于用二次多项式拟合的观点 相似文献
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比照传统概率统计分析法,介绍了泛克里格法处理化探数据的原理、方法和特征。以内蒙中部区化探数据为例,利用常规概率统计分析法和泛克里格法分别提取了Cu概率异常和Cu剩余异常,结合地质、矿产内容对比分析发现,常规概率统计分析法提取的Cu概率异常虽与金、铜、多金属矿产相关性较好,但异常面积较大,尤其是高背景地区成片出现岩性异常,对找矿工作不利;相比较而言,泛克里格法提取的剩余异常受背景干扰少,独立性好,与铜、金、多金属矿床、矿点的空间分布关系密切,有利于找矿应用。 相似文献
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基于Arc GIS的地统计模块和半变异函数模型,在了解昌平区山前平原水文地质条件的基础上,选取30眼地下水位观测井2001—2011年间水位观测数据分析地下水位的空间变异性。利用交叉验证法遴选最优半变异函数模型,结合空间插值分析对未知点进行无偏最优估计。结果表明,北京市山前平原的最优插值模型为0阶球状模型,插值方法选用析取克里格方法;2011年地下水位的块金效应为0.45,受地形起伏、降水以及水文地质条件等因素影响较大,空间相关性强,而地下水降深的块金效应达到0.969,表明人类活动和测量误差等因素对其影响较大,空间相关性弱;由块金效应可知2001—2011年间人为大量开采使地下水位的空间相关性逐年减弱;受到水文地质条件和人类活动的共同影响,地下水流主径流方向上的块金效应为0.34;由于人类大量开采,冲洪积扇中上部地下水位空间变异性变化更为显著,在顶部和下缘空间变异性较小。克里格空间插值结果可为今后开采井的合理布设及进一步研究人类活动影响下地下水系统变异规律提供依据。 相似文献
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多维分形克里格方法 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
时间序列与空间场信号往往是非规则分布的，经常需要将非规则分布的时空信号插值为规则分布的信号或估计某些未知点的值。如油气田、煤田以及金属矿山储量估算，工程地质参数估计，病虫害区域分布调查等都要求根据少量不规则数据点进行插值估算。估值方法中应用最为广泛的地质统计学方法（或(Krige)克里格方法）是一种低通滤波器，无法重建原始信号中的高频、局部与弱信号。开发的多维分形克里格方法可以将不规则分布的时间—空间（时空）信号插值为规则分布的信号；可以提取时空信号中高频、局部与弱信号，估计过程参数可以作为特征参数用于模式识别。利用褶积滤波理论定量导出了地质统计学的低通滤波特性，它在插值过程中丢失了高频、局部和弱信号。在定义了时空信号的度量尺度与测度后，实现了多维分形插值，多维分形插值保留了系统中更多的高频信息。将克里格方法与多维分形方法有机的结合起来产生了多维分形克里格方法，它具有克里格方法和多维分形插值的共同优点。用大洋钻探(ODP)184航次1143A孔的岩芯密度分析进行了插值试验，对比了插值结果及其功率谱。多维分形克里格插值比克里格插值、多维分形插值更为接近已知点值并保留更多的高频信息。还定量分析、对比了影响多维分形克里格插值的因素、厘清了估值问题中固有的测不准关系。
另外，多维分形克里格插值过程得到的局部奇异性、相关性和回归方差能有效地刻划高频、局部与弱信号。这样，多维分形克里格插值过程可以用于提取（非规则或规则网格）时空信号中的局部、高频与弱信号，用于信息提取、模式识别、找矿预测与信号增强等领域。 相似文献
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An Elasto-Plastic Constitutive Model for Rock Joints Under Cyclic Loading and Constant Normal Stiffness Conditions 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
An elasto-plastic constitutive model is introduced for rock joints under cyclic loading, considering the additional shear resistance generated by the asperity damage in the first forward shear cycle and sliding mechanism for further shearing. A series of cyclic loading direct shear tests was conducted on artificial joints with triangular asperities and replicas of a real rock asperity surface under constant normal stiffness (CNS) conditions. The model was calibrated and then validated using selected data sets from the experimental results. Model simulations were found to be in good agreement with the rock joints behaviour under cyclic loading and CNS conditions both in stress prediction and dilation behaviour. In addition, dynamic stability analysis of an underground structure was carried out, using Universal Distinct Element Code and the proposed constitutive model. 相似文献
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Karst aquifers exhibit a dual flow system characterized by interacting conduit and matrix domains. This study evaluated the coupled continuum pipe-flow framework for modeling karst groundwater flow in the Madison aquifer of western South Dakota (USA). Coupled conduit and matrix flow was simulated within a regional finite-difference model over a 10-year transient period. An existing equivalent porous medium (EPM) model was modified to include major conduit networks whose locations were constrained by dye-tracing data and environmental tracer analysis. Model calibration data included measured hydraulic heads at observation wells and estimates of discharge at four karst springs. Relative to the EPM model, the match to observation well hydraulic heads was substantially improved with the addition of conduits. The inclusion of conduit flow allowed for a simpler hydraulic conductivity distribution in the matrix continuum. Two of the high-conductivity zones in the EPM model, which were required to indirectly simulate the effects of conduits, were eliminated from the new model. This work demonstrates the utility of the coupled continuum pipe-flow method and illustrates how karst aquifer model parameterization is dependent on the physical processes that are simulated. 相似文献
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Nida Samad Muhammad Hamid Chauhdry Muhammad Ashraf Muhammad Saleem Qudsia Hamid Umair Babar Hassan Tariq Muhammad Shahid Farid 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2016,9(6):466
Sediment yield is the amount of erosional debris from drainage basin deposited in reservoirs. The economic life of storage reservoir depends upon the estimation of the time it takes for the reservoir to be filled with the deposition of sediments. This research is based on assessing the sediment yield in Rawal Dam catchment by using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Digital Elevation Model (DEM), land use maps, soil maps, and weather data of the study watershed were used as input to SWAT model. Monthly sedimentation data of year 2010 and discharge data from 1998 to 2005 is being used for model calibration and validation, respectively. Whereas simulations are being generated from 1998 to 2011 for both sedimentation and discharge. Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) was used for the estimation of sediment yield. The Nash and Sutcliffe coefficient of the model was found to be 0.79 which depicts its effectiveness. After the estimation of the sediment yield and discharge by using SWAT model, double mass curve was used to evaluate the sedimentation rate. The rate of sediment transport can be reduced by the construction of check dams. Various sites have also been proposed for check dams construction to prevent the sediments transported into the Rawal Catchment. 相似文献
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A Survey of the Spatio-Temporal Data Model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Traditional GIS(Geographic Information System)mostly can only describe the transient state data and does not have the ability to deal with the temporal dynamic data. When the data changes, new data will take the place of the old data, namely the transient state change into another, and the old data will disappear. Therefore, it is unable to make an analysis of the updating changes of the data and predict the development trend of the future. In this case, TGIS (Temporal Geographic Information System) emerges and expands the time dimension on the basis of traditional GIS. Spatio-temporal data model is the key to TGIS. Spatio-temporal data modeling is not only related to dynamic expression of spatio-temporal objects, but also gives an important support for spatio-temporal analysis and reasoning. This paper summarized the theories and applications status at home and abroad of spatio-temporal data model in detail, illustrated family tree of spatio-temporal data model for the nearly fifty years, discussed improvement and application status of Base State with Amendments Model, Event-based Spatio-temporal Data Model, Object-oriented Data Model and other spatio-temporal data models, and raised the existing problems of spatio-temporal data model. The current existing problems mainly includes: ①There are a lot of spatio-temporal data models put forward, but some of them only focus on semantic design and neglect the verified; ②Most of existing spatio-temporal data model are for vector data, only the Event-based Spatio-temporal Data Model is raster data structure; ③At present, the expression the time-space information of geographic entity is relative separated with spatio-temporal data model; ④Spatio-temporal data model is mainly used in cadastral management, land use and forestry data updating, less application in other fields. In the end, the future development direction was put forward of spatio-temporal data model. In the time of big data and “Internet plus”, it is necessary to explore the big data spatio-temporal data model that supports multiple data formats. 相似文献
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中国岩石圈三维结构数据库总库管理系统是中国岩石圈三维结构数据库的管理和服务中心。在中国岩石圈三维结构数据库需求分析基础上,完成了系统总体设计,制订各项技术标准;开发设计一个元数据编辑器和元数据浏览器;应用统一建模语言UML设计和优化了数据库结构;采用ESRI公司Geodatabase的数据模型,利用计算机辅助设计CASE工具设计中国岩石圈三维结构数据库。在ArcObjects和MapObjects的基础上,分别建立了功能齐全、操作简便的两套组件式总库管理系统,分别适合专业和非地理信息系统专业人员。 相似文献
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区域气候模式在中国西北地区气温和降水长时间序列模拟的误差分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
气温和降水微小的变化都可能引起中国西北地区脆弱生态环境空间格局剧烈变化.由于西北地区气象站点分布稀疏,站点观测结果难于完全代表西北地区复杂地貌的气象要素空间分布格局.区域气候模式模拟可以弥补现有观测资料的不足,但模式模拟存在的误差,往往制约着西北区域气候变化评估工作.本文在CN05格点数据和站点数据基础上,从空间格局、极值模拟等方面对高分辨率WRF模式数据气温和降水模拟精度进行评估,假定偏差恒定基础上,使用分类回归树模型建立偏差预测模型.结果表明:CN05数据和WRF模式多年年平均气温和多年平均年降水数据空间格局基本一致,但WRF模式结果空间格局更加细致.WRF模式结果在山区和湖泊地区降水偏高估,气温和降水距平在新疆地区相对于其他地区变化较为一致;95%分位数的降水在甘肃和新疆地区模拟结果好于宁夏、青海和陕西;5%和95%分位数气温,WRF模式大部分站点表现为暖偏差,而CN05数据表现为冷偏差;不同的地貌单元区域气温和降水的偏差时间序列存在一定的相关性.在西北五省区气温和降水的分类树模型中,由于高程和地形复杂度对偏差预测模型影响较大,无法在整个西北地区建立统一的误差预测模型. 相似文献
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The problem of assimilating biased and inaccurate observations into inadequate models of the physical systems from which the observations were taken is common in the petroleum and groundwater fields. When large amounts of data are assimilated without accounting for model error and observation bias, predictions tend to be both overconfident and incorrect. In this paper, we propose a workflow for calibration of imperfect models to biased observations that involves model construction, model calibration, model criticism and model improvement. Model criticism is based on computation of model diagnostics which provide an indication of the validity of assumptions. During the model improvement step, we advocate identification of additional physically motivated parameters based on examination of data mismatch after calibration and addition of bias correction terms. If model diagnostics indicates the presence of residual model error after parameters have been added, then we advocate estimation of a “total” observation error covariance matrix, whose purpose is to reduce weighting of observations that cannot be matched because of deficiency of the model. Although the target applications of this methodology are in the subsurface, we illustrate the approach with two simplified examples involving prediction of the future velocity of fall of a sphere from models calibrated to a short-time series of biased measurements with independent additive random noise. The models into which the data are assimilated contain model errors due to neglect of physical processes and neglect of uncertainty in parameters. In every case, the estimated total error covariance is larger than the true observation covariance implying that the observations need not be matched to the accuracy of the measuring instrument. Predictions are much improved when all model improvement steps were taken. 相似文献
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Surface water interacts with groundwater in many types of physiographic and hydrogeological conditions. Exchange of water varies spatially and temporally due to the effect of natural and anthropogenic factors. Interactions between a river and the underlying aquifer systems are often difficult to observe and measure. The objective of the present study is to analyze the spatial and temporal variation of river-aquifer interactions in the Gowri hole sub-catchment and quantify the amount of flow exchange between river and aquifer. In the study, a new conceptual model is developed using RIVER package of Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Modular Groundwater Flow Model (MODFLOW) for the simulation of river-aquifer interaction processes. The subcatchment of Gowri hole, which is a tributary of Kumaradhara river spread across an area of 134 km2 is considered. The model was calibrated from June 2004 to May 2010 under the transient condition with a daily step input of all necessary hydro-geological data. The calibrated model was validated from June 2010 to October 2012 from two monthly observation wells of Department of Mines and Geology and one seasonal observation well of Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). Gowri hole acted as a gaining river during the monsoons due to aquifer discharge and acted as a losing river due to river leakage during post-monsoon and summer months. River leakage continued to occur upto the end of summer months resulting in fragmentation of few river segments. Aquifer discharge sustained to exist even in the summer period avoiding the low flow river segments from drying. 相似文献