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1.
Arno Zang Ove Stephansson Oliver Heidbach Silke Janouschkowetz 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2012,30(3):625-646
Knowledge of the in situ stress state is of key importance for rock engineering. We inform the reader about the World Stress Map (WSM) database and its application to rock mechanics and rock engineering purpose, and in particular the orientation of maximum horizontal stress. We discuss the WSM and the quality ranking system of stress orientation data. We show one example of discrete-measured and computed-smoothed stress orientations from central and northern Europe with respect to relative plate velocity trajectories. We give first insights into ongoing development of a second, more Quantitative World Stress Map database which compiles globally rock-type specific stress magnitudes versus depth. We discuss the vertical stress component, and the lateral stress coefficient versus depth for different rock types. We display stress magnitudes in 2D and 3D stress space, and investigate stress ratios in relation to depth, lithology and tectonic faulting regime. 相似文献
2.
深埋特长隧道工程区地应力场的预测一直是工程技术人员面临的难题,而工程地质综合分析法则可为工程区地应力场的分析提供较为全面准确的结论。因此,本文以滇东北典型深埋特长隧道——乐红隧道为例,采用综合分析法来研究工程区的地应力场特征。首先基于中国大陆应力分区,利用Anderson断层力学理论、震源机制解及实测地应力统计数据来获取研究区主应力方向。其次,基于工程地质勘察成果,利用Hoek-Brown强度准则对工程区的岩体强度进行了初步估算。在此基础上,利用修正Sheorey模型对工程区地应力量值水平进行了预测。分析结果表明,工程区以先进构造应力为主导。其中:水平最大主应力优势方位为N20°~60°W,应力场方向较为稳定。地应力量值水平预测结果表明,工程区在埋深500 m左右时,最大、最小水平主应力量值范围分别为11.2~20.5 MPa、6.6~12.2 MPa;埋深在1000 m左右时的最大、最小水平主应力量值范围分别为25.9~28.2 MPa、15.4~17.1 MPa。工程区在埋深超过500 m时的高地应力情况下,可能存在岩爆风险,而围岩大变形的问题几乎不存在。综合分析法的预测结果与现场实测数据较为吻合,表明该方法在线状公路隧道地应力状态的预测分析中,具有良好的应用效果。 相似文献
3.
The Tunisian domain is formed following the convergence between Nubia and Eurasia which is responsible for folding and still active faulting. We used 62 earthquake focal mechanisms to constrain the present stress field of the Tunisian domain. The results show that the tectonic regime is compressional with a dominant direction NW-SE maximum horizontal principal stress direction. The focal depth distribution indicates that Northern Tunisia is an area of convergence with a thin crust and a shallow Moho. However, in the central and southern Atlas, the presence of focal mechanisms with strike-slip faulting shows that this zone is a deep seismogenic area with a thick crust.These results are consistent with the neotectonic and seismotectonic stress field determined by other studies. The neotectonic deformations of Tunisia are like the past deformations guided by the convergence between the African and the Eurasian plates. 相似文献
4.
The Sulu-Dabie high-pressure (HP)-ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic belt as the product of subduction-collision between the northern China plate and Yangtze plate underwent a process of formation and evolution from deep subduction→exhumation→extension→slow uplift. The study of its modern tectonic stress field has great significance for a complete understanding of the process of formation and evolution of the HP-UHP metamorphic belt, especially the exhumation and uplift of the belt. Wellbore breakouts are the most visual tectonic phenomenon which can characterize the modern stress action in the main borehole of Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD). Ultrasonic borehole televiewer reflection wave data show that wellbore breakouts began to occur at 1216 m depth of the main borehole. A total of 143 borehole televiewer images were collected from 1216 to 5118 m depth (hole completion depth). After data processing and statistics, the average azimuth of the long dimension of the wellbore breakout obtained was 319.5° ± 3.5°, indicating that the average azimuth of the maximum horizontal principal stress causing wellbore breakout initiation was 49.5° ± 3.5°. The maximum and minimum horizontal principal stress values at 52 depths in the interval of 1269 to 5047 m were estimated using the elements of wellbore shapes (wellbore depth and width), combined with the cohesive strength and internal frictional angle of the rock obtained by rock mechanical tests on samples, and the static load stresses at corresponding depths were calculated according to the rock density logging data. The results indicate that: the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses are 41.4 and 25.3 MPa at 1269 m depth respectively and 164.7 and 122 MPa at 5047 m depth respectively; the maximum vertical stress is 141.3 MPa at 5047 m depth with a density of 2.8 g/cm3; the in-situ stresses increase nearly linearly with depth. The magnitudes and directions of the three principal stresses reflect that the regional stress field around the CCSD main borehole is mainly in a strike-slip state, which is consistent with the basic features of the regional stress field determined using other methods. 相似文献
5.
Summary Stress concentration at the bottom of a borehole due to the corners with small radius of curvature in an axial section and
its effect on the azimuth of breakout was studied. To this end, a 3-D finite element analysis was conducted and the stress
around the borehole was examined for boreholes arbitrarily oriented to three principal axes of remote stress. Results show
that, in the case of high strength rock, compressive failure resulting in spalling of a borehole may occur only at the bottom
of the borehole. The spalling can occur continuously with drilling, and results in continuous spalling with depth, i.e., a
breakout. This type of breakout tends to form on one side of the borehole and its orientation is approximately perpendicular
to the orientation of standard breakouts, inferred from the stress concentration due to the cylindrical shape of the borehole. 相似文献
6.
中国大陆科学钻主孔现今地应力状态 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
用钻孔崩落法确定了中国大陆科学钻探主钻孔5 047 m深度以上的现今地应力状态.由钻孔声波成像测井资料发现, 科学钻主钻孔在1 200 m深度以下出现了钻孔崩落现象.我们从1 216~5 047 m的深度范围内采集了143个钻孔成像测井图象资料, 对钻孔崩落椭圆长轴方位进行了统计, 结果表明崩落椭圆长轴平均方位为319.5°±3.5°, 最大水平主应力方位平均为49.5°±3.5°.利用崩落形状要素(崩落深度和崩落宽度) 以及岩石的内聚力和内摩擦角, 估算了1 269 m至5 047 m范围内52个深度上的最大和最小水平主应力的大小.结果表明, 在浅处1 216 m深度, 最大水平主应力为42 MPa, 最小水平主应力为30.3 MPa; 在深处5 000 mm深度, 最大水平主应力为160.5 MPa, 最小水平主应力为120 MPa; 地应力随深度近于线性增加.据岩石密度测井资料计算了各个深度上静负载应力.3个主应力的大小和方向反映出科学钻主孔位置的应力场处于走滑应力状态, 与临近地区地震震源机制解和其他方法得到的应力场一致.利用声发射法对岩心试件进行了声发射测量, 得到了最大水平主应力幅值, 并与崩落法测量结果进行了对比, 两者十分一致. 相似文献
7.
为分析淮南煤田潘集煤矿外围勘查区的地应力分布规律,采用水压致裂法及装置,对研究区深部勘查区域地应力进行了测试。本次研究共完成3个钻孔、28个测点的现场实测,3个钻孔深度均超过1400 m,其中最大测点深度为1460 m。通过实测和分析,获得了勘查区的地应力状态及其分布规律。研究结果表明:(1)勘查区深度466~1460 m范围内最大水平主应力为13.62~54.58 MPa,最小水平主应力为11.79~37.93 MPa,最大水平主应力方向为NEE向,实测地应力值随着深度增加成近似线性增长的关系;(2)勘查区最大水平主应力与垂直应力的比值为1.03~1.44,平均比值为1.28,表明勘查区地应力状态以水平应力为主导;(3)在埋深450 m以深地应力场类型表现为构造应力场型,且随深度增加,构造应力显现也增大。测量结果可为勘查区矿井规划与煤炭开采设计提供科学依据。 相似文献
8.
山西盆地现今地应力状态与地震危险性分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在山西盆地南北两端4个地区共计13个深钻孔中进行了水压致裂地应力测量, 获得了现今地应力的大小、方向和分布规律。在盆地北端五台山、雁门关地区400~600 m深度内, 实测最大水平主应力值为8~12 MPa。而南端临汾、运城地区则具有较高的构造应力, 在400~500 m深度内实测最大水平主应力值为20~28 Mpa。地应力“南高北低”比较明显。运用这些实测的地应力资料, 根据库仑摩擦滑动准则, 对研究区内断裂的稳定性进行了力学分析。分析结果表明, 总体来看, 目前五台山、雁门关和临汾地区的水平主应力都未达到断层活动的临界值; 运城地区已接近断层活动临界值的下限, 若计入孔隙压力的影响因素, 运城地区最大水平主应力已达到逆断层活动的临界值。从地应力的角度分析认为该区发生地震的潜在危险性较大, 这一现象值得关注和研究。 相似文献
9.
成兰铁路位于青藏高原东部边缘高山峡谷区,由于印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞,区域内构造变形强烈,构造应力场十分复杂。为研究成兰铁路工程区地应力分布规律及断层稳定性,在铁路沿线茂县、松潘县以及宕昌县境内4个深孔水压致裂地应力测量基础上,获得了不同位置区域地应力实测值的大小和方向,并建立工程区应力参数随深度分布规律。分析表明:工程区应力随深度变化呈现出较好的线性关系,在测试深度范围内,水平应力普遍高于垂直主应力,地应力值总体上属于中—高地应力级别,在750 m深度内,最大水平主应力达25 MPa,反映出工程区构造应力占主导地位,侧压系数随深度呈缓慢衰减趋势。成兰铁路在不同构造单元上最大水平主应力方向有所不同,在东昆仑断裂以北甘南块体内,最大水平主应力为北北东向,在东昆仑断裂以南川青块体内最大水平主应力为北西向。根据实测的地应力数据并结合库伦滑动摩擦准则,对工程区内的断层稳定性进行了分析。文中取得的认识对成兰铁路工程区的构造应力场、断裂活动性的研究以及隧道工程的建设具有重要的参考意义。 相似文献
10.
深部泥页岩储层地应力状态的准确确定是页岩气等非常规能源高效开发的关键。综合基于原位地应力测试获得水平最小主应力,建立基于流变模型的地应力剖面,应用成像测井技术确定水平最大主应力方向等,是准确确定泥页岩储层地应力的有效方法。将该研究思路应用于陕西汉中SZ1井,利用水压致裂原地应力测试方法获得储层水平最小主应力值范围为32~41 MPa;利用偶极声波测井数据获得岩石力学参数,结合地壳应变率和储层埋藏史,建立了SZ1井地应力剖面,结果表明牛蹄塘组1950~2025 m深度范围内水平主应力差介于10~15 MPa,水平最小主应力值范围为28~41 MPa,水平最大主应力值范围为47~49 MPa,预测得到的水平最小主应力值与实测结果具有较好的一致性。原地应力实测及流变模型预测结果揭示SZ1井地应力为正断型(Sv＞SH＞Sh)或正断型与走滑型相结合的应力状态(Sv≈SH＞Sh)。水平主应力差随伽玛值的升高而变小,表明地应力剖面与地层岩性具有较好的对应关系。基于成像测井揭示的钻孔诱导张裂隙分布特征,SZ1井水平最大主应力方向约为N74°W,与区域构造应力场方向基本一致。相关结论为准确认识SZ1井目标层地应力状态,以及后期水平井布设及压裂控制等提供了重要依据。 相似文献
11.
拟建中尼铁路位于印欧板块碰撞推挤的前缘地带,区域深大断裂发育,地震频发,新构造活动强烈,应力状态复杂。基于中尼铁路交通廊道震源机制解及原地应力测量资料,分析中尼铁路沿线区域构造应力场分布特征,进一步讨论现今构造应力场对铁路方案和重要工程设置的潜在影响。研究结果表明,研究区震源深度主压应力优势方向在板块碰撞边界为NEE向,高原内部则表现出明显的非均匀性特征。中国境内日喀则至吉隆段主要处于拉张-剪切应力环境,尼泊尔境内区段处于印欧板块推挤控制的挤压应力环境。在缺少中尼铁路沿线原地应力实测资料的现状下,结合邻区实测数据分析认为,该区地壳浅表层应力结构以逆断型为主,水平最大主压应力优势方向为NE向。基于研究区内主应力方向分布特征将中尼铁路沿线划分为日喀则―萨迦、萨迦―定结、定结―吉隆、聂拉木、吉隆―讷瓦果德和加德满都共6段。根据构造应力场分析结果并基于σθmax/Rc理论对铁路隧道工程围岩岩爆可能性进行了讨论,结果表明最大水平主应力方向与隧道轴向夹角较大时对隧道围岩稳定性不利,且隧道埋深越大则围岩岩爆的可能性越大。中尼铁路大多区段轴向与最大水平主应力方向呈大角度相交甚至近垂直,当隧道埋深较大时具有发生岩爆的可能,需重点防护。研究结果可为中尼铁路交通廊道工程勘察选线提供参考。 相似文献
12.
基于Hoek-Brown强度准则,推导了在微小转动下嵌岩段桩侧法向应力及水平摩阻力计算模型,采用静力平衡原理建立了水平荷载作用下公路桥梁桩基嵌岩深度的计算公式,提出了嵌岩深度计算的新方法。参数敏感性及影响因素分析表明： （1）水平荷载引起的力矩 、桩径d、岩层上覆压力 、岩石单轴抗压强度 、岩体类别参数 、岩体地质力学分类指标RMR均对嵌岩深度有一定影响,在 、d不变的情况下,岩体质量和岩石单轴抗压强度对嵌岩深度的确定最为敏感; （2）岩体质量越差,所需嵌岩深度越大;岩体质量越好,岩层上覆压力对嵌岩深度影响越小,反之越大。（3）嵌岩深度随岩石单轴抗压强度的提高呈非线性缓慢地减小,在相同的单轴抗压强度下,岩体质量越好,嵌岩深度越小,反之越大。 相似文献
13.
We analysed fault plane solutions and borehole breakouts in the eastern part of the Eastern Alps and found a heterogeneous
stress field which we interpret as a transition zone of three different stress provinces: the western European stress province
with NW to NNW SH orientation and mainly strike-slip faulting regime; the Adriatic stress province with a radial stress pattern and thrust
faulting to strike-slip faulting regime; and the Dinaric-Pannonian stress province with NE SH orientation and strike-slip faulting regime. The western Pannonian basin seems to be a part of the transition zone with WNW
to NW SH orientation. A stress regime stimulating strike-slip faulting prevails in the Eastern Alps. The south Bohemian basement spur
as a major tectonic structure with a high rheological contrast to surrounding units has a strong influence on the stress field
and exhibits the highest seismicity at its tip due to stress concentration. From a constructed vertical stress orientation
profile we found stress decoupling of the Northern Calcareous Alps from the underlying European foreland. Both the Molasse
and the Flysch-Helvetic zone are considered as candidates for decoupling horizons due to stress orientation observations and
due to their rheological behaviour. From seismological and rheological data, we suggest a horizontal stress decoupling across
the Eastern Alps caused by a weakened central Alpine lithosphere.
Received: 3 July 1998 / Accepted: 4 April 1999 相似文献
14.
在滇中香炉山引水隧洞工程区活动断裂部位开展了八个钻孔的水压致裂原地应力测试工作。结果显示工程区应力状态以水平应力为主导，龙蟠-乔后断裂和丽江-剑川断裂部位均为走滑应力状态，鹤庆-洱源断裂西支为走滑应力状态，南段为逆冲应力状态。从应力累积的角度分析，测深范围内三条活动断裂大部分测点实测最大主应力值未超过使断层产生滑动失稳的临界值。地应力测试获得的最大主应力优势方位NNE-NE向与利用该地区震源机制解反演得到的现今构造应力场主压应力方位NEE向存在差异，说明地应力测试结果在一定程度上受到了断层活动性的影响。考虑活动断裂形变和力学属性的多个指标参数，对活动断裂影响程度的Fuzzy-Grey模糊综合评价表明龙蟠-乔后断裂对香炉山隧洞工程的影响较弱，丽江-剑川断裂的影响程度最强，需引起重视。 相似文献
15.
基于兰渝铁路木寨岭深埋隧道工程区活动断裂调查和3个钻孔水压致裂地应力测量,获得了木寨岭隧道工程区北段的现今地应力分布特征,结果表明,北段工程区最大水平主应力为38.38 MPa,属于高地应力区;三个主应力的关系为SHShSv,表明该区地壳浅表层现今构造活动以水平运动为主,主应力关系有利于逆断层的发育和活动;最大水平主应力优势方向为NE,反映穿越隧道北段的NWW向主要断裂带具有逆冲兼反时针扭动活动特征。根据地应力测量结果、相关理论及判据认为:隧道北段横截面形状以水平长轴、垂直短轴,且长短轴之比近似于隧道截面上侧压力系数的椭圆形为宜;隧道北段在埋深范围开挖时,硬岩具有岩爆发生的可能性,软岩具有发生严重挤压变形的背景。该成果为深入研究隧道区应力场特征,分析隧道围岩稳定性,科学设计隧道断面形状、结构和强度等工程地质问题提供了依据。 相似文献
16.
This paper provides a synopsis of the state of stress in the upper parts of the earth's crust based uponin situ rock stress determinations. Despite the large scatter of the data, two dominant trends can be detected in the variations of average horizontal stress with depth in various geological environments. Basement rocks in ancient shields and deformed rocks in fold belts usually show horizontal stresses larger than the theoretical overburden pressure. Sedimentary cover rocks and fissured massive rocks show horizontal stresses smaller than the overburden pressure. The ratio of the maximum to the minimum horizontal stress exhibits a clear stress anisotropy in most cases. Directions of maximum horizontal compression are fairly consistent in areas where sufficient measurements are available (North America and Fennoscandia), although in many instances they do not conform to any simple predicted stress pattern. Many factors complicate the interpretation ofin situ stress determinations. There is no simple relationship between the stress trajectories and the free surface. Topographic features and erosional processes may cause horizontal stress concentrations. Remanent stresses of great age can be superimposed on current tectonic stresses, while sometimes current stresses no longer coincide with the stress systems that caused observable faulting and folding. Observation of remanent stresses in ancient rocks shows that rocks in the upper crust have finite strength even under geological time intervals. From the viewpoint of global tectonics,in situ stress determinations ought to be used with great caution, and in conjunction with focal mechanism solutions of earthquakes. Although the state of stress is everywhere compressive, the fact that undeformed sedimentary cover rocks often show no excess horizontal stress would seem to indicate that no active global horizontal compression is required. Horizontal stresses larger than the overburden pressure in regions of intense palaeodeformation may be due to remanent stress effects and to the influence of the local structure. It is premature to advance any general statement on tectogenesis on the basis ofin situ stress determinations. More measurements, and a quantitative evaluation of the factors affecting them, are required before further progress can be made. 相似文献
17.
18.
在理解岩石圈内部流变分层性和造山带热异常形成与演化多控制因素的基础上，建立了造山带热－应力作用数值模型，研究了不同参数下造山带不同部位蠕动应力场的格局及其演化。其研究结果表明，碰撞终止后岩石圈内部应力调整或热松驰控制了造山带内部不同层次构造样式。在造山带中心，加厚岩石圈在碰撞附加力终止后40Ma，岩石圈应力强度明显减少，可诱发科迪勒拉式后造山伸展作用；在地壳中下层次或岩石圈深部（约40～60km、120～150km）可发生拆沉作用，但非岩石圈地幔的整体拆沉，其动力源自岩石圈套内部相应层位的应力引张；在40Ma以内或在拆沉作用发生前，岩石圈地幔根部及地壳中下层次作为热的应变软化区段，相应控制着Moho面形态及中上地壳构造样式；缝合带及造山带前缘作为应力挤压区，在10Ma可出现局部应力引张，孕育喜马拉雅式伸展。但在宽度巨大的造山带（1000km以上），后造山伸展作用的发生则与带内其它大规模构造活化有关。 相似文献
19.
深埋特长隧道工程的高地应力问题越来越受到重视,如何准确高效地确定工程区地应力状态,是目前关注的重点和难点。针对深埋特长隧道地应力状态的确定问题,我们提出了基于多源数据的初始原地应力方向综合确定和应力量值预测及复核的综合解决方案。通过勘察阶段有限钻孔的地应力测试,并结合区域多源地应力资料,可以综合确定地应力方向并利用修正的Sheorey模型预测隧道轴线地应力;针对预测结果,在隧道开挖施工过程中,进一步利用有限钻孔的水压致裂地应力测试检验预测结果并复核隧道应力状况。结果表明,桃子垭隧道水平最大主应力方向为N15°W~N40°W,实测三向应力关系为SH≥Sv＞Sh;钻孔附近的应力预测值在区域实测应力量值变化范围内,隧道埋深最大处的水平最大、最小应力值分别达24 MPa和16 MPa;隧道施工过程中的4个钻孔应力量值复核结果显示,除了局部受到岩性变化、断裂破碎带等影响出现偏差,本文预测结果与实测应力量值基本一致。笔者发展的原地应力综合预测及复核方法,一方面可以快速有效地预测深埋特长隧道等线状工程的原地应力状态,有效降低初始勘察阶段地应力测试成本,另一方面,应力量值的复核保证了应力预测结果的可靠性,可以为隧道施工方案的及时变更及预算调整等提供有力依据和数据支撑。 相似文献
20.
Rock failure is observed around boreholes often with certain types of failure zones, which are called breakouts. Laboratory‐scale drilling tests in some high‐porosity quartz‐rich sandstone have shown breakouts in the form of narrow localized compacted zones in the minimum horizontal stress direction. They are called fracture‐like breakouts. Such compaction bands may affect hydrocarbon extraction by forming barriers that inhibit fluid flow and may also be a source of sand production. This paper presents the results of numerical simulations of borehole breakouts using 3D discrete element method to investigate the mechanism of the fracture‐like breakouts and to identify the role of far‐field stresses on the breakout dimensions. The numerical tool was first verified against analytical solutions. It was then utilized to investigate the failure mechanism and breakout geometry for drilled cubic rock samples of Castlegate sandstone subjected to different pre‐existing far‐field stresses. Results show that failure occurs in the zones of the highest concentration of tangential stress around the borehole. It is concluded that fracture‐like breakout develops as a result of a nondilatant failure mechanism consisting of localized grain debonding and repacking and grain crushing that lead to the formation of a compaction band in the minimum horizontal stress direction. In addition, it is found that the length of fracture‐like breakouts depends on both the mean stress and stress anisotropy. However, the width of the breakout is not significantly changed by the far‐field stresses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献