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Hongbin Zhan 《Mathematical Geology》1999,31(1):113-134
Application of the ergodicity hypothesis to the stochastic subsurface hydrology has been checked by investigating the hydraulic conductivity field. The relative variance of the spatial average of conductivity, which is denoted as R, and the error index E.I. =
, were employed to justify the uncertainties and errors of using the ergodicity hypothesis. Six factors influence R: autocorrelation function; variance of logconductivity; spatial correlation scales of logconductivity; domain sizes; anisotropy; and dimensionality of the problem. Closed-form analytical solutions of R for the linear autocorrelation function were derived and the numerical integration of R for the exponential autocorrelation function for one-, two-, and three-dimensional problems calculated. It is easy to fulfill the ergodicity hypothesis under these conditions: weak heterogeneity and large ratio of domain size vs. correlation length (L/I). The uncertainties and errors of using this hypothesis increase rapidly when the variances of logconductivity increase and/or the ratios of L/I decrease. The ergodicity hypothesis has less error when applied to a problem with higher dimensionality. 相似文献
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Peixoto Filho Flávio Tito Vargas Junior Euripedes do Amaral Santos Erick Slis Raggio Ferreira Francisco Henriques 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2021,39(6):4127-4142
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - In coring operations, core jamming is a permanent concern, taking place when the rock core sample becomes stuck within the inner core barrel, thus... 相似文献
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<正> 牯牛潭组和庙坡组是张文堂(1962)命名建立的,标准剖面位于湖北宜昌分乡镇西侧的牯牛潭。牯牛潭组以灰岩与瘤状灰岩为主,厚约20m;庙坡组为页岩夹灰岩,厚约2m,页岩的出现为庙坡组的开始。长期以来这一观点被广大地质工作者所接受。70年代初南京地质古生物研究所西南队在湖北宜昌黄花场重测奥陶系剖面时,在牯牛潭组顶部约0.5m厚的地层中发现了三叶虫Birmanites hupeiensis Yi,Lonchodomas brevicis Lu, 相似文献
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论大槽子组和碳山坪组的地质时代 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《地层学杂志》1989,(2)
<正> 大槽子剖面位于云南省宁蒗县城以南约25km处,是原云南省第二区域地质测量队于70年代发现和测制的,并对泥盆纪地层作了划分、对比和命名。由下而上分别是大瓜坪组、大槽子组、碳山坪组、烂泥箐组和干沟组,其中将大瓜坪组划归早泥盆世晚期,大槽子组和碳山坪组分别与艾菲尔阶和吉维特阶对比,烂泥箐组和干沟组分别与弗拉阶和法门阶对应。大槽子剖面地处泥盆系青藏区和华南区交界处(王钰等1982),且地层发育较 相似文献
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TE-YOU HSU Geological Survey of China 《地质学报》1943,(Z2):122-129
正 Triassic fossils of Kueichou were made known nearly half a century ago~1. Subsequent investigators have from time to time brought back new materials, but they are in general more or less fragmentary in nature. Through successive trips 相似文献
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Chuanliang Yan Jingen Deng Baohua Yu Wenliang Li Zijian Chen Lianbo Hu Yang Li 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2014,47(6):2199-2209
In oil and gas drilling or geothermal well drilling, the temperature difference between the drilling fluid and formation will lead to an apparent temperature change around the borehole, which will influence the stress state around the borehole and tend to cause borehole instability in high geothermal gradient formations. The thermal effect is usually not considered as a factor in most of the conventional borehole stability models. In this research, in order to solve the borehole instability in high-temperature formations, a calculation model of the temperature field around the borehole during drilling is established. The effects of drilling fluid circulation, drilling fluid density, and mud displacement on the temperature field are analyzed. Besides these effects, the effect of temperature change on the stress around the borehole is analyzed based on thermoelasticity theory. In addition, the relationships between temperature and strength of four types of rocks are respectively established based on experimental results, and thermal expansion coefficients are also tested. On this basis, a borehole stability model is established considering thermal effects and the effect of temperature change on borehole stability is also analyzed. The results show that the fracture pressure and collapse pressure will both increase as the temperature of borehole rises, and vice versa. The fracture pressure is more sensitive to temperature. Temperature has different effects on collapse pressures due to different lithological characters; however, the variation of fracture pressure is unrelated to lithology. The research results can provide a reference for the design of drilling fluid density in high-temperature wells. 相似文献
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Modern geostatistical techniques allow the generation of high-resolution heterogeneous models of hydraulic conductivity containing millions to billions of cells. Selective upscaling is a numerical approach for the change of scale of fine-scale hydraulic conductivity models into coarser scale models that are suitable for numerical simulations of groundwater flow and mass transport. Selective upscaling uses an elastic gridding technique to selectively determine the geometry of the coarse grid by an iterative procedure. The geometry of the coarse grid is built so that the variances of flow velocities within the coarse blocks are minimum. Selective upscaling is able to handle complex geological formations and flow patterns, and provides full hydraulic conductivity tensor for each block. Selective upscaling is applied to a cross-bedded formation in which the fine-scale hydraulic conductivities are full tensors with principal directions not parallel to the statistical anisotropy of their spatial distribution. Mass transport results from three coarse-scale models constructed by different upscaling techniques are compared to the fine-scale results for different flow conditions. Selective upscaling provides coarse grids in which mass transport simulation is in good agreement with the fine-scale simulations, and consistently superior to simulations on traditional regular (equal-sized) grids or elastic grids built without accounting for flow velocities. 相似文献
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正 For many years,there has been considerable difference of opinion in regard to the age of the horizons bearing both Protolepidodendron and Bothriolepis in Central Hunan and Eastern Yunnan.I am in full accord with the view recently put forward by. H. C. Wang that the plant- and fish-bearing series o 相似文献
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Biogenic carbonate sediments are subdivided by mode of carbonate material deposition into benthonogenic and nektono-planktonogenic varieties. The latter variety comprises two main types: cloddy nodular limestones (commonly with abundant ammonoids) and relatively uniform bedded limestones. They are mostly microgranular formations with a variable amount of nannoplanktonic remains. The progressive though uneven increase in contribution of nektono-planktonogenic rocks and respective decrease in benthonogenic sediments are pointed out through the Earth's history along with concurrent increase in sedimentation depth and change of rock-forming organisms. Paleozoic tentaculitids, orthoceratites, and partly ostracodes gave way to Triassic and Jurassic ammonites, foraminiferas, coccolithophorids, and then to Cretaceous coccolithophorids, Cenozoic coccolithophorids, foraminiferas, and to a lesser extent, pteropods. 相似文献
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根据岩类组合特点、地质构造背景和构造活动性,扬子地台晚古生代沉积建造可分两大类型:台地型建造和台槽型建造.这两类建造在空间上和时间上展布规律和发育程度,都是与地质构造背景、沉积环境、古气候、岩浆活动和地壳活动等密切相关. 相似文献
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有关通江—南江—巴中地区长兴组—飞仙关组沉积模式及其空间分布的研究较少,并且较为粗略。以前认为该区发育开阔台地、缓坡和盆地等沉积相沉积,但对缓坡相尚未进行详细的划分,是否存在台地边缘礁滩相带未能提出明确的认识。因此,利用新的资料,开展长兴组—飞仙关组沉积相研究对通南巴地区的油气勘探具有非常重要的意义。本文在以往研究的基础上,利用地表露头和地震资料,初步建立了通南巴地区长兴组—飞仙关组沉积模式,认为该区存在台地边缘礁滩相带,建议油气勘探部门给予重视。 相似文献
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A paleomagnetic study of platform-facies carbonate rocks of the mid-Cretaceous Morelos Formation and deep-water carbonate rocks of the overlying Upper Cretaceous Mezcala Formation, sampled at Zopilote canyon, in Guerrero State, southern Mexico, indicates that their characteristic magnetization was acquired contemporaneously with folding of these rocks during the Late Cretaceous Laramide orogeny. The remanence carrier is interpreted to be magnetite, although other mineral phases of high coercivity carry recent secondary overprints. The overall mean is of Dec=323.1° and Inc=36.5° (k=162.7; α95=2.7°; N=18 sites; 64% unfolding). Comparison with the North America reference direction indicates that this area has experienced a small, yet statistically significant, counterclockwise direction of 19.2±4.0°. Similar rotations are documented in other localities from southern Mexico; rotations are linked to mid-Tertiary deformation associated with the left-lateral strike-slip fault system that accommodated motion of the Chortis and Xolapa blocks. 相似文献
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HE Jurui WANG Aiguo RUI Xingjian LI Chunhai Nanjing Institute of Geology Mineral Resources Nanjing Jiangsu 《《地质学报》英文版》2004,78(2):375-379
In the Precambrian System of the Yangtze and Cathaysian plates six ore-bearing formations can be identified: the Cu-Pb-Zn-bearing formations in volcanic rocks of marine facies of the Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic, Cu-Au-bearing formations and Pb-Zn-bearing formations in volcanic rocks of marine facies of the Mesoproterozoic, Pb-Zn-bearing formations in volcaniclastic rock and carbonate rock of the Neoproterozoic, Fe-Mn-bearing formations in the volcaniclastic rock of the Neoproterozoic, and Ni-Cr-serpentine-bearing formations in ophiolite and ultrabasic rock of the Meso- and Neoproterozoic. They were mostly formed in the marginal rift valleys of the Yangtze and Cathaysian plates, where occur stratabound and stratiform ore deposits, thermal deposits and porphyry polymetallic deposits. The six regions with ore-bearing formations have good prospects for ore deposits. 相似文献
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大兴安岭中生代火山岩地层对比 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
大兴安岭中生代火山岩分布区植被覆盖严重,地层间接触关系不明,再加上缺乏古生物年代学资料,其填图单位的归属及形成时代问题一直是该地区研究的重点和争论的焦点。传统上该套火山岩地层的归属主要依据岩石组合的对比,且因对其认知的所限同一填图单位常赋予不同名称。该文首先介绍了大兴安岭中生代火山岩地层对比沿革,之后通过对近些年区域上的研究成果的综合研究,以中国地质调查局在承德召集的中生代火山岩地层研讨会议上张立东提出的地层柱的基础上进行了对比和厘定。该套方案主要以最新的Ar Ar法、锆石 SHRIMP、 LA ICP MS U Pb 法等测年资料为基础,以双峰式火山岩成因为岩浆演化理论,归并为早期、中期、晚期,并遵从了地层学优先命名法则,提出了新的地层柱。 相似文献
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<正> 笔者和黄宝玉、郭书元在山西榆社泥河和张村剖面采集了多门类化石,据腹足类动物群性质,对楼则峪组和张村组的地质时代提出看法。 楼则峪组:山西省地层表编写组(1979)在楼则峪组中所列的脊椎动物有维拉弗期(Villafranchian)的三门马Equus sammeniensis,山西轴鹿Axis shanius,步氏大角鹿Eucladoceras boulei,平额原齿象Archidiskodon planifrons。这次采集的孢粉经分析后,唐领余(1991)认为楼则峪组是亚热带成分完全消失,植物群的面貌呈现荒漠、荒漠草 相似文献
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The photochemical oxidation of Fe(2+) -hydroxide complexes dissolved in anoxic Precambrian oceans has been suggested as a mechanism to explain the deposition of Banded Iron Formations (BIFs). Photochemical studies have not yet addressed the low levels of manganese in many of these deposits, which probably precipitated from solutions bearing similar concentrations of Fe2+ and Mn2+. Depositional models must also explain the stratigraphic separation of iron and manganese ores in manganiferous BIFs. In this study, solutions containing 0.56 M NaCl and approximately 180 micromoles MnCl2 with or without 3 to 200 micromoles FeCl2 were irradiated with filtered and unfiltered UV light from a medium-pressure mercury-vapor lamp for up to 8 hours. The solutions were deaerated and buffered to pH approximately 7, and all experiments were conducted under O2-free (< 1 ppm) atmospheres. In experiments with NaCl + MnCl2, approximately 20% of the Mn2+ was oxidized and precipitated as birnessite in 8 hours. Manganese precipitation was only observed when light with lambda < 240 nm was used. In experiments with NaCl + MnCl2 + FeCl2, little manganese was lost from solution, while Fe2+ was rapidly oxidized to Fe3+ and precipitated as gamma-FeOOH or as amorphous ferric hydroxide. The Mn:Fe ratio of these precipitates was approximately 1:50, similar to the ratios observed in BIFs. A strong upper limit on the rate of manganese photo-oxidation during the Precambrian is estimated to be 0.1 mg cm-2 yr-1, a factor of 10(3) slower than the rate of iron photo-oxidation considered reasonable in BIF depositional basins. Thus, a photochemical model for the origin of oxide facies BIFs is consistent with field observations, although models that invoke molecular O2 as the oxidant of Fe2+ and Mn2+ are not precluded. Apparently, oxide facies BIFs could have formed under anoxic, as well as under mildly oxygenated atmospheres. 相似文献