共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 453 毫秒
1.
Analysis of the maximum discharge of karst springs 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Ognjen Bonacci 《Hydrogeology Journal》2001,9(4):328-338
Analyses are presented of the conditions that limit the discharge of some karst springs. The large number of springs studied
show that, under conditions of extremely intense precipitation, a maximum value exists for the discharge of the main springs
in a catchment, independent of catchment size and the amount of precipitation. Outflow modelling of karst-spring discharge
is not easily generalized and schematized due to numerous specific characteristics of karst-flow systems. A detailed examination
of the published data on four karst springs identified the possible reasons for the limitation on the maximum flow rate: (1)
limited size of the karst conduit; (2) pressure flow; (3) intercatchment overflow; (4) overflow from the main spring-flow
system to intermittent springs within the same catchment; (5) water storage in the zone above the karst aquifer or epikarstic
zone of the catchment; and (6) factors such as climate, soil and vegetation cover, and altitude and geology of the catchment
area. The phenomenon of limited maximum-discharge capacity of karst springs is not included in rainfall-runoff process modelling,
which is probably one of the main reasons for the present poor quality of karst hydrological modelling.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
2.
Saša Milanović Zoran Stevanović Ljiljana Vasić Vesna Ristić-Vakanjac 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(2):525-532
Beljanica Mountain in eastern Serbia is a part of the Carpathian Balkan arch (northern Alpine branch). It covers an area of about 300 km2 and consists mostly of Jurassic and Cretaceous limestones. Numerous surface karst features, long caves and several large karstic springs located in Beljanica’s piedmont along the contact of karstic and non-karstic rocks are all indicators of an intense karstification. Currently, the large karstic water reserves of Beljanica Mountain are not properly utilized because of their distance from main consumers, the objection by national water managers that the springs lack a stable and sufficient discharge particularly during recession periods. Due to its unpolluted and high quality water, the area is a great prospect for future water supply, and provides an opportunity for artificial regulation and for the design and implementation of specific tapping structures. This paper includes an analysis of the created 3D ArcGIS model of karst interior and its correlation with historical and newly collected data of spring discharges and groundwater physico-chemical characteristics. The results of karst aquifer monitoring (both quantitative and qualitative) are linked with the results of extensive field geological and speleological survey of the upper non-saturated part of the karst (such as sinkholes, pits and caves) and with the investigation of the permanently saturated deeper part of the aquifer (including the diving methods). The model of karst interior is based on the data from the 69 caves, 15 sinks and 1,682 dolines (sinkholes) surveyed. The total length of the karst channels network, calculated using the GIS model and presented in a 3D environment, is 647 km. The catchment areas of five major springs that drain the areas are estimated to range from only 7 km2 (Malo Vrelo Spring) to 124 km2 (Vrelo Mlave Spring). The groundwater exploitable reserves of Beljanica karst aquifer are estimated to be over 4 m3/s. The waters are low mineralized, unpolluted and have a great potential for water supply. 相似文献
3.
贵州印江朗溪岩溶槽谷龙洞湾泉流量衰减分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
文章对贵州省印江县朗溪隔槽式向斜岩溶槽谷轴面南东侧的龙洞湾岩溶泉流量衰减规律进行了分析,通过在泉口设置复合堰、安放水文气象自动监测仪,获取了该泉降雨量和相对水位的高时间分辨率监测数据,并采用水力学公式计算了泉流量,分析了降雨过后岩溶泉流量的动态特征,再利用分区间指数函数衰减方程确定了该泉所在含水介质的结构特征及亚储水量,结果发现:（1）龙洞湾泉流量峰值滞后时间受降雨过程特征影响较大,当降雨量大或前期有降雨影响时,滞后时间短;当降雨量小或前期无降雨影响时,滞后时间长;（2）强降雨后,龙洞湾泉流量的衰减可分为三个亚动态,且衰减系数的差异较大,第I亚动态和第II亚动态的衰减系数分别是第III亚动态的11倍和3倍,这表明其三重岩溶含水介质的特征明显;（3）龙洞湾泉的含水介质具有不均匀性,以管道流和裂隙流为主,岩溶发育强烈。 相似文献
4.
Quantitative analysis of springs 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
B. A. Memon 《Environmental Geology》1995,26(2):111-120
Growing demand for groundwater resources and stringent environmental concerns has led to large groundwater investigations, including characterization of aquifer systems that are hydraulically connected to springs. A pumping test is one of the most reliable means of quantifying hydraulic characteristics and the response of natural springs to pumping because it yields results that, in general, are representative of a larger area than are results from a single point observation. Recharge to the aquifer sustaining discharge from springs must be evaluated prior to the utilization of springs. The spring hydrograph is analyzed, as the shape of a hydrograph is a reflection of the response of the aquifer to recharge. The form and rate of recession provide significant information on the storage, lithological composition, and structural characteristics of the aquifer system sustaining the spring. Water tracing techniques have been developed and used over a period of centuries to delineate catchment boundaries, estimate groundwater flow velocities, determine areas of recharge, and identify sources of pollution of spring water. 相似文献
5.
In the southern part of the Slovensky Kras Mountains, located on the Hungarian–Slovakian border, a transboundary karstic aquifer
Dolny vrch/Alsóhegy underlies the structure and discharges groundwater flow to 15 major karst springs around its margin. Hydrograph
recession curves from nine-gauged springs on the Slovak part of the aquifer were analysed, and for each individual spring,
depletion hydrograph equations were classified into different categories based on recessional parameters quantitatively describing
individual groundwater flow sub–regimes. Discharge depletion was used to create recessional equations, and these were linked
to karstification degree, a qualitative scale ranging from 1 to 10. A new application of hydrograph separation was based on
examining and combining pairs of springs that likely fit into the category of overflow/underflow springs for a single groundwater
reservoir. Recession-curve analysis performed on coupled discharges of two pairs of neighbouring springs was conducted to
examine their possible linkage as a single groundwater reservoir, with an overflow outlet and underflow outlet. In the process
of discharge coupling, discharges of the springs, hypothesized to be branches of the same source and observed at the same
time were simply added together. By analyzing the resulting new time series, a new classification of sub-regimes could be
generated. Surprisingly, new facts were revealed about the overflow/underflow springs, which primarily were not recognized
previously as being connected components of a single groundwater reservoir. Summations of combined overflow/underflow discharge
volumes of a single spring reservoir led to discovery of apparent presence of turbulent flow sub-regimes on the coupled recession
curve. Presence of possible overflow/underflow springs of a single groundwater basin should be considered during hydrograph
analyses if the springs have attributes that suggest they may be part of a combined flow system. Treating these springs as
separate entities as a result can produce significant misinterpretation of drainage parameters. Furthermore, identification
of overflow branches facilitates the generation of new research ideas for further speleological investigations nearby, and
for assessing the system in a more effective manner. 相似文献
6.
Monitoring groundwater in the discharge area of a complex karst aquifer to assess the role of the saturated and unsaturated zones 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
The hydrochemical response at springs in the drainage area of the Sierra del Rey—Los Tajos carbonate aquifer (province of
Málaga, southern Spain) was monitored in order to determine the hydrogeological functioning of this aquifer. Analysis of the
most important chemical parameters, using methodologies such as the temporal evolution of chemical components, principal component
analysis and discriminant factorial analysis revealed that the high level of hydrochemical heterogeneity to be found in this
discharge zone, in addition to particular spatial and temporal factors, is responsible for the mineralisation of the spring
water. Sampling in karst systems where discharge occurs by several springs should take into account the hydrochemical variability
of them; otherwise conclusions about the hydrological functioning of aquifers deduced from mixture of spring waters can be
inaccurate. 相似文献
7.
Mitja Janža 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,61(5):909-920
Karst aquifers are known for their heterogeneity and irregular complex flow patterns which make them more difficult to model
and demand specific modeling approaches. This paper presents one such approach which is based on a conceptual model. The model
was applied in a karst area of the catchment of Rižana spring (200 km2). It is based on the MIKE SHE code and incorporates
the main hydrological processes and geological features of the karst aquifer (diffuse and concentrated infiltration, allogenic
recharge, quick and slow groundwater flow, shifting groundwater divides and groundwater outflow from the catchment area).
Modeling of evapotranspiration and flow in the upper part of the unsaturated zone is more detailed. For the modeling of groundwater
flow in the karst aquifer, a conceptual model was applied which uses drainage function for the simulation of groundwater flow
through large conduits (karst channels and large fissures). The model was calibrated and validated against the observed Rižana
spring discharge which represents a measured response of the aquifer. The results of validation show that the model is able
to adequately simulate temporal evolution of the spring discharge, measured by Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (0.82) as well as
overall water balance. 相似文献
8.
Hydrogeological characteristics of some deep siphonal springs in Serbia and Montenegro karst 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Saša Milanovic 《Environmental Geology》2007,51(5):755-759
In terms of hydrogeological, engineering-geological, and hydrotechnical tapping in karst in relation to ground waters, karst
channels, springs and ponors, speleodiving is the only research method which enables direct observation, studying and exact
geological mapping of karst channels and caverns. Data collected during speleodiving research contribute considerably to the
analysis of karst evolution process in the given region, which is very important in evaluating the depth of karstification
and determining the main direction of the groundwater flow. In the past 30 years in Serbia and Montenegro, speleodivers have
investigated over 40 siphonal springs, active cave channels and ponors, of which more than 20 are proof of deep siphonal circulation
in karstic aquifers. The karstic springs are the most interesting phenomenon from a hydrogeological view point, and their
investigations need particular attention. Most of significant karstic springs are on the rims of erosion basins—perimeters
of karst poljes, river valleys, sea coasts and contact areas between karst aquifers and hydrogeological barriers. General
characteristics of the spring regime are the direct correlation between precipitation and spring discharge. Moreover, the
hydrogeological regime of these springs also depends on the size of the catchment area, karstic aquifer retardation capacity,
total porosity, as well as lithological and structural characteristics. 相似文献
9.
Francesco Fiorillo 《Hydrogeology Journal》2011,19(5):1009-1019
Drainage of a cylindrical water-filled tank-reservoir has been analysed by different physical models, providing relative discharge-time equations. The process has been simulated (1) in a condition of free-flow discharge, where no energy is lost during the process, and (2) where friction forces and water viscosity take effect. Simulation (1) is considered to be a Torricelli reservoir, characterised by a linear decrease of discharge; (2) is based on Darcy’s law or on Poiseuille’s law, where discharge decreases exponentially with time, giving a straight line in the semilogarithm plot. For the Darcy’s law simulation, the tank tube was filled with sand. The cylindrical water-filled tank-reservoir drainage analysis has been applied to simulation of the actual shape of karst spring hydrographs. It has been determined that the recession coefficient, α, is proportional to a hydraulic constant, c, which represents the hydraulic characteristics during the baseflow recession, and α is inversely proportional to the product of the water-table area with the effective porosity. This product expresses the area of the aquifer filled by free-flowing water along the water table and can vary during the aquifer drainage. 相似文献
10.
In carbonate massifs, flow patterns are conditioned by karstification processes which develop a conduit network and preserve low permeability microfractured blocks. The Sierra de las Nieves karst massif (southern Spain) is subjected to a given climatic and geological context, and thus it is possible to analyse the spatial and temporal variability of the water temperature and electrical conductivity at its main karst outlets, which display different responses to rainfall episodes. In this experimental field area, conduit flow and diffuse flow drainage patterns have been distinguished by combining groundwater temperature and electrical conductivity data. Both parameters show large variations in water coming from conduit flow systems and low variations in water drained by springs draining diffuse flow systems. However, groundwater temperature displays the smallest variations, which seems to indicate that this parameter is less sensitive as regards characterising the degree of karstification, which is a key question in characterising the aquifer functioning. 相似文献
11.
Modeling hydrological responses of karst spring to storm events: example of the Shuifang spring (Jinfo Mt., Chongqing,China) 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Reproduction of hydrographs at karst springs has been an approach of understanding the karst aquifer, which normally acts
as drains for the groundwater flow. However, its numerical modeling is difficult since factors for the internal geometry and
connectedness are unknown and hard to quantify. Hydrographs of the karst aquifer with well-developed conduits in Shuifang
spring catchment were obtained from the automatic gauging station at the spring orifice. Data as to the conduit system were
also obtained based on results and analyses of tracer tests. With these data, the hydrological responses of Shuifang spring
to storm events were simulated by storm water management model (SWMM) developed by USA EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).
Nash–Sutcliffe efficiencies are used to compare the computed flow to the observed, which are 0.95 and 0.92 for calibration
and validation. SWMM was verified and applicable in karst conduit drainage system. The model illustrated correctly quick recharge
through conduits and slow and low inflow from the fissured aquifer matrix. The SCS-CN (soil conservation service-curve number)
infiltration method was used for computation of losses and runoff. Field tests indicated that permeability was extremely high
but different in karst area, which was less sensitive to the computed runoff when exceeded the common value provided by SWMM.
Therefore, an improved quantitative infiltration model for karst area will make SWMM possible to be a useful tool for assessing
and reproducing spring hydrographs. 相似文献
12.
Groundwater flow systems in turbidites of the Northern Apennines (Italy): natural discharge and high speed railway tunnel drainage 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Alessandro Gargini Valentina Vincenzi Leonardo Piccinini Gian Maria Zuppi Paolo Canuti 《Hydrogeology Journal》2008,16(8):1577-1599
Turbidites crop out extensively in the Northern Apennine mountains (Italy). The huge amounts of groundwater drained by tunnels, built for the high speed railway connection between Bologna and Florence, demonstrate the aquifer-like behaviour of these units, up to now considered as aquitards. A conceptual model of groundwater flow systems (GFS) in fractured aquifers of turbidites is proposed, taking into account both system natural state and the perturbation induced by tunnel drainage. Analysis of hydrological data (springs, streams and tunnel discharge), collected over 10 years, was integrated with analysis of hydrochemical and isotopic data and a stream-tunnel tracer test. Hydrologic recession analysis of undisturbed conditions is a key tool in studying turbiditic aquifer hydrogeology, permitting the discrimination of GFS, the estimation of recharge relative to the upstream reach portion and the identification of springs most vulnerable to tunnel drainage impacts. The groundwater budgeting analysis provides evidence that the natural aquifer discharge was stream-focused through GFS, developed downslope or connected to main extensional tectonic lineaments intersecting stream beds; now tunnels drain mainly active recharge groundwater and so cause a relevant stream baseflow deplenishment (approximately two-thirds of the natural value), possibly resulting in adverse effects on local ecosystems. 相似文献
13.
Yukiya Tanaka Yukinori Matsukura N. Batnasan D. Tuvshinjargal 《Environmental Geology》2005,47(5):640-646
Runoff processes in Mongolian drainage basins have received little study. The present work clarifies differences in runoff characteristics between granite (G-basin) and sandstone (S-basin) drainage basins near Ulaanbaatar. The drainage area of the G- and S-basins studied is 1.675 and 2.695 km2 and the maximum relief is 450 and 500 m, respectively. These hydrological measurements reveal clear differences in runoff characteristics. First, the constant small discharge in the G-basin implies that the dominant runoff process is infiltration into bedrock or weathered mantle and that only baseflow occurs; quickflow and through-flow are not dominant. Second, clear peak discharges and rapid response of discharge to rainfall in the S-basin implies that surface flow occurs. Finally, the slow recession rate after peak discharge suggests that through-flow is more significant in the S-basin than in the G-basin. 相似文献
14.
Hamid Reza Nassery Farshad Alijani Mohammad Nakhaei 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(11):4809-4818
In order to study the function, hydrodynamic behavior, and hydraulic properties of the karst aquifers in Izeh, southwest Iran, time series analysis was applied to the precipitation, spring discharge, and piezometric head data of two representative karst systems of Zagros (Ilam-Sarvak and Asmari Formations). Time series analysis was applied to two karst aquifers, those of Asmari and Ilam-Sarvak Formations. The daily precipitations of anticlines were estimated based on the precipitation–elevation function which was applied on digital elevation model (DEM) of the area. The mean estimated daily precipitations were considered in bivariate time series analysis as input data of each karst system. The total length of time series was about 2.7 years, extending from May 2007 to December 2009. During the research, several one-parameter probe data loggers were installed, which daily measure the water surfaces in karst aquifers. Time series analysis was applied for describing Izeh karst aquifers with a focus on both univariate (autocorrelation and spectral analysis) and bivariate (cross-correlation, gain function, and coherency function) methods. The results show that Asmari karst aquifer in Kamarderaz Anticline has a large storage capacity. Because of lacking a well-organized karst network, in the Asmari karst aquifer, baseflow dominates with low contribution of quick-flow. In the Ilam-Sarvak karst aquifer (Shavish and Tanush Anticlines), the karstification occurred in fractures and small diameter conduits, which caused to quick-flow between dense limestone. The Ilam-Sarvak karst aquifer could be regarded as a transition between two extreme types of karst, e.g., highly karstified system and in the opposite, extremely diffused one. The analysis of well hydrograph in Ilam-Sarvak karst aquifer shows that the karst aquifer has a low storage capacity. Unlike Asmari karst aquifer, the fractures and small diameter conduits in Ilam-Sarvak karst aquifer are more enhanced, producing a better developed karst network. Contrary to the typical karst systems, however, diffuse flow and conduit flow coexist in the Asmari Formation. 相似文献
15.
云南省岩溶水赋存特征 总被引：10，自引：7，他引：3
云南省岩溶水赋存特征,从宏观到微观层面主要表现为:高原面上总体岩溶含水层的富水性比较均匀,其中的汇水型岩溶断陷盆地内,岩溶含水层特征等同于多孔介质。高原面边缘、河谷斜坡地带岩溶含水层的富水性极不均匀,其中在汇水—径流型岩溶断陷盆地内,上游部分富水性比较均匀,靠近下游转换带及其以下溶洞管道区富水性极不均匀。在一个完整的水文地质单元内,饱水带水位埋深基本接近集中排泄点的水位。通常,补给区实质上主要是透水层;径流区基本具备含水层的特征;排泄区方形成了名副其实的含水层。特定的微地貌组合形式,能够反映岩溶水的运动、赋存特征,应注意调查研究。 相似文献
16.
娘子关泉域群泉是中国北方最大的岩溶泉,泉域汇水面积达7 436 km2,前人认为:泉域内岩溶水由北、西、南3面向娘子关一带径流汇集,由于娘子关一带下奥陶系燧石团块或条带白云岩相对隔水层隆起,并被桃河侵蚀出露,使岩溶地下水溢出地表成泉群,其主要含水层为中奥陶系含石膏碳酸盐岩。但各泉的水化学、同位素特征有差异,娘子关泉群并不是出自统一源。文章通过水化学、同位素、水文地质剖面等方法研究得出: 娘子关泉域存在两个含水层、三个子系统:中奥陶系灰岩含水层和中上寒武系白云岩含水层;西部奥陶系岩溶水系统、东部奥陶系岩溶水系统和东部中上寒武系岩溶水系统。泉域内城西泉与程家泉出露于中奥陶系下马家沟组泥灰岩之上,含水层为中奥陶系灰岩裂隙、溶隙水,由于区域下马家沟组泥灰岩隆起隔水出露地表成泉,属于东部奥陶系岩溶水系统;坡底泉、五龙泉、河北泉、水帘洞泉、苇泽关泉其补给主要来源于中上寒武系含水岩组,为承压上升泉,属于东部中上寒武系岩溶水系统。 相似文献
17.
岩溶大泉是中国北方岩溶地下水的主要天然排泄形式，它们集供水、旅游、生态等功能于一体，是重要的自然资源。自20世纪后期，受自然、特别是人类大规模开发、采煤等活动的影响，有近30%的岩溶大泉断流，其中不乏中外闻名的大泉。十七大以来，各地政府积极响应党中央国务院加强生态文明建设的号召，启动了一些重要断流岩溶大泉复流的生态修复工程。本文根据北方断流岩溶大泉的结构模式与成因，提出了包括利用上游水库蓄水、调节渗漏段河水流量、在河流渗漏段实施人工增补工程、在岩溶地下水强径流带和排泄区采取关井压采、封堵泉口下游自流井、对煤矿带压区进行监控、补给区分区植树造林措施的复流模式；以山西太原晋祠泉为实例，在对各项复流措施效果进行定量优化评价的基础上，得出抬高汾河二库水位至设计标高、关闭岩溶地下水强径流带内白家庄煤矿降压排水井、封堵处置泉口下游自流井是近期经济可行的有效措施的结论；最后利用建立的泉域地下水渗流数值模型，预测实施三项近期措施后，晋祠泉水可望在2年左右的时间实现复流，该结论以期为晋祠泉及北方岩溶区其他同类型岩溶泉水生态复流工作提供示范与参考。 相似文献
18.
The hydraulic behaviour of the karst aquifer in the Hubelj spring catchment area (SW Slovenia) was studied by using an indirect
research method based on natural tracers. The variations of natural tracers (in precipitation and in groundwater) during the
storm event made possible the separation of the Hubelj spring storm hydrograph by the three-component separation technique.
The results produced information on the aquifer recharge, storage and discharge processes, as well as on the mechanisms that
affected them. They verified the so-called epikarst hypothesis presuming that an important part of a karst aquifer recharge
reaches rapidly and intensively from the epikarst zone. It was demonstrated that epikarst water could occupy up to 50% of
the spring discharge during precipitation events. This phenomenon could have important consequences on protection and management
of the problems of karst aquifers, including engineering problems in karst areas. With this respect the results could give
way to new engineering ideas. 相似文献
19.
The cumulative storage accumulation curve (CSAC) is a tool for saturated-volume fluctuation (SVF) analysis of transient recharge
to shallow phreatic aquifers discharging only to springs. The method assumes that little underflow or phreatic evapotranspiration
occurs. The CSAC is a modified water-table hydrograph that distinguishes storage increase caused by recharge from loss due
to springflow-induced recession. Required for the analysis are water-table fluctuations at a single representative location
within the catchment of a single spring and either direct measurements or robust interpolations of springflows at different
aquifer stages. The method employs empirical manipulation of head observations, varying spring catchment area to minimize
CSAC water-level changes in late portions of long recessions. Results include volumetric estimates of recharge integrated
over individual events and instantaneous rates of recharge to the water table, at the temporal resolution of the water-level
sampling interval. The analysis may also yield physically realistic information on spring catchment and recharge focusing.
In a test case in West Virginia, USA, recharge estimates by this technique were consistent with integrated springflow time
series but greater than estimates based on potential evapotranspiration. Results give insight into dynamic recharge behavior
over time as well as an indication of recharge catchment size.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
20.
文章选取典型背斜槽谷区——宜居河流域作为研究对象,结合不同水文地质单元对流域岩溶泉进行出露特征及水质分析,研究结果表明:(1) 二叠系、三叠系含水层的调查泉点水化学类型全部属于HCO3-Ca型水,而寒武系、奥陶系含水层部分泉点属于HCO3·SO4-Ca型水,这可能与该地区的岩性及人类活动有关;流域内93.8%的岩溶泉点水质等级为优良和良好,可作为饮用水源;(2)流域内岩溶泉流量<10 L·s-1的岩溶泉数量占78%,平均流量仅为0.84 L·s-1;流量≥10 L·s-1的岩溶大泉平均流量达76.56 L·s-1;此外,发现不同岩性地层在岩溶泉发育的数量和流量上皆有差异,表现出岩溶泉发育的极不均一性;(3) 在可溶岩与非可溶岩接触带、断裂构造带、陡崖处、地势较低的弱承压泄流区、深切河谷及峡谷两侧切割处5类地点易出露岩溶泉。 相似文献