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1.
Kerala, a southern state of India, experienced a severe flooding due to multi-day extreme rain events during July and August months of 2018. This disaster was one of the worst floods to hit the state and resulted in heavy losses of lives and property. Natural Disaster Management Authority of India reported that 483 people lost their lives and more than 50 lakhs population were affected severely. This short communication focuses on examining this flood event using satellite remote sensing. It is reported that Kerala received an excess of about 56% rainfall during July and August from multi-day extreme rainfall episodes. Few regions of Kerala received the rainfall in the range of 270–300 mm on August 14 and 15. Hourly rainfall events in the excess of 25 mm have also been reported during heavy rainy days. The present study reports that multi-day heavy rainy events during July and August brought an accumulated rainfall of about 1600 mm, which resulted in extreme flooding over Kerala.
相似文献2.
我国过去50a来降水变化趋势及其对水资源的影响(Ⅱ):月系列 总被引：13，自引：5，他引：8
应用全国范围内的678个气象站1951-1998年长系列逐月降水资料, 用线性回归方法研究降水量的变化趋势, 同时结合长江、黄河和松花江主要控制水文站同期的径流资料, 研究径流对气候变化的响应. 结果表明: 降水的年内变化表现出较大的区域特性, 最显著的变化特点是秋冬季 (8～12月) 东部地区降水量普遍减少, 1～3月江南地区降水有增加趋势. 气候的上述变化趋势对我国干旱的西北地区有利, 该区河流径流量有明显增加; 另一方面, 夏季降水的增加可能会导致洪水事件的濒发, 与此同时, 降水量的年内不均匀变化, 特别是在 8～12月长时间的降水减少趋势, 导致枯水期径流的减少, 从而加剧秋冬季水资源的供需矛盾. 长江、黄河和松花江主要控制水文站6个站1～4月径流基本上表现为增加趋势, 而6～12月大多表现为减少趋势, 只有黄河上游唐乃亥站6月, 长江下游大通站7月和松花江哈尔滨站8月径流为增加; 另外, 气候变暖使发源于青藏高原的长江(宜昌站3、 4月)和黄河上游(唐乃亥站4～6月)的春季的融雪过程提前, 融雪期径流增加. 相似文献
3.
新疆天山南麓柯坪河水文特性与洪水分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
柯坪河是天山南麓典型的雨水和泉水补给河流,河水主要为地下泉水出露补给,流量比较稳定,但暴雨的出现经常引起洪水发生.柯坪河仅有不足一年的水文观测,但河水主要是泉水补给,水量非常稳定,根据野外调查和推算,分析了柯坪河年内水文变化特征.依据洪水调查和文献查证,结合气象观测资料,分析了近百年来的典型洪水事件,建立了不同几率洪水发生的洪峰流量和洪水过程.最近几十年来的气温升高和降水增加,也使暴雨洪水的强度加强,并且频次增加.应加强对极端气候事件引发的洪水的监测和应对,在农业和水库安全运营上应注意和加强建立应对气候变化的措施. 相似文献
4.
新疆阿尔泰山地区极端水文事件对气候变化的响应 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
新疆北部阿尔泰山地区受西风带气流影响, 降水丰沛, 尤其冬季积雪厚而稳定, 山区产流发育了额尔齐斯河与乌伦古河, 从西到东形成主要支流十余条. 在全球气候变化下, 山区气温上升明显, 极端降水增多, 气候变暖带来的水循环加快, 极端水文事件也趋于增多. 由于冬季气温升高, 春季积雪消融提前, 春季融雪洪水提前, 洪峰流量增强; 夏季极端降水增加, 使得暴雨洪水增多. 由于冬、 春季积雪增多, 雪灾发生频率增加, 春季的融雪洪水灾害危害增强. 极端水文事件引起的自然灾害已经威胁到阿勒泰地区的牧业生产、 交通安全和水资源供给, 应加强水文水资源安全对气候变化的应对措施, 提高水资源安全保障, 减缓气候变化的危害. 相似文献
5.
1957-2010年天山玛纳斯河流域夏季径流及洪水过程对极端气候事件的响应 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用玛纳斯河流域肯斯瓦特站1957-2010年的气温、 降水和洪水径流等资料, 分析了该流域自1957年以来的气候变化以及夏季洪水径流过程对极端气候的响应. 结果表明: 玛纳斯河流域自1957年以来平均气温呈明显的上升趋势, 1979年是年均温由下降趋势转为上升的转折点, 并且1978年之后极端高温天气增多, 主要出现在7月份.玛纳斯河年降水量总的变化趋势是波动减少的, 1986年以后降水有所增加, 但只是恢复到多年平均降水量水平的上下波动.降水主要集中在4-8月, 约占年降水量的70%.气温高的月份与降水量多的月份并不完全对应, 如5月份气温较低, 但降水较大; 7月气温最高, 但6月降水量最大; 8月气温较高, 但降水量较少.玛纳斯河年径流主要集中在6-9月, 4个月的总径流量约占全年总径流量的80%, 7月份径流量最大, 约占全年总径流量的28.8%.历年最大洪峰流量呈显著增加趋势, 1993年是最大洪峰流量由下降变为增多的转折点, 而1994-2010年最大洪峰流量基本保持在高位上下波动.最大15日洪量占年径流量的比例较大, 说明洪水过程持续时间较长, 汛期水量较为集中.最大洪峰流量出现时间基本都在7月和8月上旬.玛纳斯河夏季月径流与夏季月气温和降水的关系并不密切, 低度相关, 说明玛纳斯河流域自1993年以来夏季洪水频繁发生, 尤其超标准洪水次数增多、 量级增大主要是由于夏季极端高温和极端降水天气增多引起的. 相似文献
6.
We examined the anthropogenic and natural causes of flood risks in six representative cities in the Gangwon Province of Korea.
Flood damage per capita is mostly explained by cumulative upper 5% summer precipitation amount and the year. The increasing
flood damage is also associated with deforestation in upstream areas and intensive land use in lowlands. Human encroachment
on floodplains made these urban communities more vulnerable to floods. Without changes in the current flood management systems
of these cities, their vulnerability to flood risks will remain and may even increase under changing climate conditions. 相似文献
7.
Many developing countries are very vulnerable to flood risk since they are located in climatic zones characterised by extreme precipitation events, such as cyclones and heavy monsoon rainfall. Adequate flood mitigation requires a routing mechanism that can predict the dynamics of flood waves as they travel from source to flood-prone areas, and thus allow for early warning and adequate flood defences. A number of cutting edge hydrodynamic models have been developed in industrialised countries that can predict the advance of flood waves efficiently. These models are not readily applicable to flood prediction in developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, however, due to lack of data, particularly terrain and hydrological data. This paper explores the adaptations and adjustments that are essential to employ hydrodynamic models like LISFLOOD-FP to route very high-magnitude floods by utilising freely available Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission digital elevation model, available topographical maps and sparse network of river gauging stations. A 110 km reach of the lower Damodar River in eastern India was taken as the study area since it suffers from chronic floods caused by water release from upstream dams during intense monsoon storm events. The uncertainty in model outputs, which is likely to increase with coarse data inputs, was quantified in a generalised likelihood uncertainty estimation framework to demonstrate the level of confidence that one can have on such flood routing approaches. Validation results with an extreme flood event of 2009 reveal an encouraging index of agreement of 0.77 with observed records, while most of the observed time series records of a 2007 major flood were found to be within 95 % upper and lower uncertainty bounds of the modelled outcomes. 相似文献
8.
采用统计学方法及集合经验模态分解、小波分析、水文模型等多种方法,在对气象水文、湖泊岩芯、树木年轮、气候模式数据进行深入分析的基础上,研究了西南河流源区径流变化规律与历史丰枯规律及其驱动机制,分析了未来气候变化影响下的径流演变趋势。结果表明:三江源地区的径流近50 a整体表现为上升趋势,雅鲁藏布江流域除尼洋河外的其他区域年径流量整体呈不显著下降趋势,气候变化是导致三江源、雅鲁藏布江和怒江流域径流变化的主要原因,其中降水是引起径流变化最关键的因子;主要河流径流不同时间尺度的丰枯演变规律为,雅鲁藏布江中游全新世洪水事件呈现出早晚全新世频繁、中全新世相对较少的特征,近500 a怒江流域重建径流序列存在10个丰水期和10个枯水期,丰枯序列变化主要受季风环流和厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)活动的影响;在未来15~60 a,全球持续增温将使西南河流源区平均年径流深相比近30 a增加6%~14%,而极端径流呈现出“干更干、湿更湿”的变化特征,同时生态因子对径流变化的影响不可忽视。 相似文献
9.
全球变暖、长江水灾与可能损失 总被引：45，自引：3，他引：42
全球大幅度变暖,使得水循环加快,蒸发和降水增强。长江中下游地区在20世纪90年代已呈现出明显增温趋势,达到 0．2～0．8℃,最大增温区域在长江三角洲地区。降水在长江流域中下游地区增加明显,增加值为5％～20％。20世纪90年代是继50年代后,长江流域性洪水灾害高发的10年。长江流域是我国经济发展的核心地区,对长江流域725个县洪水灾害脆弱性分析结果表明,近 1／3的地区是洪水灾害高脆弱性地区。按照1998年社会经济状况,若遭遇1954年型、1991年型、1996年型和1998年型的洪水时,洪水灾害造成的可能损失分别为589、55、70和196亿美元。气候模拟预测表明,21世纪长江流域地区的增温可能达到 2．7℃,导致降水可能增加 10％,径流可能增加37％。在全球变暖的趋势,以及区域社会经济可持续发展造成不透水面积增大和单位经济价值升高的共同影响下,长江流域发生相当于1870年、1954年和1998的千年、百年和20年一遇洪水的可能性增大,甚至可能发生超过上述频率的特大洪水。 相似文献
10.
Markus Reuter Andrea K. Kern Mathias Harzhauser Andreas Kroh Werner E. Piller 《Gondwana Research》2013,23(3):1172-1177
Precipitation over India is driven by the Indian monsoon. Although changes in this atmospheric circulation are caused by the differential seasonal diabatic heating of Asia and the Indo-Pacific Ocean, it is so far unknown how global warming influences the monsoon rainfalls regionally. Herein, we present a Miocene pollen flora as the first direct proxy for monsoon over southern India during the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum. To identify climatic key parameters, such as mean annual temperature, warmest month temperature, coldest month temperature, mean annual precipitation, mean precipitation during the driest month, mean precipitation during the wettest month and mean precipitation during the warmest month the Coexistence Approach is applied. Irrespective of a ~ 3–4 °C higher global temperature during the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum, the results indicate a modern-like monsoonal precipitation pattern contrasting marine proxies which point to a strong decline of Indian monsoon in the Himalaya at this time. Therefore, the strength of monsoon rainfall in tropical India appears neither to be related to global warming nor to be linked with the atmospheric conditions over the Tibetan Plateau. For the future it implies that increased global warming does not necessarily entail changes in the South Indian monsoon rainfall. 相似文献
11.
近50 a来新疆区域与天山典型流域极端洪水变化特征及其对气候变化的响应 总被引：6，自引：6，他引：0
以年极端洪水超标率来反映区域极端洪水, 分析了新疆区域极端洪水变化; 以年最大洪峰记录分析了天山山区主要河流极端洪水变化规律, 并用14站资料分析了天山山区气候变化特征, 讨论了天山主要河流极端洪水变化对区域气候变化的响应. 结果表明: 受气候变暖影响, 1957-2006年全疆极端洪水呈区域性加重趋势, 尤其南疆区域极端洪水明显加剧, 北疆区域也有加重趋势, 但相对较缓. 全疆及北疆、 南疆在20世纪90年代中期以来都处于洪水高发阶段. 近50 a来, 在新疆区域洪水呈加重趋势的变化背景下, 发源于天山南坡的托什干河和库玛拉克河年最大洪峰流量呈显著增加趋势, 发源于天山北坡的玛纳斯河与乌鲁木齐河年最大洪峰流量虽有增加, 但是变化趋势较缓. 以年最大洪峰流量发生转折年为界, 天山典型流域托什干河、 库玛拉克河、 玛纳斯河和乌鲁木齐河在20世纪90年代(或80年代)以来与前期相比, 呈现出相似的变化特征: 年最大洪峰流量明显增大, 年际间变化更加剧烈, 洪水年更频繁. 以年最大洪峰流量发生转折年份为界, 玛纳斯河、 托什干河和乌鲁木齐河后期的年最大洪峰集中日期较前期推迟2~9 d, 库玛拉克河却提前5 d. 玛纳斯河、 乌鲁木齐河和库玛拉克河后期的集中度较前期增加0.8%~8.3%, 托什干河减小1.1%. 1961-2010年, 新疆天山山区气温明显上升, 升温率为0.34 ℃·(10a)-1, 1997年以后明显增暖; 天山山区降水显著增加, 增加速率15.6 mm·(10a)-1, 同时极端降水强度增大、 频数增多. 近50 a来天山主要河流极端洪水变化与区域增温以及天山山区极端降水事件增多等有密切关系. 相似文献
12.
新疆天山北坡中段河流冰凌洪水特征分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
冰凌洪水(冰洪)是新疆天山北坡中段河流冬季的一种特殊洪水,其暴发主要受气温、逆温带范围、冬季河流来水量、冰情冰厚、地势.河道弯曲率和河床条件等多种因素影响."冰洪"具有随机性、规律性和不重复性三种特性,冰凌洪水的峰型类似于暴雨洪水具有陡涨陡落的特点,峰前陡峭而落峰则相对缓一些.以四棵树河为典型流域,对冰凌洪水的成因、发展和运动规律进行研究,并发现冰凌洪水具有"水鼓冰开"现象.对四棵树河1967-2006年冰洪流量的年内、年际分布情况看,20世纪70-80年代由于冬季气候寒冷,是"冰洪"发生最多的时期;自进入20世纪90年代以来由于受全球气候变暖等因素影响,冰凌洪水呈现衰退趋势,气候变暖对冰洪影响非常大. 相似文献
13.
Hydrometeorological Aspects of Floods in India 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
The Indian sub-continent being located in the heart of the summermonsoon belt, receives in most parts more than 75% of its annual rainfall during the fourmonsoon months of June to September. As the bulk of summer monsoon rainfall occurs withina period of four months, naturally majority of floods occur in Indian rivers during thisseason only. The ground conditions also help in generating high percentage of run-offbecause of the antecedent wet conditions caused by rainy spells occurring within the monsoonperiod itself. Besides mentioning different weather systems, which cause heavy rainfall and consequentfloods, a detailed discussion of 15 years' floods in different river systems has alsobeen given in the article. This study has shown that the flood problem in India is mostly confinedto the states located in the Indo-Gangetic plains, northeast India and occasionally in therivers of Central India. 相似文献
14.
The aim of the study is an impact analysis of global climate change on regional hydrology with special emphasis on discharge
conditions and floods. The investigations are focussed on the major part of the German Rhine catchment with a drainage area
of approx. 110,000 km2. This area is subdivided into 23 subcatchments. In a first step, the hydrological model HBV-D serves to simulate runoff conditions
under present climate for the individual subbasins. Simulated, large scale atmospheric fields, provided by two different Global
Circulation Models (GCMs) and driven by the emission scenario IS95a (“business as usual”) are then used as input to the method
of expanded downscaling (EDS). EDS delivers local time series of scenario climate as input to HBV-D. In a final step, the
investigations are focussed on the assessment of possible future runoff conditions under the impact of climate change. The
study indicates a potential increase in precipitation, mean runoff and flood discharge for small return intervals. However,
the uncertainty range that originates from the application of the whole model chain and two different GCMs is high. This leads
to high cumulative uncertainties, which do not allow conclusions to be drawn on the development of future extreme floods. 相似文献
15.
利用社会经济统计数据和水文气象资料,探讨城市化背景下北京城市洪涝特征、形成机制及影响因素。近50年来城市内涝逐渐成为北京洪涝灾害的主要类型,随着城市化迅猛发展,城市内涝积水点数量在时间上表现为显著增加趋势,在空间上呈现出由内环逐步向外环扩张趋势,与城市化发展空间格局关系密切。从水循环的角度分析城市洪涝形成机制,指出区域气候变化和城市化发展改变了城市降水格局,汛期降水量和极端降水事件呈现下降趋势,但城区短历时强降水事件呈现增加态势;城市化发展改变了区域下垫面条件、城市流域产汇流特性和城市排水格局,进而影响了区域水循环过程和水量分配,在一定程度上增加了城市洪涝灾害风险;同时城市基础设施建设水平不足、排水排涝标准偏低、应急管理能力不足等因素,导致城市洪涝发生风险增加,降低了城市洪涝综合应对能力。 相似文献
16.
黄河上游末次冰盛期古洪水事件的初步研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
洪水的发生规律是洪灾预报的前提，已有的人类洪水记录时间尺度，不足以认识和把握洪水的出现规律。因此，利用地质记录延长洪水序列，探讨地球特征气候期的洪水特点，就显得非常重要的必要。黄河上游兰州－银川段的洪水地质记录表明，在末次冰盛期的20－18ka，该区共发生了106次大洪水漫滩事件，其中有18次为多次洪峰叠加的复合型大洪水，洪水的发生频率达53次/ka。发生于末次冰盛期的大洪水可能属冰凌洪水，与末次冰盛期强烈的气候波动和不稳定有关。这些大洪水的频发与中国西部的末次冰盛期出现的高湖面相对应，既不符合一般的季风气候理论，也不同于我国东部广大地区末次冰盛期以冷干为主的气候特点，表明中国西部气候的独特性和复杂性。 相似文献
17.
The occurrence of exceptionally heavy rainfall events and associated flash floods in many areas during recent years motivate
us to study long-term changes in extreme rainfall over India. The analysis of the frequency of rainy days, rain days and heavy
rainfall days as well as one-day extreme rainfall and return period has been carried out in this study to observe the impact
of climate change on extreme rainfall events and flood risk in India. The frequency of heavy rainfall events are decreasing
in major parts of central and north India while they are increasing in peninsular, east and north east India. The study tries
to bring out some of the interesting findings which are very useful for hydrological planning and disaster managements. Extreme
rainfall and flood risk are increasing significantly in the country except some parts of central India. 相似文献
18.
19.
河西内陆河流域出山径流对气候转型的响应 总被引：39，自引：14，他引：25
对甘肃河西内陆河流域出山径流变化过程与趋势的研究表明,从20世纪80年代中后期开始,受西风环流降水的影响,祁连山区中、西部的黑河、疏勒河流域的气候环境发出了由增温变干转为变湿的讯号,具体表现为随着山区气温升高,降水量增加,出山径流相应增大.采用区域气候模式预测和水文统计模式的计算,亦同样证实出山径流有显著的增加趋势.但受季风影响的祁连山东部的石羊河流域则尚未出现这种转变,从20世纪50年代起,出山径流量持续下降,表明其气候环境仍向增温变干的方向发展. 相似文献
20.
Floods in the IPCC TAR Perspective 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Recent floods have become more abundant and more destructive than ever in many regions of the globe. Destructive floods observed in the 1990s all over the world have led to record-high material damage, with total losses exceeding one billion US dollars in each of two dozen events. The immediate question emerges as to the extent to which a sensible rise in flood hazard and vulnerability can be linked to climate variability and change. Links between climate change and floods have found extensive coverage in the Third Assessment Report (TAR) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Since the material on floods is scattered over many places of two large volumes of the TAR, the present contribution - a guided tour to floods in the IPCC TAR – may help a reader notice the different angles from which floods were considered in the IPCC report. As the water-holding capacity of the atmosphere grows with temperature, the potential for intensive precipitation also increases. Higher and more intense precipitation has been already observed and this trend is expected to increase in the future, warmer world. This is a sufficient condition for flood hazard to increase. Yet there are also other, non-climatic, factors exacerbating flood hazard. According to the IPCC TAR, the analysis of extreme events in both observations and coupled models is underdeveloped. It is interesting that the perception of floods in different parts of the TAR is largely different. Large uncertainty is emphasized in the parts dealing with the science of climate change, but in the impact chapters, referring to sectors and regions, growth in flood risk is taken for granted. Floods have been identified on short lists of key regional concerns. 相似文献