共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 218 毫秒
1.
From an analysis of the current water resources and their development and utilization in arid north-west China, the authors
conclude the extent of channelled water accounts for only 56.0% of the total, exploitable surface-water resources of arid
north-west China. The utilization ratio of canal systems is 42%, and farmland use is 0.8. When the ground and surface waters
of river basins in the region are comprehensively developed, the channelled water will reach its climax, accounting for 80%
of the total, exploitable surface-water resources, which would constitute a 91% increase over current levels in surface-water
resource development. In the future, the utilization ratio of canal system as well as the utilization ratio of farmland water
will reach 0.9 with the help of scientific and technological advancements. The channelled water is the same as the comprehensive
development and utilization stages, but the total water use will be increased by 247×108 m3, and will reach 756.8×108 m3, accounting for 88.2% of the total, exploitable surface-water resources in arid north-west China. Also, the authors suggest
that the scientific and technological measures to increase the water-use ratio include improving management, strengthening
protection of water resources and the environment, and increasing studies of water saving techniques.
Received: 11 January 1999 · Accepted: 6 July 1999 相似文献
2.
Hydrology and ecology are two important factors affecting the rational utilization of limited water resources within the
arid inland basins of China. They depend on, are influenced by, and interact with each other. But, the functions and significance
of the hydrological ecology vary from upper through intermediate to lower reaches. Abundant rainfall and large runoff in the
upper regions favor the vegetation growth, and the bushy vegetation helps conserve water resources. The large-scale reclamation
in the intermediate regions leads to many sustainable oases, but with severely changed hydrological conditions and destroyed
ecological systems. Human activities result in the degradation of the vegetation and declination of the ecological system
at the intermediate and lower regions. It is necessary to establish study approaches to ecological hydrology in arid inland
river basins.
Received: 30 October 1997 · Accepted: 26 May 1998 相似文献
3.
The impact of the development of water resources on environment in arid inland river basins of Hexi region, Northwestern China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Xibin Ji Ersi Kang Rensheng Chen Wenzhi Zhao Zhihui Zhang Bowen Jin 《Environmental Geology》2006,50(6):793-801
Water resources use is a key parameter in the hydrological cycle, especially in arid inland of Northwest China, groundwater movement and circulation processes are closely related to the surface water, while recoverable and renewable groundwater mainly comes from the conversion of surface river water, and there is extensive transfer among rainfall, surface water and groundwater. Human activity, in particular, large-scale water resources exploitation and development associated with dramatic population growth in the last decades, has led to tremendous changes in the water regime. There are misuse and wastage of surface water with traditional multi-channel irrigation for most rivers, which in turn leads to over-exploitation of groundwater to augment supplies. This situation has been exacerbated by rapid population growth and socio-economic development, with decreased irrigational systems return to groundwater due to the irrigation system in the middle reaches of rivers in the Hexi region becoming better. The investigations of this study revealed that over the last decades, man-made oases have developed rapidly in various inland river basins. With the increasing human demand for water, the contradiction between water demand and water supply is becoming increasingly acute and the amount of groundwater usage significantly increased. Notwithstanding the annual surface water from mountains is relatively stable in the Hexi region, the recharges of groundwater have been reduced by 11.1%, with a maximum reduction of 50% in the Shiyang River basin. Groundwater abstraction increased by approximately six times, particularly in the Shiyang River basin, groundwater abstraction exceeds recharge by 4.1×108 m3 year−1 in recent decades. Consequently, the groundwater level has declined widely by 3–16 m, with a maximum decline of 45 m in several groundwater observation wells in the Minqin basin on the lower reaches of the Shiyang River basin. These cause serious human activity-induced environmental problems, such as water-quality deterioration, vegetation degradation, soil salinization and land desert desertification, etc. It is suggested that modernized irrigation technology and new regulation to cover water resources management and allocation with the river basins are urgently needed to achieve a sustainable development. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of the development of water resources on the environment in arid inland river basins in Northwestern China, which were analyzed by comparing the three main river basins (i.e., the Shuilei, the Heihe and the Shiyang River basins) with different water resources development cases. 相似文献
4.
5.
6.
通过对我国西北内陆区水循环分析,剖析了河西内陆河流域的水循环特点,即在山区形成水资源、在平原散失水资源和在人工绿洲区产生二元结构;揭示了流域内的水资源以水循环为纽带,相互转化并互相联系;并对山区消耗水量,走廊、盆地、人工绿洲建设引起的地表水与地下水转化的变化和消耗水量的增加,以及内陆河下游水分亏缺问题作了分析评价;并提出了要传递流域水循环整体概念、评价山区与平原绿洲之间的局地水循环、实现在西部开发中实施内陆河流域综合治理的良性循环等问题的讨论。 相似文献
7.
8.
Eco-environmental effects of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau uplift during the Quaternary in China 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau uplifted >3000 m in the Quaternary period. The average rate of uplift was 1–1.1 mm/year. The uplifting
has remolded the geomorphology of China. The landform in China was changed from west-low and east-high to west-high and east-low
in three steps. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau uplift is an important factor that affected the climate and the environment of China
in the Quaternary period. It controls atmospheric circulation and climatic change in Asia and even the northern hemisphere,
by dividing the westerlies into two branches: south and north. The plateau gradually became a heat source in summer and a
cold source in winter. The uplift had a decisive effect on the formation of the East-Asia monsoon, which increased the climatic
differences between the glacial period and the interglacial period. The climate and environment of China are characterized
by the influences of the plateau uplift. The east of China became the south-east monsoon area, whereas the south-west became
the south-west monsoon area and the north-west turned into an arid inland region. The Gobi and large-scale deserts that formed
in the inland basins are ceaselessly extending. The climate of northern China became more arid as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
continued to uplift. The Plateau uplift affected glacial evolvement and loess formation, and propelled the migration of cold-
and warm-blooded animals, which differed from other regions of the world at the same latitude.
Received: 30 August 1999 · Accepted: 18 April 2000 相似文献
9.
甘肃河西地区内陆河流域荒漠化的水资源问题 总被引：25，自引：1，他引：24
河西地区内陆河流域荒漠化的水资源问题,根本的原因在于水资源短缺而导致的生态环境脆弱和水资源的过度开发利用.如果上、中游地区水资源的利用超过了水资源量的限度,则流到下游的径流量减沙,地下水位下降;而下游地区为了弥补水资源的不足,便大量开采地下水,致使地下水严重超采,从而导致植被退化和荒漠化.在分析上述问题的基础上,以石羊河为例,说明内陆河流域的荒漠化防治要求实行以农业节水为中心,建立节水型社会的流域综合治理,实现水资源、土地资源、经济、社会和生态环境协调和可持续发展. 相似文献
10.
Lina Mi Honglang Xiao Jianming Zhang Zhenliang Yin Yongping Shen 《Hydrogeology Journal》2016,24(4):971-986
Investigation of the evolution of the groundwater system and its mechanisms is critical to the sustainable management of water in river basins. Temporal and spatial distributions and characteristics of groundwater have undergone a tremendous change with the intensity of human activities in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin (HRB), the second largest arid inland river basin in northwestern China. Based on groundwater observation data, hydrogeological data, meteorological data and irrigation statistical data, combined with geostatistical analyses and groundwater storage estimation, the basin-scaled evolution of the groundwater levels and storage (from 1985 to 2013) were investigated. The results showed that the unbalanced allocation of water sources and expanded cropland by policy-based human activities resulted in the over-abstraction of groundwater, which induced a general decrease in the water table and groundwater storage. The groundwater level has generally fallen from 4.92 to 11.49 m from 1985 to 2013, especially in the upper and middle parts of the alluvial fan (zone I), and reached a maximum depth of 17.41 m. The total groundwater storage decreased by 177.52?×?108 m3; zone I accounted for about 94.7 % of the total decrease. The groundwater balance was disrupted and the groundwater system was in a severe negative balance; it was noted that the groundwater/surface-water interaction was also deeply affected. It is essential to develop a rational plan for integration and management of surface water and groundwater resources in the HRB. 相似文献
11.
Ping Wang Jingjie Yu Yichi Zhang Guobin Fu Leilei Min Fei Ao 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(1):15-24
The impacts of environmental flow controls on the water table and chemistry of groundwater in the Ejina Delta, an arid inland
river basin in northwest China, were investigated with field observations in 2001 and 2009. The results indicate that the
shallow groundwater level rose by 0–2 m in the upper reaches of the east tributary of the Heihe River and in the areas of
Saihantaolai—Dalaikubu during the period of environmental flow controls. The chemical constituents of the groundwater show
a distinct spatial heterogeneity with the total dissolved solids (TDS) in the groundwater increasing from the periphery towards
the depocenter of the Ejina Basin. In addition, the rate of groundwater cycling in the south of the Ejina Delta increased,
and the mineralization of groundwater declined, while the overall mineralization and salinity increased in the northern regions,
especially in the depocenter of the Ejina Basin. Since shallow groundwater is important to the ecology of arid regions, and
because understanding the changes in the shallow groundwater environment (groundwater level and hydrochemistry) in response
to environmental flow controls is essential for the sustainable improvement of the ecological environment, the results of
this paper can be used as a reference for watershed water resources planning and management to help maintain the health and
proper function of rivers in arid regions. 相似文献
12.
The increased demands on water resources in northern China have had a significant impact on groundwater systems in the last three to four decades, including reductions in groundwater recharge capacity and overall water quality. These changes limit the potential for groundwater uses in this area. This paper discusses the issues surrounding groundwater system use in the eight basins of northern China as water resources have been developed. The results demonstrate that the recharge zone has shifted from the piedmont to the agricultural area, and that the total recharge rate in the basins tended to decrease. This decrease in arid inland basins was mainly caused by both the excessive use of water in the watershed area and irrigated channel anti-seepage. In semi-arid basins, the decrease observed in the groundwater recharge rate is related to an overall reduction in precipitation and increasing river impoundment. In addition, intensive exploitation of groundwater resources has resulted in disturbances to the groundwater flow regime in arid and semi-arid inland basins. Arid inland basins demonstrated fast falling groundwater levels in the piedmont plains resulting in declines of spring flow rates and movement of spring sites to lower locations. In the semi-arid basins, i.e. the North China Plain and the Song-nen Plain, groundwater depression cones developed and intersected regional groundwater flow. The semi-arid basins of the North China Plain and the Song-nen Plain have experienced significant hydrochemical evolution of groundwater characterized by changing water type including increase of TDS and pollutants. 相似文献
13.
黑河流域水资源转化特征及其变化规律 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
黑河流域水资源主要以冰雪水资源、 地表水资源与地下水资源的形式存在.上游祁连山区分布有现代冰川428条, 发育大小河流共计29条, 多年平均出山径流量37.83×108m3·a-1; 中下游走廊平原由松散沉积的第四系盆地组成, 接受出山河水及引灌河水的入渗补给, 是地表水资源的重复表现形式, 地下水补给量为25.637×108m3·a-1.受构造-地貌条件的制约, 自南部山区至北部盆地, 地下水与河水之间经过5个不同地带有规律的、 大数量的、 重复的转化过程, 形成完整统一的"山区地下水-出山地表水-中游盆地地下水-中游盆地地表水(泉水)-下游盆地地下水"水资源循环转化系统. 相似文献
14.
The dissolved fluoride (F−) in the Lower Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) river system, Bengal basin, Bangladesh, was studied during 1991–1993 to determine
its distribution and source in the basin, and its annual flux to the Bay of Bengal. The concentration of dissolved F− varied between 2 and 11 μmol l−1 with statistically significant variations both spatially and temporally in the basin. Such variations are attributable to
the geology of the individual subbasins (Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna), dilution by rainwater during monsoon and groundwater
contribution to the river systems during dry season. Correlation coefficients among F− and major cations and anions suggest diverse inorganic processes responsible for regulating the concentration of F− in these river systems. However, fluorite seems to be one of the major sources of dissolved F−. The concentration of F− in the Lower GBM river system is low compared to the rivers draining Deccan Plateau and arid regions of the subcontinent,
for example, Yamuna and its tributaries. However, it is within the range of most of the other Peninsular and Himalayan rivers.
The GBM system contributes about 115×103 tonnes year−1 of dissolved F− into the Bay of Bengal, and thus accounts for about 3% of the global F− flux to the oceans annually.
Received: 19 May 1999 · Accepted: 11 October 1999 相似文献
15.
山区地下水对平原区的侧向径流补给量是一个长期争议且悬而未决的难题,这个量在西北内陆干旱盆地,被估算得或很小或很大。在总结前人研究的基础上,采用地质水文地质调查、物探、钻探、抽水试验、地下水动态观测、水化学测试、盆地地下水水位统测和综合研究等技术方法,查明了黑河中游盆地南部山盆交接带的地质构造接触关系、地层岩性接触关系及梨园河口白垩系风化壳含水层结构和水文地质参数。通过山区不同流域等级的地表水与地下水转化关系分析,将山区地下水对平原区侧向径流补给带划分为大中型河流河谷补给段和小微型河流或冲沟群流域构成的浅山带补给段。河谷补给段勘探资料较为丰富,多用达西断面流方法计算;针对浅山带补给段极为缺乏勘探资料的实际,以梨园河口断面径流量为参照,构建了浅山带岩性、汇水区面积、降水量等3 个变量的山区地下水对平原区侧向径流补给量的估算方法。估算出黑河中游盆地南部山区浅山带地下水对平原的侧向径流补给量为0.40×108 m3/a,河谷段基岩侧向补给量为0.07×108 m3/a;推算出河谷段第四系地下水补给量为0.30×108 m3/a;3 项补给量之和为0.77×108 m3/a,占盆地地下水资源量的3.0%。该研究为西北内陆干旱盆地山区地下水对平原区侧向径流补给量的估算提供了一个可供借鉴的实例。 相似文献
16.
概念性水文模型在出山径流预报中的应用 总被引：37，自引：6，他引：37
根据HBV水文模型的基本原理，建立了西北干旱区内陆河出山径流概念性水文模型。该模型反映了我国西部山区流域的径流形成特征，将山区流域划分为高山冰雪冻土带和山区植被带两个基本海拔景观带来对山区径流的形成和汇流过程进行模拟计算，以常规气象站的月气温和降水量为模型的初始输入，模拟计算月出山径流量。应用该模型对河西走廊黑河祁连山北坡的山区流域水量平衡进行了模拟计算，并对年径流和逐月分配进行了预报。结果表明，从枯水年到丰水年，降水量、蒸发量、径流量和径流系数均增加，而冰川融水和积雪融水对出山径流的补给比重则减少，这表明了冰雪融水对径流的具有调节作用。黑河山区流域径流系数远比干旱内流区的平均值大，但要小于全国的平均径流系数。所提出的内陆河山区流域出山径流的模拟和预报模型对年径流量和月分配的预报具有较好的精度，可用于黑河以及其他西北干旱区内陆河出山径流的预报，为内陆河流域中下游的水资源分配和开发利用提供依据。 相似文献
17.
天然荒漠植物干旱期根区土壤贮水量的确定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在土壤-植物-大气连续统中,植物根区土壤贮水量是一个重要水源。对植物根区贮水量的研究是对该连续统研究的一个重要内容。准确估计植物根区土壤贮水量将为估计灌溉水量、生态需水量及环境的可持续发展提供科学的依据。特别是在中国干旱内陆河下游地区,由于水量减少造成植物根区贮水量减少而产生植物死亡．由此引起一系列生态环境问题。本文基于在一定边界条件下Richard方程的解,利用地表测值(0～10cm土层容积含水量——遥感方法可确定的值)及根系分布密度来确定黑河下游地区天然荒漠植物根区土壤贮水量,从而证明了利用遥感方法可以确定中国荒漠天然植物根区土壤贮水量。为今后从面上确定根区贮水量提供了科学基础。 相似文献
18.
甘肃河西走廊内陆河流域节水战略选择——地表水与地下水联合管理 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
过去20多年甘肃河西走廊内陆河流域的水资源管理经历了各类制度改革,不同程度地推动了地表水和地下水的联合管理。但是,由于机构设置及其权限制约以及改革目标差异,河西走廊地区的3个内陆河流域水资源管理效率差异化越来越显著,与石羊河流域相比,黑河和疏勒河流域的监管制度和管理办法并未完全跳出多头管理体制的窠臼,地表水和地下水没有形成有效的联合管理。通过梳理3个流域的水资源管理机构设置和管理模式,总结农业灌溉用水监管的经验教训,对比分析地表水和地下水联合管理措施在实践操作中的利弊,进一步探讨流域联合管理的实践意义和实现路径,寻求普遍适用于内陆河流域水资源的管理办法,保障内陆河流域节水战略的顺利实施。近10 a的实践经验表明：地表水和地下水联合管理是内陆河流域提高水资源利用效率、促进水资源可持续利用最为有效的路径,更是实现区域生态环境绿色发展的必由之路。 相似文献
19.
甘肃半干旱区天然降水是主要的水资源，而干旱区的水资源来自于南部祁连山以及阿尔金山的山区降水和冰雪融水.甘肃半干旱区在小麦生长需水关键期的5～6月，降水量离差系数大，农业生产易遭旱灾.河西干旱区出山径流较稳定，为灌溉农业的稳定提供了基础.甘肃半干旱地区的水资源持续开发利用应主要拦蓄大气降水，配合开发地下水，并合理规划利用地表水，其中雨水集流工程和旱作节水农业技术的推广政策和措施是关键.干旱区的水资源持续开发利用主要应通过水价调整来引导建立节水型经济结构和推广节水技术，政策支持重点领域是水资源的合理配置并完善绿洲资源保护与水源涵养林保护的法规体系 相似文献
20.
Aquifers in the arid alluvial basins of the southwestern U.S. are recharged predominantly by infiltration from streams and
playas within the basins and by water entering along the margins of the basins. The Tucson basin of southeastern Arizona is
such a basin. The Santa Catalina Mountains form the northern boundary of this basin and receive more than twice as much precipitation
(ca. 700 mm/year) as does the basin itself (ca. 300 mm/year). In this study environmental isotopes were employed to investigate
the migration of precipitation basinward through shallow joints and fractures. Water samples were obtained from springs and
runoff in the Santa Catalina Mountains and from wells in the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains. Stable isotopes (δD
and δ18O) and thermonuclear-bomb-produced tritium enabled qualitative characterization of flow paths and flow velocities. Stable-isotope
measurements show no direct altitude effect. Tritium values indicate that although a few springs and wells discharge pre-bomb
water, most springs discharge waters from the 1960s or later.
Received, February 1997 · Revised, September 1997 · Accepted, September 1997 相似文献