共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 125 毫秒
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内陆河流域水文过程研究的一些科学问题 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
水科学研究的发展，对水文科学提出了新的挑战，即如何在流域、区域和全球尺度进行学科交叉、综合集成和协同研究，从而更全面地认识水在地球资源和环境变化中的作用，认识水圈及其与大气圈、岩石圈和生物圈的相互作用。为了解内陆河流域水文循环和水量平衡各分量之间的变化和转化关系及其与生态和环境之间的相互作用，以及对全球变化和人类活动的响应和反馈，基于内陆河流域上游山区径流形成区、中游人工绿洲水资源开发利用区和下游荒漠绿洲径流散失区的流域水文循环特征，从能水通量、生态和生物地球化学过程讨论了山区水文过程；从生态水文、尺度转换、阈值和反馈讨论了水文和植被的相互作用；从国外提出的关键作用带的概念讨论了内陆河流域地下水—土壤—植被作用层的水文过程。提出了开展内陆河流域水文过程观测和研究的基本框架。 相似文献
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干旱地区内陆河流域水文问题的研究实践与展望 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
过去，干旱地区内陆河流域水文研究主要偏重于山区水文，注重山区来水及径流分析，而很少涉及灌区问题和生态问题，对绿洲水文和荒漠水文的研究十分缺乏。以新疆为例，通过对干旱地区河流的基本特征和水文机理的分析研究，从径流形成、水资源开发利用、生态环境保护三位一体，即从全流域水文循环的角度出发，提出了以山区水文、绿洲水文、荒漠生态水文为三大构成要素的干旱地区内陆河流域水文系统的新概念，并基于干旱地区内陆河流域水文问题的研究实践，提出了各自领域的研究内容和方向，进一步拓宽了水文问题的研究领域，对水文学科的研究与发展提出了新的思路，注入了新的内容。 相似文献
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黑河流域节水生态农业与流域水资源集成管理研究领域 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
概述了中国内陆河流域面临的水问题和日益激化的用水矛盾,强调了内陆河地区支柱产业--绿洲农业应该坚持节水和生态的方向,流域集成管理是持续农业的基础.长期从事该方面研究的黑河流域是个较好借鉴,同时也提供了深入开展相关研究的基础,为此提出了以黑河流域为背景的四大研究流域:水文、生物、经济系统水循环与水资源形成演变,节水农业的生物学研究与抗旱品种繁育,农业节水新材料研发与工程节水技术集成,水资源合理配置与流域集成管理;并简述了各领域的主要方向. 相似文献
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中国西北内陆河水问题及其应对策略——以黑河流域为例 总被引：39，自引：8，他引：31
中国被联合国列为13个贫水国之一,占国土面积1/3的内陆河地区先天性的水资源不足,再叠加不合理的利用,使得水问题成为西北内陆河流域经济发展和生态保护的关键性问题.以黑河为例论述了流域尺度的水、土、生态、环境及管理问题;提出缓解流域水资源矛盾必须在流域尺度提高水效益的适应对策;讨论了绿洲灌区水资源利用率提高的4个环节,即灌溉水向土壤水转化、土壤水的生物利用、生物水的生产率以及市场需求的产业配置;展示了水源涵养、节水型绿洲建设、生态水利用率提高的部分实例;分析了水资源的社会化管理的阶段、问题与途径,强调流域虚拟水配置战略,指出提高流域水-生态-经济综合效益仍有较大潜力. 相似文献
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通过对我国西北内陆河流域的生态系统、水循环、水资源形成与消耗的特点,生态环境的变化以及水环境保护等问题分析,论述了开展内陆河流域综合治理的必要性和紧迫性。结合近期典型流域治理恢复成效,提出内陆河流域综合整治的第二步生态恢复目标。根据内陆河流域的治理实践,参照干旱区供水集水和保水技术,总结了改善下游绿洲水分生态平衡、控制中上游用水与保护河道水环境,防治河道水质盐化与农田排水再利用等生态恢复与重建的技术。最后,为了实现流域生态环境良性循环和水环境质量整体改善,提出了现阶段要加强水环境监测保护和生态补偿建设的任务。 相似文献
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在气候变化、生态保护以及水资源调控影响下,西北内陆河流域水循环和生态环境状态发生了显著改变,迫切需要解答气候变化对植被恢复和产水量的影响,调水和压采等措施下地下水水位动态、管控指标及其对生态环境的维持机制。为此,文章阐述了内陆河流域气候-植被-土壤-水文相互作用机理以及上中下游演变状况。针对上游产水区,提出了山区气候变... 相似文献
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甘肃河西地区内陆河流域荒漠化的水资源问题 总被引：25，自引：1，他引：24
河西地区内陆河流域荒漠化的水资源问题,根本的原因在于水资源短缺而导致的生态环境脆弱和水资源的过度开发利用.如果上、中游地区水资源的利用超过了水资源量的限度,则流到下游的径流量减沙,地下水位下降;而下游地区为了弥补水资源的不足,便大量开采地下水,致使地下水严重超采,从而导致植被退化和荒漠化.在分析上述问题的基础上,以石羊河为例,说明内陆河流域的荒漠化防治要求实行以农业节水为中心,建立节水型社会的流域综合治理,实现水资源、土地资源、经济、社会和生态环境协调和可持续发展. 相似文献
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甘肃河西走廊内陆河流域节水战略选择——地表水与地下水联合管理 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
过去20多年甘肃河西走廊内陆河流域的水资源管理经历了各类制度改革,不同程度地推动了地表水和地下水的联合管理。但是,由于机构设置及其权限制约以及改革目标差异,河西走廊地区的3个内陆河流域水资源管理效率差异化越来越显著,与石羊河流域相比,黑河和疏勒河流域的监管制度和管理办法并未完全跳出多头管理体制的窠臼,地表水和地下水没有形成有效的联合管理。通过梳理3个流域的水资源管理机构设置和管理模式,总结农业灌溉用水监管的经验教训,对比分析地表水和地下水联合管理措施在实践操作中的利弊,进一步探讨流域联合管理的实践意义和实现路径,寻求普遍适用于内陆河流域水资源的管理办法,保障内陆河流域节水战略的顺利实施。近10 a的实践经验表明：地表水和地下水联合管理是内陆河流域提高水资源利用效率、促进水资源可持续利用最为有效的路径,更是实现区域生态环境绿色发展的必由之路。 相似文献
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Ersi Kang Rensheng Chen Zhihui Zhang Xibin Ji Bowen Jin 《Frontiers of Earth Science》2008,2(4):384-392
The challenge is put forward to scientific hydrology by the advancement of water sciences; that is, how should we carry out
a multidisciplinary, integrated and cooperative research on hydrological processes in the basin, regional and global scales,
in order to better understand the role water plays in the changes of the natural resources and environment of the earth, and
to understand the hydrosphere and its interactions with the atmosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. How the changes and transformation
of the components of the water cycle and water balance occur in an inland river basin has yet to be understood. We also need
to understand what the interactions of water cycle, ecosystems and environment are, and what the responses and feedback of
the changes to global change and to human activities are. The water cycle in an inland river basin characterizes the runoff
generation region of the mountains upstream, the artificial oases region of water resources exploitation and utilization midstream
and the natural desert oases region of runoff dissipating downstream. The mountain hydrological processes are discussed from
water cycle, energy balance, water balance and ecological processes. The interactions of water and vegetation are discussed
in relation to ecohydrology, and the hydrological processes in the ground water-soil-vegetation layer are discussed from the
concept of the critical zone newly put forward abroad. The basic frame is put forward to carry out the field measurement,
experiment and studies of hydrological processes in a typical inland river basin.
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Translated from Advances in Earth Science, 2007, 22(9): 940–953 [译自: 地球科学进展] 相似文献
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中国干旱地区内陆河流域水资源利用与保护 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
水是干旱地区最为宝贵、无法替代和不可或缺的自然资源,是绿洲生命、生存和生产的基本前提条件.为了维护绿洲稳定,实现可持续发展,必须加强对现有水资源的质和量进行严格保护及科学、合理开发利用.根据干旱区内陆河流域自然地理条件和水资源形成、分布、转化的特点,可以把其分为径流形成区和径流散失区两大部分:前者分布在山区,其中高山冰雪和中山森林带对水源稳定和调节具有重要意义,应重点保护;后者分布在山前平原地区,是水资源强烈开发利用区和人类活动区,极易造成水资源污染和地下水资源的破坏,因而控制水量消耗、防止水体污染及合理开发地下水应是本区的重点.国家、地方相关部门和研究单位尽快研究、制定和建立生态补偿机制,明确"水权"、"生存权"和"发展权"之间利益关系,给予生态脆弱地区更多的生存、发展机会和空间,同时制定严格的区域水资源保护法律法规,以利各项保护措施有法可依,从根本上避免生态脆弱区为发展经济而破坏生态环境的悲剧反复上演. 相似文献
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The impact of the development of water resources on environment in arid inland river basins of Hexi region, Northwestern China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Xibin Ji Ersi Kang Rensheng Chen Wenzhi Zhao Zhihui Zhang Bowen Jin 《Environmental Geology》2006,50(6):793-801
Water resources use is a key parameter in the hydrological cycle, especially in arid inland of Northwest China, groundwater movement and circulation processes are closely related to the surface water, while recoverable and renewable groundwater mainly comes from the conversion of surface river water, and there is extensive transfer among rainfall, surface water and groundwater. Human activity, in particular, large-scale water resources exploitation and development associated with dramatic population growth in the last decades, has led to tremendous changes in the water regime. There are misuse and wastage of surface water with traditional multi-channel irrigation for most rivers, which in turn leads to over-exploitation of groundwater to augment supplies. This situation has been exacerbated by rapid population growth and socio-economic development, with decreased irrigational systems return to groundwater due to the irrigation system in the middle reaches of rivers in the Hexi region becoming better. The investigations of this study revealed that over the last decades, man-made oases have developed rapidly in various inland river basins. With the increasing human demand for water, the contradiction between water demand and water supply is becoming increasingly acute and the amount of groundwater usage significantly increased. Notwithstanding the annual surface water from mountains is relatively stable in the Hexi region, the recharges of groundwater have been reduced by 11.1%, with a maximum reduction of 50% in the Shiyang River basin. Groundwater abstraction increased by approximately six times, particularly in the Shiyang River basin, groundwater abstraction exceeds recharge by 4.1×108 m3 year−1 in recent decades. Consequently, the groundwater level has declined widely by 3–16 m, with a maximum decline of 45 m in several groundwater observation wells in the Minqin basin on the lower reaches of the Shiyang River basin. These cause serious human activity-induced environmental problems, such as water-quality deterioration, vegetation degradation, soil salinization and land desert desertification, etc. It is suggested that modernized irrigation technology and new regulation to cover water resources management and allocation with the river basins are urgently needed to achieve a sustainable development. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of the development of water resources on the environment in arid inland river basins in Northwestern China, which were analyzed by comparing the three main river basins (i.e., the Shuilei, the Heihe and the Shiyang River basins) with different water resources development cases. 相似文献
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黑河流域水资源转化特征及其变化规律 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
黑河流域水资源主要以冰雪水资源、 地表水资源与地下水资源的形式存在.上游祁连山区分布有现代冰川428条, 发育大小河流共计29条, 多年平均出山径流量37.83×108m3·a-1; 中下游走廊平原由松散沉积的第四系盆地组成, 接受出山河水及引灌河水的入渗补给, 是地表水资源的重复表现形式, 地下水补给量为25.637×108m3·a-1.受构造-地貌条件的制约, 自南部山区至北部盆地, 地下水与河水之间经过5个不同地带有规律的、 大数量的、 重复的转化过程, 形成完整统一的"山区地下水-出山地表水-中游盆地地下水-中游盆地地表水(泉水)-下游盆地地下水"水资源循环转化系统. 相似文献
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The characteristics of water resources and the changes of the hydrological process and environment in the arid zone of northwest China 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
Water resources in the arid zones of northwest China mainly come from mountain areas and then flow to and disappear in the
piedmont plains. These water resources, with inland river basins as the geographic unit, form relatively independent ecosystems
and the surface runoff flowing out of the mountain mouth becomes the only water source available for the middle and lower
reaches of these basins. Both the ecosystem stability and sustainable development depend on the surface water and groundwater
resources of these inland river basins. Over the last 50 years, exploitation of water and land resources in the arid northwest
regions of China has been expanding, forming 390.07×104 ha of irrigation oases, with construction of 622 reservoirs of different sizes with a total storage capacity of 65.5×108 m3 ensuring the sustainable development of industrial and agricultural production. In the meantime it has also caused a series
of environmental changes. Discharge of the majority of rivers has been drastically reduced (even dried up), river courses
have been shortened, and terminal lakes contracted or dried up. Land desertification and soil salinization has developed rapidly.
Vegetation is degrading and biodiversity is decreasing, as compared with the early 1950s; the natural grassland area is decreasing
by 16–75.4%. Economical and high-effective use of water resources and harmonization of eco-environment benefits with economic
benefits are the fundamental ways to achieve sustainable development of arid northwest China.
Received: 20 January 1999 · Accepted: 4 May 1999 相似文献
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西北内陆流域平原区降水稀少、蒸发强烈,近50 a来各流域下游区天然绿洲面积不断萎缩。以石羊河流域、艾丁湖流域为研究区,针对下游区天然绿洲退变主因与机制问题,基于农田面积、出山地表径流量及灌溉引用水量、地下水开采量和流入下游区地表径流量调查统计、潜水埋深及包气带水理指标原位监测和地下水水位统测,以及植被类型、分布范围、覆盖度和NDVI指数等遥感解译获得的资料,应用流域水循环和水量均衡理论、时间序列分析和地学多元相关分析方法开展研究,得出如下认识:（1）近50 a来,西北内陆流域下游区天然绿洲严重退化的根源是天然水资源匮乏,主因是人口数量不断增加和上、中游区拦用出山地表径流水量大。（2）灌溉耕地不断扩大是下游区天然绿洲面积萎缩的主要驱动因素,每增加1.0 km2灌溉耕地导致石羊河流域下游、艾丁湖流域平原区的天然绿洲面积分别减少1.35~2.07 km2和1.57~3.83 km2;气候越干旱、上游出山年径流水量越少,灌溉引用出山径流水量占当年总径流量的比率越大,流入下游区地表径流水量越少,由此造成下游区天然绿洲面积减少越大。（3）西北内陆流域天然绿洲退化可控,但是由于水资源不足,制约了天然绿洲退化的可控性。在水资源匮乏背景下,现状人口数量驱动的农田用水规模难以继续调减,需要有序促进经济社会用水规模与天然绿洲修复供水规模之间的和谐程度。因此,本研究成果为西北内陆流域水资源合理开发利用和天然绿洲退化修复提供了重要科学依据。 相似文献