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1.
通过两种还原型微生物铁还原菌JF-5和硫酸盐还原菌SRB对模拟酸矿废水中Fe~(3+)和SO~(2-)_4的还原作用合成纳米FeS,并将该生物纳米FeS包覆在灰岩表面,以提高灰岩可渗透反应墙(PRBs)对酸矿废水中砷的去除能力。通过批吸附实验研究As(Ⅴ)的静态吸附机理,柱实验研究As(Ⅴ)在包覆灰岩柱中的动态吸附和迁移,结果表明,包覆层生物FeS粒径为纳米级,并呈现一定晶形,能有效提高灰岩表面的比表面积和对As(Ⅴ)的吸附能力,红外光谱分析表明化学吸附为主要吸附机制;生物纳米FeS包覆灰岩静态吸附实验最大吸附量为187.46μg/g,达到纯灰岩吸附量(6.64μg/g)的30倍;JF-5和SRB形成的生物包覆吸附性质优于SRB和Fe(Ⅱ),二者对As(Ⅴ)的吸附能力都远大于纯灰岩对As(Ⅴ)的滞留能力。 相似文献
2.
纳米硫化亚铁（Nano-FeS）粒径小、比表面积大、反应活性高，但易团聚、易氧化的特点使其在地下水修复中的应用受到限制，通过改性可提高Nano-FeS的分散性和稳定性。本文选用羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）及羟基铝柱撑膨润土（Alb）两种改性剂，制备了稳定型改性的CMC-FeS和负载型的Alb-FeS。分别从分散性、抗沉降性、抗氧化性、反应性和迁移性考察了两种改性Nano-FeS的性能。结果表明：Alb-FeS与CMC-FeS的分散性均较Nano-FeS得到明显改善；3 d后Nano-FeS完全沉降氧化，CMC-FeS沉降3 cm且开始氧化，而Alb-FeS沉降16 cm却未氧化；在相同的实验条件下，Alb-FeS、Nano-FeS、CMC-FeS对Cr （Ⅵ）的去除能力从强到弱，去除率分别是85.16%、84.90%、82.78%。在粗砂、中砂与细砂介质中，3种FeS的迁移能力从强到弱依次为CMC-FeS、Alb-FeS、Nano-FeS；在3种介质中CMC-FeS的最大迁移距离分别是Nano-FeS的6.1倍、6.4倍和3.4倍，而Alb-FeS与Nano-FeS相比迁移性没有明显提高。综合考虑分散性、抗沉降性、稳定性、反应活性及迁移能力，实际应用中宜优先选择CMC-FeS作为Cr （VI）污染地下水的原位修复材料。 相似文献
3.
本文采用羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）、瓜尔胶（Guar gum）对硫化亚铁（FeS）进行了改性,以增强FeS的稳定性和迁移性。通过实验考察了3种FeS（CMC-FeS、GG-FeS、Nano-FeS）的沉降性能及其在粗、中、细砂3种介质中的迁移性能,并根据胶体过滤理论计算了3种FeS在中砂中的沉积速率及在不同介质中的最大迁移距离。结果表明：改性后FeS的稳定性较高,抗沉降性能CMC-FeS > GG-FeS >> Nano-FeS;由穿透曲线看出,3种FeS在粗、中、细砂中的穿透能力（即出流质量浓度ρi与注入质量浓度ρ0的比值）均为CMC-FeS > GG-FeS > Nano-FeS。粗砂和中砂中CMC-FeS的穿透能力明显高于GG-FeS,但细砂中二者的穿透能力相近,说明瓜尔胶的剪切稀化特性更利于GG-FeS在细颗粒介质中的迁移;FeS注入质量浓度的增加会导致更多的FeS沉积到介质中,但聚合物改性可以显著降低沉积速率,沉积速率CMC-FeS < GG-FeS < Nano-FeS;改性后CMC-FeS和GG-FeS在中砂的最大迁移距离分别是Nano-FeS的6.4倍和2.6倍,增加GG-FeS注入质量浓度对其最大迁移距离影响较小。 相似文献
4.
本文采用硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)和嗜酸铁还原菌(JF-5)合成纳米FeS,并将其包覆在灰岩表面,采用溶解动力学实验研究了不同纳米FeS包覆层对灰岩溶解和中和能力的影响。结果表明,X射线衍射表面包覆层矿物为纳米的四方硫铁矿,光电子能谱(XPS)结果进一步显示包覆层中Fe的价态为+2,S的价态为-2;包覆层对灰岩的溶解有明显的钝化影响,中和能力随厚度的增加而降低,最厚包覆层的存在能够使最终中和p H值降低1.5个单位。利用Frick第一定律推导了包覆层存在下灰岩的溶解过程公式,建立了包覆层溶解动态模型。 相似文献
5.
6.
《地球化学》2016,(6)
选用两种不同的硫酸盐还原菌(一种是嗜酸性硫酸盐还原菌Desulfosporosinus sp.,另一种是嗜中性硫酸盐还原菌Desulfomicrobium baculatum)合成了两种硫化亚铁(FeS)矿物,并采用BET、SEM、XRD、XPS对其进行表征。结果显示,嗜酸性硫酸盐还原菌合成的FeS矿物(S-FeS)比表面积为13.35 m2/g,铁硫原子比为0.91,表面活性组分FeS相对含量是63.6%;嗜中性硫酸盐还原菌合成的FeS矿物(Z-FeS)比表面积为7.64 m2/g,铁硫原子比为0.84,表面活性组分FeS相对含量为77.2%;两种FeS矿物的主要成分均为不定形FeS和结晶程度较差的四方硫铁矿。通过批处理实验,研究了这两种FeS矿物对六溴环十二烷(HBCD)的还原脱溴效果。结果显示,两种FeS体系下HBCD的还原脱溴反应均遵循假一级反应动力学;反应速率常数随着FeS浓度的增加而增加,当FeS的浓度从0.3 g/L增加至1.2 g/L时,S-FeS和Z-FeS转化HBCD的反应速率常数分别从0.0049 h–1增至0.3194 h–1和0.3868 h–1;反应体系p H值(4~8)的变化极大地影响FeS对HBCD的还原脱溴效率;两种FeS均能还原转化HBCD的三种主要同分异构体,转化率大小依次为β-HBCDγ-HBCDα-HBCD;在两种FeS反应体系中均检测出四溴环十二碳烯(C12H18Br4)、二溴环十二碳二烯(C12H18Br2)和环十二碳三烯(C12H18)等HBCD还原脱溴的中间产物(GC-MS方法鉴定),由此推测S-FeS和Z-FeS还原脱溴HBCD的途径均为逐步邻位双脱溴。以上研究结果表明,两种不同类型硫酸盐还原菌合成的FeS矿物均具有还原脱溴HBCD的能力,并且它们的还原脱溴的能力和机制差异不大。 相似文献
7.
对石门4处典型不同种类的含砷尾矿进行样品采集,并采用1种氧化菌(氧化亚铁硫杆菌,Thiobacillus ferrooxidans,简称T.f)和2种还原菌(硫酸盐还原菌,sulfate reducing bacteria,简称SR;嗜酸铁还原菌,Acidiphilium cryptum JF-5,简称JF-5)分别对其进行作用,据此研究生物还原和氧化条件下原生和次生含砷矿物的释砷情况,进而确定潜在的释砷风险。ICP-OES定量分析显示,3种细菌作用后,雄黄矿和雌黄矿的砷释出浓度都不断升高。168 h氧化菌T.f作用后的砷释出顺序为雌黄矿>淋滤液次生含砷矿物>雄黄矿>含砷夹矸尾矿。LC-AFS原子荧光分析释出液砷形态结果表明:①T.f作用后,雄黄矿和雌黄矿表现出非常明显的差异;1.5 h作用后4种含砷矿物释放As(Ⅴ)的顺序为含砷夹矸尾矿>雄黄矿>淋滤液次生含砷矿物>雌黄矿;②2种还原菌作用后,SR更能促进雌黄矿释放的As(Ⅲ),其释放量是JF-5的2倍;雌黄矿释出As(Ⅲ)在168 h达到20.64 mg/L(SR)和9.54 mg/L(JF-5)。96 h SR作用后4种含砷矿物释放As(Ⅲ)的顺序为雌黄矿>淋滤液次生含砷矿物>含砷夹矸尾矿>雄黄矿。96 h JF-5作用后4种含砷矿物释放As(Ⅲ)的顺序为雄黄矿>雌黄矿>含砷夹矸尾矿>淋滤液次生含砷矿物。 相似文献
8.
采用单因素及静态实验方法,研究从污水厂活性污泥中富集分离的硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate-reducing bacteria,SRB)在不同初始pH值条件下对SRB脱硫率的影响。试验结果显示,该SRB菌种生长在偏弱酸-中性环境中。当pH=6~7时,最适宜SRB生长,脱硫率达到最高;当pH=3~4时SRB难以生长,脱硫率接近于零。菌液中的金属铀的存在会抑制SRB菌的生长,铀浓度越高,抑制作用越严重。 相似文献
9.
铁氧化物对硫酸盐还原菌分解硫酸盐矿物的协同作用 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
以牛肉膏为碳源,用活性污泥混合菌接种,探讨在缺氧条件下添加不同的铁氧化物对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)分解硫酸盐矿物的影响。通过溶液pH、铁离子、硫酸根浓度以及固体产物的SEM和EDS图谱分析,揭示硫酸盐矿物分解过程和机制。实验结果表明,铁氧化物对SRB分解硫酸盐矿物起着明显的协同作用:①被铁还原菌还原的Fe2+与硫酸盐还原产生的硫化氢反应形成铁硫化物,消除硫化氢对SRB分解硫酸盐的抑制作用;②铁氧化物还原溶解,提高体系的pH和碱度,增加生化产物CO2的溶解,诱导溶解的钙离子形成方解石沉淀,促进SRB分解硫酸盐矿物的过程。 相似文献
10.
地下水中的含铁胶体颗粒会携带污染物如砷等运移,但人们对该过程中的机理缺乏认识.通过群组静态吸附解吸模拟实验, 探究FeS胶体对吸附在覆Fe2O3石英砂上As(Ⅴ)的解吸作用, 以及腐殖酸(HA)、H2PO4-和HCO3-对解吸的影响.实验结果表明,室内合成的FeS胶体具有纳米级粒径和较大的比表面积,且能均匀稳定存在于水溶液中.低浓度的FeS胶体主要通过竞争覆Fe2O3石英砂表面的吸附点位将As(Ⅴ)解吸,而高浓度的FeS胶体主要通过与覆Fe2O3石英砂竞争对As(Ⅴ)的吸附而导致解吸.HA、H2PO4-和HCO3-对As(Ⅴ)的竞争解吸作用降低了FeS胶体导致的解吸效率. 相似文献
11.
向地下水注入化学药剂进行修复时,药剂迁移主要集中在渗透性相对较高的区域,致使低渗透区内的污染物无法有效去除。通过注入聚合物（黄原胶）对地下水进行黏度控制,可以有效提高修复药剂在低渗透区的迁移能力,从而提高修复效果。黏性流体在地层中的迁移特性是该技术应用的理论基础,因此本研究运用一维模拟柱实验分析了含水层介质对黄原胶流体的阻滞作用,黄原胶注入前后介质的压力及渗透系数的变化以及黄原胶与修复药剂KMnO4迁移同步性。实验结果表明:当黄原胶溶液注入到介质后,介质对黄原胶的阻滞导致其有效孔隙度减小,因此会在一定程度上加速后续注入溶液溶质的运移,且介质渗透系数越小,对黄原胶阻滞作用越明显;黄原胶注入导致含水层渗透性降低,流体运移阻力增加,特别是在细砂和粉砂介质中,渗透系数都降低了一个数量级;虽然黄原胶和KMnO4在迁移锋面存在一定差异,但经过2 h后迁移速率基本相同,具有较好的同步性。 相似文献
12.
Jian Chu Volodymyr Ivanov Maryam Naeimi Viktor Stabnikov Han-Long Liu 《Acta Geotechnica》2014,9(2):277-285
Bioclogging and biocementation can be used to improve the geotechnical properties of sand. These processes can be performed by adsorption of urease-producing bacterial cells on the sand grain surfaces, which is followed by crystallization of calcite produced from the calcium salt and urea solution due to bacterial hydrolysis of urea. In this paper, the effect of intact cell suspension of Bacillus sp. strain VS1, suspension of the washed bacterial cells, and culture liquid without bacterial cells on microbially induced calcite precipitation in sand was studied. The test results showed that adsorption/retention of urease activity on sand treated with washed cells of Bacillus sp. strain VS1 was 5–8 times higher than that treated with culture liquid. The unconfined compressive strength of sand treated with the suspension of washed cells was 1.7 times higher than that treated with culture liquid. This difference could be due to fast inactivation of urease by protease which was present in the culture liquid. The adsorption of bacterial cells on sand pretreated with calcium, aluminum, or ferric salts was 29–37 % higher as compared with that without pretreatment. The permeability of sand varied with the content of precipitated calcium. For bioclogging of sand, the content of precipitated calcium had to be 1.3 % (w/w) or higher. The shear strength of biotreated sand was also dependent on the content of precipitated calcium. To achieve an unconfined compressive strength of 1.5 MPa or higher, the content of precipitated calcium in the treated sand had to be 4.2 % (w/w) or higher. These data can be used as the reference values for geotechnical applications such as bioclogging for reducing the permeability of sand and biocementation for increasing the shear strength of soil. 相似文献
13.
人工回灌补给滨海含水层是海水入侵修复经常采用的工程措施,然而人工回灌条件下滨海砂质含水层经常出现渗透性显著降低的现象,其含水介质渗透性的时空演变规律仍不清楚。本文以青岛市大沽河下游咸水入侵区含水层砂样为研究对象,通过利用不同尺度的室内砂柱淡咸水驱替试验,对定水头和定流速条件下人工回灌咸淡水驱替过程中砂质含水层渗透性的时空演变特征进行了研究。结果表明：当淡水驱替咸水时含水介质的渗透性会发生显著变化,整个砂柱的渗透性先降低后回升,原因是回灌过程中砂柱中的黏土矿物发生释放、迁移、沉积;定水头条件下,在砂柱的前半段存在一个淘空区,渗透系数是初始渗透系数的1.6~2.0倍,砂柱其它部分渗透性是先降低再轻微回弹;定流速条件下,砂柱的渗透系数随时间的变化均呈现先降低后升高趋势,且砂柱各段离入水口的距离越远其渗透系数的值越小;砂柱黏粒含量的变化规律与渗透性的演化特征相吻合。研究成果可为人工回灌治理滨海含水层海水入侵提供一定的科学依据。 相似文献
14.
地浸采铀产生的污染物通过渗透迁移作用威胁地下水资源,已成为制约地浸采铀技术发展的瓶颈,而微生物胶结技术能有效地降低砂岩铀矿的渗透性,是目前抑制污染物向采区周围地下水迁移的有效方法。因此,选用巴氏芽孢杆菌,分析其耐酸性;利用自行研制的砂岩型铀矿砂渗透系数试验装置,测得不同胶结液浓度、不同菌液与胶结液体积比以及不同注浆轮次条件下砂岩型铀矿砂的渗透系数,确定其最优的参数配比;采用扫描电镜（scanning election
microscopy,简称 SEM）和X射线衍射光谱（X-ray diffraction,简称 XRD）等设备,表征微生物胶结前后铀矿砂的矿物成分及其微观结构,研究其微生物胶结抗渗机制。研究结果表明：巴氏芽孢杆菌在 pH = 4 时仍具有较好的繁殖能力和脲酶活性,能适应铀矿砂的酸性环境;在一定范围内增大胶结液浓度、菌液与胶结液的体积比可以促进碳酸钙的生成,最佳的胶结液浓度为 1 mol/L、菌液与胶结液体积比为1:3、注浆轮次为7时,注浆后铀矿砂的减渗率达到 95.33%;胶结后铀矿砂的渗透系数随注浆轮次的增加而降低,经过11轮注浆后铀矿砂的减渗率高达99.75%,渗透系数下降到 2.8×10−5 cm/s;沉积的碳酸钙晶型主要为方解石,方解石堵塞铀矿砂粒间孔隙,并将矿砂颗粒胶结成整体,是铀矿砂渗透系数降低的主要原因。微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀胶结铀矿砂的抗渗机制为控制和减少地下水污染提供重要的理论指导。 相似文献
15.
C. R. M. Butt 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(4):415-432
Weathering profiles developed on granitic rocks, exposed in the breakaways of the Barr‐Smith Range in the N of the Yilgarn Block of Western Australia, consist of kaolinitic saprolites merging upwards into silcrete, sandstone and grit. The sandstones and silcretes may also form columns or dykes, penetrating downwards into the saprolite. The silcretes are cemented by quartz and anatase, with zircon (QAZ‐cement), and‐the sandstones are cemented by aluminosilicates, either apparently amorphous (as siliceous allophane) or partly crystalline, as kaolinite and opaline silica. Transitional zones between silcretes and sandstones have all cement types. The profiles are characterized by low concentrations of alkalis and alkaline earths and most metals. The QAZ‐silcrete horizons may contain over 3% TiO2 and 1000 p.p.m. Zr. The profiles evolved through at least four stages: (i) Formation of the deep saprolite‐sand weathering profile by kaolinization of feldspar and mica at depth, and the solution of kaolinite near the top of the profile, causing settling of resistant quartz grains, (ii) Precipitation of QAZ‐cement, the TiO2 and SiO2 being derived partly by lateral migration from upslope. (iii) Precipitation of aluminosilicates, in the sandstone and the saprolite. (iv) Erosion and exposure of the profiles by pedimentation. A similar profile occurs further S, at Gabbin, but no QAZ‐silcrete is present and the only exposures are in exploration pits. The kaolinitic saprolite‐quartz sand profiles probably formed under humid conditions, as the equivalents of ferruginous laterite developed on more basic rocks nearby and of lateritic bauxite in the Darling Range. However,’ the sand was a surface horizon and there is no evidence that there was ever a ferruginous zone at these sites. The sequential precipitation of QAZ‐ and aluminosilicate‐cements was probably, a response to increasing aridity and reduced groundwater flow. Aluminosilicate‐cemented materials tend to disaggregrate on exposure but they are probably more abundant than the more prominent QAZ‐silcretes. 相似文献
16.
The effect of distribution of iron-oxyhydroxide grain coatings on the transport of bacterial cells in porous media 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
E. P. Knapp Janet S. Herman George M. Hornberger Aaron L. Mills 《Environmental Geology》1998,33(4):243-248
Among the demonstrated processes influencing the transport of bacteria through aquifers, the deposition of cells on mineral
surfaces is one of the most important. For example, understanding the transport of introduced bacteria through aquifers is
essential to designing some in situ bioremediation schemes. The impact of the presence and distribution of Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide-coated
sand grains on bacterial transport through porous media was evaluated in column experiments in which bacteria (short rods;
1.2 μm length) were eluted through columns of quartz sand (0.5–0.6 mm in diameter) for several conditions of chemical heterogeneity
of mineral substrate. Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide-coated sand was present as 10% of the mass, and it was arranged in three treatments:
(1) homogeneously distributed, and present as a discrete layer (2) at the top and (3) at the bottom of 14-cm-long sand columns.
A pulse input of 108 cells ml–1 was introduced in an artificial groundwater solution flowing at 14 cm h–1 through the column, and eluted cells were counted. Peak breakthrough occurred at 1.0 pore volume. A large proportion of cells
were retained; 14.7–15.8% of the cells were recovered after three pore volumes of solution had eluted through clean quartz
sand, and only 2.1–4.0% were recovered from the Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide-coated sand mixtures. The three physical arrangements
of the chemical heterogeneity resulted in essentially the same breakthrough of cells, indicating that the spatial distribution
of iron coating does not affect the transport of bacteria. The results of the column transport experiments, which mimic hydrogeological
conditions encountered in field problems, are consistent with our mechanistic understanding of bacterial sorption.
Received: 10 April 1996 · Accepted: 17 February 1997 相似文献
17.
G. Asadollahfard A. Khodadi N. Javadifar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):712-718
Soil pollution by crude oil is a challenging environmental issue for oil producing countries. Several methods have been developed for remediation of the contaminated soil including washing with different detergents. In this work, we applied UTCHEM simulator model to the sand columns polluted by 10000 and 30000 ppm of crude oil which was treated with 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 wt% of a biological detergent, saponin. The results showed a good agreement between simulated and pilot study. The maximum remediation was 61% with a pH of 9 when we utilized 0.2 wt% saponin for the column contaminated with 30000 ppm of crude oil. 47% remediation was achieved with a pH of 9 when 0.1wt% of detergent was applied to the same column. Sensitivity analysis indicated an increase in remediation by increasing the pH with the optimum pH of 11. The best possible concentrations of surfactant solutions were 0.1 and 0.2 wt% for 10000 and 30000 ppm pollution, respectively, resulting in crude oil removal efficiencies of 69% and 72%, respectively. Simulation results also indicated that an increase in the permeability of the sand columns would also result in an increased remediation. 相似文献