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1.
To investigate the effect of recharge water temperature on bioclogging processes and mechanisms during seasonal managed aquifer recharge (MAR), two groups of laboratory percolation experiments were conducted: a winter test and a summer test. The temperatures were controlled at ~5±2 and ~15±3 °C, and the tests involved bacterial inoculums acquired from well water during March 2014 and August 2015, for the winter and summer tests, respectively. The results indicated that the sand columns clogged ~10 times faster in the summer test due to a 10-fold larger bacterial growth rate. The maximum concentrations of total extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the winter test were approximately twice those in the summer test, primarily caused by a ~200 μg/g sand increase of both loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS). In the first half of the experimental period, the accumulation of bacteria cells and EPS production induced rapid bioclogging in both the winter and summer tests. Afterward, increasing bacterial growth dominated the bioclogging in the summer test, while the accumulation of LB-EPS led to further bioclogging in the winter test. The biological analysis determined that the dominant bacteria in experiments for both seasons were different and the bacterial community diversity was ~50% higher in the winter test than that for summer. The seasonal inoculums could lead to differences in the bacterial community structure and diversity, while recharge water temperature was considered to be a major factor influencing the bacterial growth rate and metabolism behavior during the seasonal bioclogging process. 相似文献
2.
微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积（MICP）作用是一种新型的土体改良技术。钙源作为MICP反应中重要的反应物,对微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积的效果有重要的影响。目前应用最广泛的钙源——氯化钙（CaCl2）,具有成本高,环境污染性大的缺点。为此,文章提出利用石灰石粉提取钙源,通过在石灰石粉中加入乙酸溶液,释放钙离子用于微生物固化土体。通过开展无侧限抗压强度试验以及微观结构的扫描电镜观测、碳酸钙含量测定等分析,验证利用石灰石粉提取的钙源用于微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积作用固化土体的可行性,同时与醋酸钙和氯化钙固化砂柱进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：（1）石灰石粉用于微生物固化土体具有可行性,固化后砂柱的强度和碳酸钙含量较高,结构完整性高;（2）不同钙源固化砂柱的力学特性不同但均呈典型的脆性破坏模式,其中醋酸钙固化砂柱的无侧限抗压强度略高于石灰石钙源固化砂柱,氯化钙固化砂柱的无侧限抗压强度则远低于前两者且表面更加粗糙,孔隙更多,破坏后的完整性更低;（3）不同钙源固化砂柱的碳酸钙含量不同。醋酸钙和石灰石钙源固化砂柱的碳酸钙含量相近,而氯化钙固化砂柱中碳酸钙含量较低。不同钙源固化砂柱的碳酸钙含量和无侧限抗压强度基本呈正相关关系;（4）醋酸钙和石灰石钙源固化砂柱中砂土颗粒的表面和接触点间均沉积大量碳酸钙,碳酸钙晶体主要为薄片状堆叠的方解石。氯化钙固化砂柱中碳酸钙沉积量低于前两者,碳酸钙晶体主要为六面体状的方解石;（5）不同钙源主要通过影响微生物成矿过程的晶型、晶貌、晶体含量、晶体分布及胶结特征来改变固化效果。 相似文献
3.
This paper focuses on using urea hydrolysis as a bio-grouting process to increase the strength of crushed aggregates commonly used in stone columns. Various reagent phases (2, 4, 6 and 12 phases) consisted of alternately percolating solutions containing bacterial suspension and cementation solution through the soil column. In addition, a multi-soil lift strategy with options of up to four soil lifts was undertaken to test the applicability of bio-grout to cement crushed aggregate columns. While the average amount of calcium carbonate precipitation was roughly unchanged in both techniques, the distribution within the crushed aggregate columns was heterogeneous. However, the distribution of the precipitated calcium carbonate is almost uniform in crushed aggregates treated by a two-soil lift strategy and a four-phase treatment strategy. It is also deducted that both techniques can be combined to gain a uniform calcium carbonate and strength along a long sand/stone column. Furthermore, a one-soil lift resulted in higher strength than using multi-soil lifts, and a maximum strength of approximately 2.3 MPa was achieved using 4-reagent phase treatment strategy. Scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersive spectroscopy analysis validate that calcium carbonate was deposited as white crystals on the surface of the crushed aggregate particles. 相似文献
4.
Concentration of cementation solution (CCS) is one of the key factors influencing the cementation effect on soil improvement through the microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) process. To precipitate more calcium carbonate per treatment, a higher CCS is needed. However, the MICP process may be retarded or even terminated with an increase in CCS. This retarding effect can be a major limitation for the MICP-based soil treatment and thus needs to be understood properly. This paper presents a systematic study on the conditions causing retarding and its effect on biocementation. The test results of this study have identified that there is retarding effect of CCS on the MICP process, showing that the calcium conversion efficiency, which represents the amount of calcium that has been converted into calcium carbonate in each treatment, reduces with the increase in CCS, and the concentration of calcium is the control factor. The retarding effect will dominate increasingly when CCS is higher than 1.0 M and the amount of calcium carbonate precipitation will reduce for the given amount and type of bacteria used in this study and become zero with CCS of 2.5 M. For the same calcium carbonate content, the unconfined compressive strength is greater for sand treated using a lower CCS as the contribution to the bonding strength by the calcium carbonate generated under a lower CCS is greater than that under a higher CCS. 相似文献
5.
植物源脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀（enzyme induced carbonate precipitation,简称EICP）可以显著改善砂土的工程力学特性,但在具体操作时,参数取值无对应规范,固化效果有待提升。基于黄豆脲酶,研究了温度、脲酶浓度、尿素浓度、钙浓度、pH值、钙源种类等变量对脲酶活性与碳酸钙沉淀的影响,并进行了沉淀物（碳酸钙晶体）的扫描式电子显微镜（scanning electron microscope,简称SEM）与X射线衍射（X-ray diffraction,简称XRD）测试,在此基础上开展了黄豆脲酶固化砂的无侧限抗压强度与固化效果试验研究。结果表明：脲酶活性随脲酶浓度的增加而线性增长,但存在温度阈值,温度超过阈值后,脲酶将完全失活,且阈值随脲酶浓度的增大而降低;尿素浓度与pH值共同影响脲酶活性,二者存在一个最优组合,当尿素浓度在0.1～1.0 mol/L时最优pH值为7,当尿素浓度在1.0～1.5 mol/L时最优pH值为8。脲酶是沉淀反应的催化剂,脲酶浓度越高,反应越完全,碳酸钙沉淀率越高;尿素与钙溶液则主要通过掺入量影响碳酸钙沉淀量,掺量比例宜为1:1,且二者浓度与pH值可通过影响脲酶活性来影响碳酸钙的沉淀情况;不同钙源对碳酸钙沉淀量的影响幅度不大。不同钙源沉淀碳酸钙晶体的成分与密度基本相同,但晶体结构差异较大,氯化钙沉淀碳酸钙晶体以块状为主,表面分布球状、类球状晶体,胶结面大,可作为EICP技术中较为理想的钙源。基于黄豆脲酶和氯化钙钙源固化砂的无侧限抗压强度约为掺粉煤灰砂样的6倍,通过SEM图像可发现,沉淀碳酸钙晶体包裹并黏结砂粒成为整体,固化效果非常理想。 相似文献
6.
微生物固化技术（MICP）是岩土工程领域新兴起的一种不良地基处理技术,不同地基土体之间的颗粒粒径并不相同,其固化效果也可能存在一定差别。选用3种不同颗粒粒径范围的砂土进行微生物固化处理,并基于无侧限抗压强度试验、孔隙体积测量和洗酸处理,从宏观角度分析颗粒粒径对微生物固化效果的影响。结合扫描电镜测试,从细观角度对微生物固化机制进行了初探。研究结果表明,微生物固化砂土中碳酸钙晶体以颗粒簇形式堆积在砂土颗粒表面及颗粒间接触处,其尺寸随碳酸钙晶体堆叠程度的增加而增大;对于颗粒粒径较小的砂土,颗粒间孔隙较易被碳酸钙晶体填充密实,固化试样内有效碳酸钙晶体比例较大,“结构性”较强,无侧限抗压强度较高。 相似文献
7.
Microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a sustainable technique to transform or improve physical and mechanical properties of soils. This paper aims to study the effect of activated carbon (AC) on the property of bio-treated China Standard sand. Six sample groups were prepared considering various dosages of cementation solutions and bacterial suspensions. In each group, samples were prepared at six different AC ratios (0%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3% by weight of sand). Bacterial retention ability, calcium carbonate mass, unconfined compression strength (UCS), and microstructures of bio-treated samples were examined and evaluated in the presence of AC. It was found that the improved yield of calcium carbonate crystals and increased UCS were correlated to the enhanced bacterial retention ability attributed to AC. In addition, the test results showed that the amount of cementation solution played an important role in the MICP process, but volume variation of the bacterial suspension had a little effect on the bio-treated samples. 相似文献
8.
The present research aimed to discuss the applicability of cationic grouts in geotechnical engineering. The effects of several cationic stabilizers such as monovalent (sodium silicate), divalent (calcium oxide and calcium chloride), and trivalent (aluminum hydroxide) were investigated on shear strength improvement of tropical peat samples. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were performed after the time frame of 7, 21, and 30 days as curing time, respectively. Apart from the physicochemical characteristics of the stabilized peat, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy tests were also carried out to study the ongoing microstructural changes. It is to be noted that the shear strength values for peat samples rose to 8, 6, 6, and 4 % of sodium silicate, calcium oxide, calcium chloride, and aluminum hydroxide, respectively. The highest observed UCS outcome is the one taken from the calcium oxide where the UCS of treated peat after 30-day curing time increased to 76 kPa. The strength changes resulted from the various cationic stabilizers can best be explained via the consideration within the mineralogical composition as well as those physicochemical changes happening in the peat. 相似文献
9.
向珊瑚砂中注入巴斯德芽孢杆菌菌液、氯化钙和尿素的混合液,利用微生物沉积碳酸钙固化珊瑚砂;并对珊瑚砂固化体进行了渗透、强度及微观结构等试验。试验结果表明,巴斯德芽孢杆菌的活性随时间呈衰减趋势,但衰减速度缓慢,能较好地满足珊瑚砂固化的需要。随着菌液、氯化钙和尿素的混合液注入次数的增加,珊瑚砂柱渗透性逐步降低,最终渗透性降低了1～2个数量级。微生物固化后的珊瑚砂柱应力-应变曲线大致可分为3段,即应力随应变缓慢增加段、快速增加段以及突降段。试样发生压裂脆性破坏,无侧限抗压强度最高达到14 MPa左右。抗压强度随干密度增加而增大,随渗透性降低而增大。微生物固化后珊瑚砂颗粒被生成的碳酸钙完整的包裹,孔隙间极少见生成的碳酸钙,与普通硅砂微生物固化后的微观结构不同,较好地解释了渗透性降低不多的原因。 相似文献
10.
Wind erosion is a serious problem throughout the world which results in soil and environment degradation and air pollution. The main objective of this study was to evaluate feasibility of microbial-induced carbonate precipitation, as a novel soil-strengthening technique, to reduce wind erosion risk of a sandy soil. For this purpose, the erosion of biocemented soil samples was investigated experimentally in a wind tunnel under the condition of wind velocity of 45 km h ?1. The weight loss of treated samples relative to the weight loss of control treatment was 1.29 and 0.16 % for low and high bacterial mix concentrations, respectively, indicating a significant improvement in erosion control in biologically treated samples. The effect of biological treatment on wind erosion control was even superior at the higher velocities. Thereafter, the penetration resistance of the surface layers as a simple index of resistance against wind erosion was measured. Significant improvements in the penetration resistance of the treated soil samples were observed. Although low bacterial mix concentrations did not significantly improve the penetration resistance of the samples, significant improvements in the penetration resistance of the treated soil samples were observed reaching to the highest measured strength (56 kPa) in high bacterial mix concentrations samples. Finally, the morphology of precipitated CaCO 3 crystals using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction analysis showed that the CaCO 3 was mainly precipitated as vaterite crystals forming point-to-point contacts between the sand granules. 相似文献
11.
The effect of grain size distribution on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of bio-cemented granular columns is examined. Fine and coarse aggregates were mixed in various percentages to obtain five different grain size distributions. A four-phase percolation strategy was adopted where a bacterial suspension and a cementation solution (urea and calcium chloride) were percolated sequentially. The results show that a gap-graded particle size distribution can improve the UCS of bio-cemented coarser granular materials. A maximum UCS of approximately 575 kPa was achieved with a particle size distribution containing 75% coarse aggregate and 25% fine aggregate. Furthermore, the minimum UCS obtained has applications where mitigation of excessive bulging of stone/sand columns, and possible slumping that might occur during their installation, is needed. The finding also implies that the amount of biochemical treatments can be reduced by adding fine aggregate to coarse aggregate resulting in effective bio-cementation within the pore matrix of the coarse aggregate column as it could substantially reduce the cost associated with bio-cementation process. Scanning electron microscopy results confirm that adding fine aggregate to coarse aggregate provides more bridging contacts (connected by calcium carbonate precipitation) between coarse aggregate particles, and hence, the maximum UCS achieved was not necessarily associated with the maximum calcium carbonate precipitation. 相似文献
12.
为了提升微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀(MICP)技术在海洋环境下对钙质砂的加固效果,在以往研究的基础上,设计进行了人工海水环境下巴氏芽孢杆菌多梯度人工驯化培养试验,并结合MICP固化钙质砂柱的力学试验和微细观结构分析,对巴氏芽孢杆菌的驯化效果进行了综合评价。结果表明:(1)海水环境下五梯度驯化后细菌的菌液浓度可达到淡水环境的97%以上,其与胶结液作用后碳酸盐的生成量较淡水环境下有一定幅度提高;(2)驯化后的巴氏芽孢杆菌具有很好的温度适应能力,在10～30℃温度下均有较好的MICP性能;(3)海水环境下加固的钙质砂柱无论是碳酸盐生成量还是无侧限抗压强度均较未驯化前高,尤其是五梯度驯化后的细菌,驯化后的细菌菌体变小,在海水环境生成的碳酸盐(碳酸钙和碳酸镁)晶体更小,更加致密,能更好地填充钙质砂颗粒的孔隙并胶结相邻的钙质砂颗粒,具有更优异的MICP性能。相关研究思路和方法可为MICP技术在海洋环境钙质砂地基加固方面的研究与应用提供参考。 相似文献
13.
An experimental investigation was conducted in order to evaluate the influence of distance from the injection point and of parameters pertinent to the cement, the suspension and the sand on the effectiveness of microfine cement grouts. Three different cement types, each at three different gradations having nominal maximum grain sizes of 100, 20 and 10 μm, were used. Grouting effectiveness was evaluated by injecting suspensions with water to cement (W/C) ratios of 1, 2 and 3, by weight, into five uniform sand fractions with different grain sizes and eight composite sands with different gradations, using a specially constructed apparatus. Unconfined compression and permeability tests were conducted on the resulting grouted sand specimens, after curing for 28 and 90 days. Microfine cement grouted sands obtained unconfined compression strength values of up to 14.9 MPa and permeability coefficients as low as 1.3 × 10 ?6 cm/s or by up to 5 orders of magnitude lower than those of clean sands. The W/C ratio and the bleed capacity of suspensions as well as the effective grain size and the permeability coefficient of sands are very important parameters, since they affect substantially the grouted sand properties and are correlated satisfactorily with them. The strength and permeability of grouted sands can increase, decrease or remain constant with distance from the injection point depending on the easiness of suspension penetration into the sands. The improvement of grouted sand properties with increasing distance from the injection point is consistent with the observed increase of the cement content of grouted sands. 相似文献
14.
Calcareous sands have abundant intraparticle pores and are prone to particle breakage. This often leads to poor engineering properties, which poses a challenge to coastal infrastructure construction. A study using bio-cementation to improve the engineering properties of calcareous sand is presented in this paper. The macro- and microscopic properties of bio-cemented calcareous sand were characterized by drained triaxial tests and scanning electron microscopy observations. Experimental results show that the precipitated calcium carbonate can effectively fill the intra- and interparticle pores and bond adjacent particles, thus enhancing the shear strength of calcareous sand. The special structures (e.g. abundant intraparticle pores and rough surface) and mineral components (i.e. calcium carbonate) of calcareous sand are beneficial for improving bacterial retention in soil, which leads to a relatively uniform and dense calcium carbonate distribution on the sand particle surface, exhibiting a layer-by-layer growth pattern. This growth pattern and the abundant interparticle pores would result in less effective calcium carbonate. The strength enhancement of bio-cemented calcareous sand is significantly lower than that of bio-cemented silica sand at the same calcium carbonate content, which may be caused by the differences in the following: (a) soil skeleton strength; (b) the amount of effective calcium carbonate; and (c) interparticle pore-filling of calcium carbonate. 相似文献
15.
为防治漫顶引起侵蚀造成堤坝破坏,将微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀即MICP技术应用于加固堤坝表层。通过向堤坝表层喷洒微生物细胞以及营养盐,最终在砂土孔隙中快速析出碳酸钙胶凝结晶,以改善堤坝表层砂的力学性能。首先,采用喷洒法处理堤坝表层;其次,对处理好的堤坝模型进行水槽试验,研究其抗侵蚀性;最后,对堤坝表层的试样进行强度与渗透试验。试验结果表明,采用MICP技术加固堤坝模型表层可有效提高其抗侵蚀力,防治由漫顶引起的堤坝破坏。对加固后的表层取样进行测试,结果表明：无侧限抗压强度可高达9 MPa,渗透系数从4×10?4 m/s 降低至7.2×10?7 m/s。试验说明,微生物胶结技术在加固堤坝表层方面具有潜在的工程实用价值和广阔的应用前景。 相似文献
16.
An experimental study was performed to investigate the effect of perlite and perlite–lime admixtures on classification, shear strength, and durability properties of an expansive soil containing smectite clay minerals. Two types of mixtures, namely soil–perlite and soil–perlite–lime, were prepared with different percentages of perlite and compacted with standard Proctor energy at their optimum water contents. Samples of 38 mm diameter and 76 mm height for durability tests and square samples of 60 mm edge for shear box test were taken and preserved until test time in a desiccator. Disturbed samples were also taken to determine liquid and plastic limits. The expansive soil shows behavior of fine sand and silt due to pozzolanic reactions in microstructure caused by addition of lime and perlite. Although apparent cohesion of treated soil decreased with increasing amount of perlite for both types of samples, perlite–lime-treated samples had higher apparent cohesion than only perlite-treated samples. Large increments in angle of shearing resistance were obtained with increasing usage of perlite. Samples stabilized with only perlite could not show enough durability at the durability tests based on volumetric stability and unconfined compression strength. However, samples stabilized with lime and more than 30 % perlite proved to have enough durability and shear strength. 相似文献
17.
In nature, soils are often composed of varying amounts of clay, silt and sand. Variation of the percentage of these compositions can affect the final strength of the soils when stabilised with cement. In this study, focus was placed on clayey soils with different gradation of sand impurities up to 40% in mass. An extensive study of such clayey soils treated with cement was investigated. For the results, it is noted that water:cement ratio was a major influence of strength development of cement-treated clayey soils. In contrast, the soil:cement ratio was found to have minor effects on the strength development. The presence of sand impurities has a significant reduction on the strength development of the cement-treated clayey soil mixture due to more free water available for hydration. The use of free-water:cement ratio is adopted which was shown to be capable of adjusting for such change in amount of free water and water holding capacity of the clay which is determined with Atterberg’s liquid limit tests. The effects of gradation (fine, coarse and well-graded) of the sand impurities were found to affect strength development minimally, owing to similarities in their liquid limits when mixed with clay. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC)-treated clayey soils produced a more rapid gain in strength but lower final strength at 28 days of curing as compared with Portland blast furnace cement (PBFC). This is found to be persistent for different gradation of sand impurities. A linear correlation can be established based on the log of the unconfined compressive strengths developed at different curing age, with slopes of these linear trends found to be similar for PBFC and OPC-treated clayey soil specimens. Finally, a strength prediction model comprising of these findings is developed. The parameters adopted in this model coincide with values proposed by past studies, thereby validating the robustness of the model. The practical benefits from this study offer a quality control scheme to forecast long-term performance of cement-treated clayey soils as well as optimise cement dosage in cement stabilisation to produce a more cost-effective and less environmental-invasive usage of the technology in geotechnical applications. 相似文献
18.
钙质砂是中国南海岛礁工程建设的主要建筑材料和地基土成份,其具有高孔隙、易破碎和强度低等不良工程地质特性。为改善钙质砂力学性能,提高其工程可靠性,提出利用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积（MICP）协同纤维加筋改性钙质砂。文章通过开展无侧限抗压试验以及扫描电镜测试,对比分析不同纤维掺量下MICP固化钙质砂的力学响应特性及微观破坏机理。结果表明：（1）MICP技术能够有效固化钙质砂,并提升其力学强度;（2）纤维能够增加细菌定殖面积,提升碳酸钙沉积量,并由此提升试样延性和韧性,降低刚度;（3）应力应变曲线呈阶梯状多峰特征。在应力上升阶段,砂颗粒和碳酸钙会发生局部破碎;在峰后应力下降阶段,碳酸钙、砂颗粒、纤维的胶结作用增强了纤维的抗拔性能,限制了破坏面的发展;（4）碳酸钙、砂颗粒、纤维的耦合胶结作用是纤维加筋改善试样韧性、延性的根本原因。 相似文献
19.
Enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is an emerging soil improvement method using free urease enzyme for urea hydrolysis. This method has advantages over the commonly used microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) process as it does not involve issues related to bio-safety. However, in terms of efficiency of calcium carbonate production, EICP is considered lower than that of MICP. In this paper, a high efficiency EICP method is proposed. The key of this new method is to adopt a one-phase injection of low pH solution strategy. In this so-called one-phase-low-pH method, EICP solution consisting of a mixture of urease solution of pH?=?6.5, urea and calcium chloride is injected into soil. The test results have shown that the one-phase-low-pH method can improve significantly the calcium conversion efficiency and the uniformity of calcium carbonate distribution in the sand samples as compared with the conventional two-phase EICP method. Furthermore, the unconfined compressive strength of sand treated using the one-phase-low-pH method is much higher than that using the two-phase method and the one-phase-low-pH method is also simpler and more efficient as it involves less number of injections. 相似文献
20.
In this study, the compressive and tensile behavior of polymer treated sulfate contaminated CL soil was investigated. Based on the information in the literature, a field soil was contaminated with up to 4 % (40,000 ppm) of calcium sulfate in this study. In addition to characterizing the behavior of sulfate contaminated CL soil, the effect of treating the soil with a polymer solution was investigated and the performance was compared to 6 % lime treated soil. In treating the soil, acrylamide polymer solution (15 g of polymer dissolved in 85 g of water) content was varied up to 15 % (by dry soil weight). Addition of 4 % calcium sulfate to the soil decreased the compressive and tensile strengths of the compacted soils by 22 and 33 % respectively with the formation of calcium silicate sulfate [ternesite Ca 5(SiO 4) 2SO 4)], magnesium silicate sulfate (Mg 5(SiO 4) 2SO 4) and calcium-magnesium silicate (merwinite Ca 3Mg(SiO 4) 2). With the polymer treatment the strength properties of sulfate contaminated CL soil was substantially improved. Polymer treated sulfate soils had higher compressive and tensile strengths and enhanced compressive stress–strain relationships compared to the lime treated soils. Also polymer treated soils gained strength more rapidly than lime treated soil. With 10 % of polymer solution treatment, the maximum unconfined compressive and splitting tensile strengths for 4 % of calcium sulfate soil were 625 kPa (91 psi) and 131 kPa (19 psi) respectively in 1 day of curing. Similar improvement in the compressive modulus was observed with polymer treated sulfate contaminated CL soil. The variation of the compacted compressive strength and tensile strength with calcium sulfate concentrations for the treated soils were quantified and the parameters were related to calcium sulfate content in the soil and polymer content. Compressive stress–strain relationships of the sulfate soil, with and without lime and polymer treatment, have been quantified using two nonlinear constitutive models. The constitutive model parameters were sensitive to the calcium sulfate content and the type of treatment. 相似文献
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