共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 171 毫秒
1.
再生水灌溉条件下氮磷运移转化实验与数值模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用二维饱和-非饱和土壤氮磷运移转化模型nitrogen-2D对污水灌溉试验的实测数据进行了分析, 结果证明所提出的模型可以较好的描述土壤中的水分运动和氮的转化运移过程, 土壤含水量及铵态氮剖面模拟值与实测数据吻合程度较好.用检验过的数学模型模拟了不同污水灌溉方案下土壤及地下水中不同形态氮及磷的变化情况, 分析了不同灌溉方案下土壤的氮磷平衡和农田养分平衡状况, 结果表明: 适度的污水灌溉, 硝态氮和无机磷不会淋溶出1.5m土层, 不会对地下水造成氮磷污染; 施入土壤的铵态氮, 由于有较强的吸附性, 不易被作物直接吸收, 49%转化成硝态氮, 作物根系吸收以硝态氮为主, 氮肥当季利用率为23.3%;反硝化是进行污水灌溉时旱地土壤氮素的主要损失形式, 约占施入氮量的12.6%. 相似文献
2.
对松嫩平原中南部黑土区20世纪80年代以及目前土壤中氮含量数据资料分析结果显示,近40年来研究区土壤氮的流失率达到5.02%.总体上呈现出土壤氮含量丰富-较丰富的一级、二级土地面积大量减少,而土壤中氮含量中等-缺乏的三级、四级和五级土地面积逐渐增大.对研究区不同土地利用方式土壤氮含量变化特征统计结果显示,研究区人为活动影响较强的水田和旱田两种主要土地利用方式土壤中氮含量丰富区的土地所占面积比例分别减少了20.9和6.1个百分点;人为活动影响相对较弱的沼泽湿地、草地和林地3种土地利用方式土壤氮含量丰富区的面积有所增加.对不同行政区市县土壤氮含量变化特征空间分析结果表明,研究区有6个市县土壤氮流失达到重度程度,建议作为黑土氮流失治理的重点地区;有8个市县（区）土壤氮流失达到中度程度,应作为土壤氮流失防与治兼顾的重点地区. 相似文献
3.
基于地统计学烟区土壤养分及pH值空间异质性分析——以重庆市酉阳县岩溶区为例 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
调查了解土壤养分及pH值空间异质性特征是制定烟区土壤养分管理与施肥决策的前提。本研究基于经典统计学和地统计学方法,分析了酉阳烟区土壤表层pH值及土壤养分要素的空间异质性特征。结果表明:酉阳烟区土壤有机质含量丰富,有效磷较缺乏;土壤养分指标的变异系数在13.11%～71.46%之间,有效磷的变异系数最大,而有机质、全氮、碱解氮在土壤中比较稳定;土壤有机质和全氮、全磷、碱解氮和有效磷呈极显著的正相关,pH值和有效磷和速效钾呈极显著的负相关;有机质、全氮、全磷及速效钾的变异函数曲线理论模型符合指数模型,而pH值和碱解氮则与球状模型拟合较好;全氮、碱解氮、全磷及有效磷表现出中等空间相关性,而有机质、全钾及速效钾的空间相关性表现较弱;分维数大小表现为:全钾的分维数最大,pH值、速效钾、有机质其次,全氮、碱解氮最少;土壤养分及pH值空间分布在东西和南北方向具有显著性差异,且在东西方向上的变异要高于南北方向。酉阳烟区土壤养分空间相关性不强,说明地形、施肥及耕作等随机性因素能够显著影响烟区土壤养分空间异质性。 相似文献
4.
喀斯特坡地壤中流与地表径流并存,共同驱动了土壤关键生源物质的迁移,造成该区土壤生产力下降、地下水污染。为揭示喀斯特坡地土壤碳氮流失途径及其水文驱动机制,本研究以喀斯特坡地径流微区(2 m×1.2 m)为研究对象,分析了火烧、轻度砍伐、重度砍伐、人工林、耕地、牧草6种不同土地利用方式对土壤碳氮流失途径、形态及通量的影响。结果表明:降雨是土壤碳氮流失的主要驱动因子,降雨产流阈值为16 mm,55 mm时达到产流峰值。各土地利用方式仅在暴雨下有显著差异,其中,人工林的土壤碳氮流失量较大,而重度砍伐的流失量较小。土地利用方式不改变土壤碳氮的流失途径,各土地利用方式均以地表流失为主(51.29%～75.15%),壤中流为辅,其中壤中流主要通过A层流失(65.20%-89.12%)。氮素流失形态以NO3--N为主(45.84%～56.49%)。研究结果可为揭示喀斯特坡地生源物质流失过程及其水文驱动机制、研发水土流失与面源污染阻控技术提供参考。 相似文献
5.
青藏高原地处高寒缺氧的环境条件下，对人类扰动及气候变化非常敏感。人类活动如公路修建形成众多工程创面，对高原生态环境影响较大。创面生态修复的开展促进高原生态的恢复，但关于环境因子对生态修复过程中土壤及生物恢复的影响尚未探明。本研究选取青藏高原派墨公路中不同海拔的工程创面重构植生层，探究海拔变化下植生层土壤养分、酶活性及微生物群落的特征。研究结果表明：随着海拔变化，土壤氮磷养分含量总体随海拔升高先增加后减小，其中海拔3 100 m左右的修复样地土壤养分整体优于其他海拔，其速效磷含量最高，同时全氮、氨态氮和全磷含量较高。此外，随着海拔的升高，土壤酸性蛋白酶和淀粉酶含量整体上略有升高的趋势。海拔变化对土壤酸性磷酸酶、纤维素酶、葡萄糖苷酶活性没有显著影响。海拔变化显著改变了土壤养分及土壤微生物的相对丰度(P<0.05),其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)为优势种群，分别占土壤群落的35.81%～53.82%,8.49%～40.74%、5.98%～24.61%、3.... 相似文献
6.
文章采用文献检索法收集20世纪90年代以来石漠化区植被修复和土壤研究相关论文,以全国二次土壤普查养分分级标准为基础,探讨林下土壤养分改良情况及土壤化学计量特征。结果表明：（1）中国西南石漠化区林下土壤总有机碳、全氮均值均高于全国二次土壤普查养分一等级,全磷处于二级范围,土壤养分改善效果明显,而全钾含量属于五级低钾区;（2）广西壮族自治区总有机碳和全氮均值为五省（区、市）第一,全磷和全钾位于二等级和四等级,土壤养分含量增加最明显;贵州省总有机碳、全氮高于一等级34%和37%,全磷值在二等级范围,全钾值位于第五等级,贵州省石漠化林下土壤养分改良明显;云南省总有机碳、全磷指标分别高于一等级9%、21%,全氮属于二等级,全钾属于五等级,土壤养分指标有不同程度提高;重庆市总有机碳高于一等级1.75%,全氮和全磷属于二等级,全钾为五省中最高且属于四级,土壤养分指标改良较其他三省慢;湖南省总有机碳指标为二等级,全氮、全磷、全钾值分别属于二等级、五等级、五等级,湖南省需加强石漠化治理的力度;（3）西南石漠化区土壤总有机碳和全氮指标呈正相关,植被生长亦受钾元素限制。其中,广西壮族自治区总有机碳、全氮和全... 相似文献
7.
从流域尺度研究氮、磷随地表径流的流失是国内外研究的热点.通过研究千岛湖流域降雨径流中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、可溶氮(DN)和可溶磷(DP)浓度变化,探讨不同土地利用方式对氮素、磷素流失的影响,结果表明不同土地利用方式下日降雨量与径流水中的总氮、可溶氮、总磷和可溶磷浓度均呈显著正相关;不同土地利用方式下土壤中降雨径流中总氮和总磷浓度变异较大.红薯地和园地等有人工耕种的坡地氮磷流失浓度最大,草地和林地等受人工影响干扰少的土地利用方式氮磷流失浓度相对较少.高坡林地降雨径流中氮磷流失浓度大于缓坡林地,平均DN/TN值和DP/TP值变化较小,分别为0.45和0.22左右. 相似文献
8.
以表层岩溶裂隙带为研究对象,采用室内模拟降雨的方法,通过控制降雨强度、坡度、裂隙宽度、裂隙产状,研究其对土壤地表流失、地下漏失的影响。结果表明:（1）土壤地表流失主要受降雨强度和坡度的影响,土壤地表流失量随降雨强度的增大而增大、随坡度的增大而增大,30°坡面土壤地表流失量最高。（2）土壤地下漏失主要受裂隙宽度、产状和坡度的影响,对降雨强度的响应不明显;土壤地下漏失量与裂隙宽度大小呈正相关关系,裂隙走向与坡面走向呈30°时最容易发生土壤地下漏失;坡度与土壤地下漏失的发生呈负相关关系;伴随降雨,土壤地下漏失速率变化幅度较大,漏失速率先增加后减小直至停止。无落水洞、漏斗等管道的岩溶坡面土壤流失的主要形式是地表流失,而土壤地下漏失的主要通道是落水洞、漏斗等大型岩溶管道,土壤地下漏失对土壤流失的总贡献率小于5%。 相似文献
9.
为详细了解毕节市耕地土壤的元素含量特征及质量状况,本文通过1∶50000耕地质量地球化学调查,获得了全市耕地土壤中元素的高精度分析数据。统计结果表明毕节市耕地土壤中硒、镉、铜、锰、钴、钒处于较高含量水平;元素的高含量及分布与成土母质、土壤酸碱度、土壤类型及土地利用方式的影响关系密切,其中成土母质为主要影响因素。选取养分指标氮、磷、钾及环境指标酸碱度、砷、镉、铬、铜、汞、镍、铅、锌等对毕节市耕地土壤进行量化评价,结果显示全市中-酸性耕地占比8531%,三等及以上耕地占比8218%,耕地土壤质量状况总体良好。土壤养分和土壤环境质量是耕地土壤质量评价的主要内容,其中土壤养分质量中等-较丰富等级占比9204%,磷、钾较缺乏-缺乏等级占比较高是制约土壤养分质量的重要因素;土壤环境质量优先保护类-安全利用类占比8237%,镉高含量区的分布是影响土壤环境质量的关键因素。本研究系统分析毕节市耕地土壤元素含量特征及其影响因素,对耕地土壤质量进行量化评价,为该地区农业生产中选择适宜的利用方式开发耕地资源和发展山地特色农业产业提供了地球化学支撑。 相似文献
10.
选取内蒙古主要产粮基地之一的托克托地区作为研究对象,以多目标地球化学调查获取的1 556个表层土壤样品的测试数据为基础数据,基于多元地学数据空间数据管理与分析系统(GeoExpl)对土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量进行描述统计及空间分布分析,并采用模糊数学和改进的内梅罗指数对区内的土壤养分综合质量进行分级。结果表明：研究区表层土壤养分综合质量中等,土壤养分因子的含量水平为全钾＞全磷＞有机质＞全氮,磷元素和钾元素是土壤养分的主要贡献因子,氮元素为土壤养分的最主要限制性因子;从养分因子的空间分布状况看,研究区北部及西北部的土壤养分状况较好。在此基础上,根据土壤养分综合质量、地形及地表状况对研究区进行了简单的农业分区规划,认为研究区西北部的平原区为主要的农业生产区。 相似文献
11.
Rachid Benkadja Ali Hattab Nora Mahdaoui Cherif Zehar 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(10):3959-3968
Soil losses and siltation of the hydrological system (watershed–dam) of K’sob were obtained using direct and indirect methods. The Wadi K’sob watershed of 1,484 km2, average slope of 0.14, and average elevation of 1,060 m is located in a semiarid climate. The average annual rainfall is 341 mm and the mean annual water discharge is 0.89 m3/s. Data from the Medjez gauging station located 6 km upstream of the dam, are the daily liquid flow and instantaneous concentrations of suspended sediments. Over a time period from 1973 to 2010, the relationship between water and sediment discharges is quantified by the equation: Q s?=?5.6 Q 1.31. Thus, in view of the availability data on a daily scale, the assessment of soil erodibility of the K’sob watershed was used to estimate specific soil losses of 203 t?km?2?year?1or 301,000 t eroded annually from the K’sob basin. The bathymetric measurements of the sediment volumes deposited in the K’sob dam, has quantified the annual siltation of 0.8 hm3, corresponding to an average erodibility of the K’sob watershed of 809 t?km?2?year?1. However, when adding the volume of sediment removed by the dredging operation and de-silting by the valves during heavy floods, the value of soil losses is 2,780 t?km?2?year?1. The indirect assessment of soil erodibility of the basin was obtained by applying two models: the quantitative geomorphological analysis (QGA) and PISA model (prediction of silting in the artificial reservoirs, in Italian: Previsioni dell’Interimento nei Serbatoi Artificiali) using physical and climatic factors in the watershed. The obtained results by QGA method underestimate specific soil losses of 524 t?km?2?year?1. The PISA model gives a value of 2,915 t?km?2?year?1, which is close to the value obtained by bathymetric measurements. This study concludes that PISA model is most suitable to estimate soil loss and siltation of the K’sob hydrological system. 相似文献
12.
Modeling the risk of nitrate leaching and nitrate runoff loss from intensive farmland in the Baiyangdian Basin of the North China Plain 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The water movement and soil nitrogen cycle of the Baiyangdian Basin were simulated, and the risk of nitrate leaching and nitrate runoff loss from intensive farmland was assessed by using the distributed hydrological soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) in this study. The model assessment showed that SWAT was able to simulate water and nitrate movement in the region with satisfactory results. The modeling analysis indicated that fertilizer application was the overriding source of soil nitrogen and might result in a large amount of nitrate accumulation in soils; this nitrate might be lost by leaching or runoff driven by water movement. In 2009, nitrate nitrogen leaching represented 19.5 % of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer application, while nitrate nitrogen runoff represented 1.7 % only. Thus, it showed that the nitrate leaching was the main approach of soil nitrogen movement in farmland because of strong percolation. It also showed a significant variation of nitrate leaching from different soil depths, with the largest amount leached from surface soil layers and the smallest amount leached from lower soil layers. Therefore, it could be further revealed that the nitrate concentration was very low at soil layers lower than the root zone of crops (1.2 m). Validated by groundwater observations, groundwater pollution by nitrate derived from fertilizers was not serious because of the deep groundwater level in the study plain. However, the risk of groundwater pollution would increase significantly if precipitation increased. 相似文献
13.
In the present investigation, an effort has been made to identify the critical sub-watersheds for the development of best
management plan for a small watershed of Eastern India using a hydrological model, namely, AVSWAT2000. A total of 180 combinations
of various management treatments including crops (rice, maize ground nut and soybean), tillage (zero, conservation, field
cultivator, mould board plough and conventional practices) and fertilizer levels (existing half of recommended and recommended)
have been evaluated. The investigation reveled that rice cannot be replaced by other crops such as groundnut, maize, mungbean,
sorghum and soybean since comparatively these crops resulted in higher sediment yield. The tillage practices with disk plough
have been found to have more impact on sediment yield and nutrient losses than conventional tillage practices for the existing
level of fertilizer. Sediment yield decreased in the case of zero tillage, conservation tillage, field cultivator, moldboard
plough, and conservation tillage as compare to conventional tillage. Lowest NO3–N loss was observed in zero tillage in all the fertilizer treatments, whereas field cultivator, moldboard plough and disk
plough resulted in increase of NO3–N loss. As compared to conventional tillage, the losses of soluble phosphorus were increased in moldboard plough. The losses
of organic nitrogen were also increased as fertilizer dose increased. After zero tillage the conservation tillage preformed
better in all the fertilizer treatments as per loss of organic nitrogen and organic phosphorus is concerned. It can be concluded
that the sediment yield was found to be the highest in the case of disk plough followed by moldboard plough, field cultivator,
conventional tillage, field cultivator and least in zero tillage practices. The nutrient losses were found to be in different
order with tillage practices, resulted highest in disk plough tillage practices. In view of sediment yield and nutrient losses,
the conservation tillage practice was found to be the best as the sediment yield is less than the average soil loss whereas
nutrient loss is within the permissible limit. 相似文献
14.
The relative importance of soil crust and slope angle in runoff and soil loss: a case study in the hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, North China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Soil crust and slope angle are of important factors affecting runoff production and sediment yield. In the hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, North China, slope lands are distributed extensively and subjected to soil crusting; therefore, the research on the responses of runoff and soil loss to soil crust and slope angle is essential to soil and water conservation. In the study, five pairs of 1 m × 5 m plots with slope angles of 5°, 10°, 15°, 20° and 25° respectively, were established in Wangjiagou watershed, which was located at the Loess Plateau, China. Based on the two simulated rainfall events, uncrusted surface prior to the first simulated rainfall event, and crusted surface prior to the second rainfall event were distinguished. The runoff production and soil loss were measured at intervals of 5 min during the simulated events. It indicated that both soil crust and slope angle played an important role in runoff production and soil loss. With the reference slope angle of 5°, the relative importance of soil crust and slope angle in runoff production was calculated. It showed that soil crust effect on the total runoff volume decreased from 100 to ～40%, while slope angle effect increased from 0 to ～60% with increasing slope angle because soil crust less developed on the steeper slopes. Furthermore, soil crust effect was associated with rainfall duration. At the same slope angle, the relative importance of soil crust decreased with rainfall duration because new crust was formed on the uncrusted surface. The critical slope of erosion was also discussed. Soil loss increased with slope angle when the slope angle was less than 20°. Generally speaking, soil crust effect decreased with slope angle and/or rainfall duration. 相似文献
15.
Based on the characteristics of land use and drainage network of the upper watershed of the Miyun Res-ervoir, Beijing, 26 monitoring and sampling sites were selected in different sub-catchments. Temporal and spatial variations in nutrient loss were dealt with in this paper in terms of the monitoring data on the water quality of the main tributaries flowing into the Miyun Reservoir. In combination with the monitoring data on water quality, the impacts of watershed characteristics including land-use type, landscape pattern, and drainage density were assessed, The concentrations of nutrients in the rainy season are higher than those in other seasons, and the concentrations of NO3--N are linearly related to those of total N which is the main form of nitrogen present in the fiver water. The concentrations of nitrogen become higher toward the reservoir along the main rivers. The seasonal variation of ni-trogen in the watershed affected by intensive human activities is very obvious; in the watershed with steady or low water flow, the seasonal variation of nitrogen is less obvious. Forest land and grassland can trap and filter nitrogen effectively. Land-use pattern also has important impacts on the loss of nitrogen. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water bodies show great temporal and spatial variations. On a temporal scale, the concentrations of TN and TP in the rainy reason are higher than those in other seasons. On a spatial scale, the concentrations of TN and NO3--N in the Qingshui River and Chaohe River are highest all the time. The spatial variation of TP is distinct, being obvious at sampling sites near villages. The form of nitrogen and phosphorus loss varies in different hydrological seasons. Dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in streams in non-rainy seasons, the dissolved nitro-gen and total nitrogen decrease in percentage in the rainy season. Particulate nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in some rivers. The concentrations of TN and NO3--N from orchards and villages are high whereas those from forest land are lowest. Land-use pattern has impacts on TN and NO3--N losses, at the sampling sites near the source landscape, the concentrations are higher than those at the sampling sites near the sink landscape. Water quality of the rivers which flow into the Miyuan Reservior is influenced by the composition of adjacent soils. 相似文献
16.
The role of soil surface water regimes and raindrop impact on hillslope soil erosion and nutrient losses 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Juan An Fenli Zheng Mathias J. M. Römkens Guifang Li Qingsen Yang Leilei Wen Bin Wang 《Natural Hazards》2013,67(2):411-430
Few investigations have addressed the interaction between soil surface water regimes and raindrop impact on nutrient losses, especially under artesian seepage condition. A simulation study was conducted to examine the effects on nitrogen and phosphorus losses. Four soil surface water regimes were designed: free drainage, saturation with rainfall, artesian seepage without rainfall, and artesian seepage with rainfall. These water regimes were subjected to two surface treatments: with and without raindrop impact through placing nylon net over soil pan. The results showed saturation and seepage with rainfall conditions induced greater soil loss and nutrient losses than free drainage condition. Nutrient concentrations in runoff from artesian seepage without rainfall condition were 7.3–228.7 times those from free drainage condition. Nutrient losses by runoff from saturation and seepage with rainfall conditions increased by factors of 1.30–9.38 and 2.81–40.11 times, and the corresponding losses with eroded sediment by 1.37–7.67 and 1.75–9.0 times, respectively, relative to those from free drainage condition. Regardless of different soil surface water regimes, raindrop impact increased 20.90–94.0 % nutrient losses with eroded sediment by promoting soil loss, but it only significantly enhanced nutrient transport to runoff under free drainage condition. 相似文献
17.
Characteristics of Non—Point Source Pollution in the Watershed of Miyun Reservoir,Beijing,China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nitrogen and phosphorus are the major nutrients to cause eutrophication to degrade water quality of the Miyun Reservoir,a very important drinking water source of Bijing,China,and they are mainly from non-point sources.The watershed in Miyun County was selected as the study region with a totoal area of 1400km^2.Four typical monitoring catchments and two experimental units were used to monitor the precipitation,runoff,sediment yield and pollutant loading related to various land uses in the meantime.The results show that the total nutrient loss amounts of TN and TP are 898.07t/a,and 40.70t/a,respectively,in which nutrients N and P carried by runoff are 91.3% and 77.3%,respectively.There is relatively heavier soil eroson in the northern mountain area whereas the main nutrient loss occurs near the northeast edge of the reservoir.Different land uses would influence the loss amounts of non-point source pollutants.The amount of nutrient loss from the agricultural land per unit is highest,that from forestry comes next that from grassland is lowest.However,due to the variability of land use areas,agricultural land contributes a lot to TP and forestry lands to TN. 相似文献
18.
Hsin-Chi Li Tingyeh Wu Hsiao-Ping Wei Hung-Ju Shih Yi-Chiung Chao 《Natural Hazards》2017,86(3):1039-1058
This study examined the Kaoping River basin, Taiwan, an area severely destroyed by Typhoon Morakot in 2009. Dynamically downscaled data were applied to simulate extreme typhoon precipitation events for facilitating future preparation efforts (2075–2099) under climate change conditions. Models were used to simulate possible impacts in upstream and downstream areas for basinwide disaster loss assessment purposes. The Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-Based Regional Slope-Stability and FLO-2D models were applied to simulate slope-land disaster impacts and sediment volume in the upstream area. The sediment delivery ratio was used to calculate the valid sediment amount delivered downstream and the riverbed uplift altitude. SOBEK was used to build a flood impact model for the Kaoping River basin, and the model was used to simulate potential flooding caused by future extreme typhoon events. The Taiwan Typhoon Loss Assessment System established by the National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction was used to evaluate the potential loss associated with extreme events. The property loss calculation included 32 land-use categories, including agriculture, forestry, fishery, and animal husbandry losses; industrial and commercial service losses; public building losses; and traffic and hydraulic facility losses. One of the Kaoping River basin townships, Daliao District, had the highest flood depth increase ratio (12.6%), and the losses were 1.5 times the original situation. This was much worse than were the losses suffered during Typhoon Morakot. These results also show that sediment delivered from the upstream areas had a significant influence on the downstream areas. This is a critical issue for future flood mitigation under climate change conditions. 相似文献
19.
"广东1∶5万厚街圩、小榄镇、容奇镇、太平镇幅区域地质调查"项目区内,第四系浅覆盖区面积占71%。在充分利用前人地质调查研究成果的基础上,综合采用地表路线调查、物探、遥感、钻探和钻孔第四系精细研究等方法开展工作。通过3 a的调查与研究,建立了珠江三角洲晚更新世(始自128 ka)5阶段(MIS5)海洋氧同位素海侵层序及地层格架;根据钻孔沉积物样品磁化率变化进行了地层对比及沉积旋回划分,为珠江三角洲第四纪研究奠定了基础;查明了测区NE、NW向隐伏主干断裂的空间展布及其活动性,为工程建设及防震减灾提供了基础资料;通过花岗岩类锆石SHRIMP U-Pb精确定年,提出了二长花岗岩存在于印支期花岗岩带并形成于晚侏罗世陆壳伸展构造环境的新认识。 相似文献
20.
Alton C. Byers III 《Natural Hazards》1992,5(3):279-292
In early May 1988, five prefectures in western Rwanda experienced catastrophic levels of precipitation, landslide, and flooding activity that resulted in a severe loss of life, property, and livelihood. Using data from runoff plot and hydrological monitoring stations of the Ruhengeri Resource Analysis and Management Project, the events and circumstances leading to these phenomena are reconstructed. These data show that mass wasting processes were preceded by more than 140 mm of precipitation during 4–7 May, which may have saturated local soils. A small earth tremor on 7 May, (Richter scale of 3) contributed to the onset of the catastrophic debris avalanche, torrent, and earthflow activity that commenced 24 h later. The more than 50 mm of precipitation that fell during 9 May, including a maximum 30 min intensity of 24 mm, resulted in continued surficial soil loss that averaged 34 t/ha on seven cropped, Wischmeier-type runoff plots with biological erosion control contours. The Nyamutera River, which drains the impacted area, delivered 567000 tons of suspended sediment to its mouth between 7 and 13 May. This corresponds to a basin-wide lowering of 12600 t/km2, or more than half of the basin's annual suspended sediment yield. Theoretical distributions of maximum 24 h precipitation events suggest that Nyakinama and other regions in Ruhengeri are particularly prone to similar high volume events, exacerbating an already serious soil loss problem throughout the prefecture. Because contemporary land use practices directly contributed to the severity of the 1988 event, further applied research that identifies technologies capable of reducing soil loss, augmenting soil fertility, and minimizing the impacts of high magnitude and high volume rainfall is greatly needed. 相似文献